نشریه تحقیقات دامپزشکی و فرآورده های بیولوژیک
سال سی و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 131، تابستان 1400)

More than 85% of the West Azerbaijan ruminant population are kept in households in villages. Every year some of these livestock suffer severe economic losses due to Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). The extent of these losses has not yet been investigated. One of the major direct and visible losses of FMD is the decline in milk yield, which has so far only been studied in a dairy herd in southern Iran. The present survey investigated the short-term reduction of milk production in households in villages using a questionnaire survey method. 111 cattle and 24 sheep and goats keeping  households that had reduced milk production due to FMD were studied. The mean milk production in cows from the first to fourth week after disease decreased by 42.3%, 50.7%, 44.8% and 35.5% respectively, and in sheep and goats, 49%, 41%, 36% and 26%, respectively. Mean loss of milk production per affected cow was 4,471,902 Rials, per affected household was 18,330,771 Rials and the total milk loss of affected cows of survey in disease period was 2,034,715,600 Rials. Mean milk loss per affected sheep and goats was 723,635.9 Rials, per affected households was 27,136,345.8 Rials and total milk loss of affected sheep and goats in disease period was 651,272,300 Rials, which was 43.3% of the total cow milk production and 38% of sheep and goats milk production in households, which is considered to be a serious loss.

Turkey Astroviruses (TAstV) is one of the key factors in the emergence of the enteritis syndromes in poults. The aim of this study was to investigate the astrovirus contamination of some industrial turkey flocks with diarrhea in Zanjan province of Iran by RT-PCR and then to determine the genome sequence of the detected viruses. For this purpose, Samples were collected from 30 suspected turkeys' flocks less than 3 weeks ages with clinical signs, diarrhea or fecal pest around vent during 2018-2019. From each suspected flock, randomly ten turkeys were collected and after euthanized, post mortem performed and probable gross lesions were noted in special work sheet. The RT- PCR was performed. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences and their related amino acids was performed. The virus was detected in eight (66/26%) out of 30 flocks.The nucleotid sequences obtained in this study were compared with the sequences in the gene bank and the phylogenetic tree was drawn, ased on the polymerase genes and amino acid sequences obtained from GenBank all eight isolates obtained in this study were in the branch of Astrovirus turkey 2 ( TAstv). These strains most closely resembled the Polish Astrovirus turkey 2 strains.It was concluded that astrovirus play roles in turkeys flock enteritis and farmer should consider prevention and control of turkey's intestinal diseases.

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)is one of the most contagious viral diseases of poultry with rapid spread around the world. It identified by respiratory symptoms, nervous and digestive disorders, and high mortality. NDv causes significant economic losses in poultry industry throughout the world. Avian paramixovirus serotype 1(APMV-1) is a member of family paramyxoviridae, the genus Avulavirus, Newcastle disease virus belongs to APMV-1. The aim of this study to recognize and phylogenic analysis of Newcastle disease Virus isolated from poultry farms in Markazi Province by RT-PCR. In this research, recognition and phylogenic analysis was performed based on F gene of Newcastle disease virus. About 30 samples including brain, trachea, lung and spleen were obtained from suspected farms. Then, They were inoculated to 9 - 11 days age SPF embryonic eggs. After that 2-5 days, The Allantoic fluid harvested, the HA test was performed and genetically analysis using specific primer for F gene was done by RT PCR. In this study, Among the samples 13 of them was confirmed as Newcastle disease virus. Phylogeny tree was constructed for F gene using MEGA 6 software. The results showed that all isolates NDV belonged to genotype VII and subgenotype VII-j. These obtained data can use to improve the efficacy of the vaccine and disease prevention program, as well as its use for vaccine production against the Newcastle-disease causative agents.

Salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in the world which caused by different Salmonella serotypes. In recent years, the prevalence of Salmonella serogroup C, especially S. Infentis has increased in poultry flocks. Therefore, The aim of this study was to detect S. Infentis in broiler flocks in Ardabil province and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns to thirty the common antibiotics in Iranian Medical and Veterinary Centers. Five carcasses were randomly selected from 23 slaughtered broiler flocks and sampled from liver, skin, cecum and heart using sterile swabs. After culture and isolation of Salmonella, colonies were identified by biochemical and serological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of the isolates were determined according to the standard method of disc diffusion. Out of 445 samples. 13 Salmonella isolates (2.92%) were recovered which belonged to three broiler flocks. From 13 Salmonella isolates, 11 isolates (84.62%) belonged to serogroup C and two isolates (15.38%) belonged to serogroup D. In serotyping tests of 11 serogroup C isolates, 10 isolates (90.9%) were identified as S. Infentis. Antibiograms test performed on S. Infentis isolates showed that the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, chlortetracycline, flomequine and nalidixic acid and were susceptible to ceftriaxone and cephaloselin. Multi-resistance was observed among S. Infentis isolates. Resistance at least to 4 drugs and up to 15 drugs. The results of this study showed that the presnce infection of S. Infentis in broiler flocks of Ardebil province, and also existence of drug resistance to common antibiotics in veterinary medicine field. These findings are important for public health concerns.

There is need to investigate new and natural antibacterial agents because of various side effects of antibiotics. Essential oil of medicinal plants is one of these agents. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Salvia officinalis (sage) and Satureja hortensis (savory) essential oils in comparison with Gentamicin and Amoxicillin / Clavulanate antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli. Chemical compositions of essential oils were determined by GC/MS. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of oils and the inhibition zones of oils and antibiotics were determined using serial broth dilution and disk diffusion method, respectively. The effect of MIC concentrations of oils on growth curve of bacteria were obtained at 0, 6, 10 and 24 hour. Major compositions of sage and savory oils were carvacrol (61.01%), thymol (20.41%) and eucalyptol (32.45%), thymol (28.24%), respectively. According to MIC and MBC results, the most antibacterial activity of sage was against Staphylococcus aureus (0.009% and 0.019%, respectively) and those of savory were against Streptococcus agalactiae (0.078%, 0.156%, respectively). The inhibition zone of oils had no significant difference with antibiotics and antibacterial effect of sage was more than savory. MIC concentrations of oils decreased bacterial count at 24 h. Generally, the essential oil of sage had a stronger antibacterial effect than savory because of more strong antibacterial components (carvacrol and thymol) and Antibacterial effects of two oils had no significant difference with gentamycin and amoxicillin/ clavulanate that show satisfactory antibacterial effect of oils.

Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogenic protozoan with a worldwide spread. Since this parasite is capable of producing testosterone hormone changes and has an important role in health, in this study we will investigate the immune response and testosterone changes in rats after immunization with Toxoplasma gondii attenuated strain. For this purpose, 21 rats were divided into three groups (each n=7). The first group received the acute strain with low dose and the second group received the attenuated strain and the third group was considered as the control. One month after the immunization, mice were challenged. Blood samples were collected to investigate changes in testosterone and antibodies. One month after challenge, brain and liver tissue samples were taken for pathological examination. The results showed that the antibody response was significantly different in the group injected with the attenuated strain compared to the control group. The attenuated strain was also able to prevent changes in testosterone after challenge, which was significantly different (P≤0.05) from the control group. In pathological findings the least pathogenic changes were observed in the tissues of the group injected with the attenuated strain. Symptoms in this tissue included mild bleeding and low infiltration of multifocal inflammatory mononuclear cells. The results showed that the attenuated strain protected the mice against the pathogenicity and alterations of testosterone induced by challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. The results of this study confirm that the attenuated strain can be considered for further vaccine researches.

German cockroaches are one of the most common indoor pests which could be effective in the transmission of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens. Extensive use of pyrethroid pesticides resulted in resistance in the cockroaches. Studies have showed that bioactive herbal compounds can serve as alternative to chemical pesticides. Aim of the present study was to evaluate lethal effect of carvacrol, thymol, permethrin and cypermethrin on German cockroaches in vitro. In this study, toxic effects of carvacrol, thymol, permethrin and cypermethrin by contact and fumigation tests in dilutions of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 µg/cm3 were tested. After 24 h treatment in the contact toxicity test, thymol at all tested doses led to significant lethal effects in comparison to the control (p= 0.004). Thymol at all tested dilutions resulted in significant fumigation toxicity in comparison to the control (p= 0.001). In the present study, thymol in comparison to all other tested compounds exhibited more lethal activity on the German cockroaches.

Hydatid cyst is an important zoonotic diseases the agent of disease is Echinococcus granolusus that have many strains. Each strain has different biology that identification of them is critical for control of hydatid cyst in every region. The aim of study was to identify Echinococcus granolusus strains in slaughtered sheep using morphological and molecular methods in Mashhad area. Many infected liver and lung with hydatid cysts were collected and transferred to laboratory. First, protosclocies of hydatid fluid were isolated, then the morphological characters of rostellar hook protosclocies were examined using light microscope. Thus, DNA of protosclocies in each sample was extracted with commercial Kit. The ITS1 fragments of extracted DNA were amplified by PCR. The PCR product was digested with Bsh1236I enzyme. The size of total length large hooks, length blade of large hooks ,total length small hooks and length blade of small hooks were measured 24.47± 1.13μm, 12.27±0.5 μm, 19.4±0.8 μm and 9.07±0.7 μm, respectively. Based on pattern of PCR-RLFP results, the existence of G1- G3 strains of Echinococcus granolusus were possible. Differentiation of three strains was done using sequencing analysis. The Blast analysis showed the presence of G1 strain in slaughtered sheep. The results was confirmed the presence of G1 strain of Echinoccocus in the slaughtered sheep of Mashhad area.

Ticks are important ectoparasites in equids which causes economic losses in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. This study was aimed to determine frequency and species diversity of hard ticks in equids in Sardasht suburb, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. A total of 240 equids (123 horses, 105 Mules, 12 donkeys) were randomly selected and examined from winter 2017 to winter 2018. The ixodid ticks were collected from body surface of examined animals and identified. Of all examined equids, 27.92% horses, 11.25% Mules and 2.1% donkeys were infested with a total number of 524 ixodid ticks. The highest prevalence of hard ticks was found in ≥3 years-old equids in the region. There was significant difference between prevalence and different age groups of infested animals. Of 524 collected ixodid ticks, tick indices (tick number per animal) were 2.18. Of all examined ticks (524), three genera including Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp .and Dermacentor spp. with four species. i.e. Hyalomma anatolicum (67.74%), H. marginatum (8.01%), Rhipicephalus bursa (21.94%) and Dermacentor marginatus (2.29%) were identified. Ixodid ticks’ infestations occured throughout the year with the highest prevalence in spring (74.42%). There was significant difference between prevalence of hard ticks and seasons in this study. The results revealed that species diversity and ixodid ticks’ infestations were prevalent in the equids, which further studies to investigate the potential tick vectors involved in the transmission of heamoparasites in equids in the region.

The objective of this experiment was to investigation the effects of zinc-containing molting diets as alternative to the conventional feed withdrawal method, on performance,egg quality and the status of the internal organs of laying hens at 80 weeks of age. Experiment was carried out as a complete randomized design with 5 treatments, four replication and five samples in each replication. Treatments were include: molting diet+ 1% zinc oxide, molting diet+ 1.5 % zinc, molting diet+ 1% zinc acetate, molting diet+ 1.5 % zinc acetate, molting diet. Treatments were applied for 10 days to induce molting. Hens were weighted before and after molting, feed intake, egg production rate, egg production,egg quality, reproductive and non-eproductive organs weight and zinc accumulation in kidney and liver were measured. Data analyzed with ANOVA and the means were compared with Duncan multiple range test. Body weight loss and decline in feed intake were observed in all treatments. Egg production stopped after three weeks, in all treatments. After molting, egg production of birds on 1% ZnO egg production sooner than the other treatments. After molting, Egg shell breaking strength increased applying 1.5% zinc acetate. Ovary weight (as % of body weight) decreased using 1.5 % zinc acetate. Zinc bioaccumulation increased in liver and kidney applying zinc treatments. Force Molting with a diet containing 1% zinc oxide is recommended. Zinc-containing diets resulted to complete egg molting and improved egg shell quality. 1% zinc oxide resulted to faster return to egg production and less zinc bioaccumulation in the body.

This study was designed to evaluate the hormonal (LH, FSH, and Testosterone) changes after the intratesticular injection of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in rats. In this study 60 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control group (25 mg/ml zinc gluconate), sham group (distilled water as solvent) and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles groups (5,10, 25 mg/ml). Rats were sampled on day 30 (5 rats from each group) and day 60 (other rats) to measure hormones. Serum samples were stored at -20 ° C until hormone measurement. Plasma serum concentrations of LH in the Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle group were significantly higher than zinc oxide and distilled water groups (p < 0.05). On the other hand, serum plasma concentrations of testosterone in the zinc nanoparticle group were significantly lower than zinc oxide and distilled water groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in serum plasma concentrations of FSH and corticosterone between different groups of rats. A significant increase in serum LH concentration could be explained by the increase of LHRH release due to negative feedback of the hypothalamus in response to the reduction of testosterone concentration. In conclusion, our results showed that the intratesticular injection of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats may be affected the reproductive system performance and fertility rate by inducing hormonal changes, which can be suggested for chemical sterilization.

The objective of this was to consider relationship between heat shock proteins (HSP) with early embryo loss and pregnancy loss in Holstein dairy cows during summer season. Thirsty-two Holstein cows (with milk production> 30 Kg/d and 3.3±1.7 in parity) were selected. All cows were synchronized by G7G heat synchronization protocol. Blood samples were collected from all cows at d 16 after timed artificial insemination (TAI) to measure ISG15 gene expression. According to ISG15 results, 16 cows showed early embryo loss, then HSP gene family (HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP 90) were compared between healthy cows and those with early embryo loss using t-test. Beta-actin gene was used as a housekeeping gene to compare results. Results showed ISG15 gene expression were greater in pregnant cows compared to early embryo loss (6.6 fold). Among HSP family gene considered in present study, HSP27 and HSP60 gene expression were similar between groups (p < 0.05). HSP40, HSP70 and HSP 90 genes expression were lower in pregnant cows compared to early embryo loss (4.7, 3.6 and 5.2 fold, respectively). In conclusion present study results showed among HSP family, there was an association among HSP40, HSP70 and HSP 90 genes expression and early embryo loss.

Cooling and thawing result in oxidative damage, physical and chemical changes in the sperm. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) on semen quality during storage at 4 ° C. In this study, three male dogs aged 3-7 years were used for semen collection. The method of collection semen is manual. In this study, the second part of the ejaculate, which is rich in sperm, was used. Samples above 200 × 106 were used for the experiments. Sampling was performed twice a week, and to eliminate the diversity of sperm samples, all ejaculate dogs were pooled each time. The pooled sperm was centrifuged by centrifugation at 700 g for 5 minutes and the seminal plasma was discarded. After dilution, spermatozoa were divided into 5 groups: 1) Control, 2) control Sham, 3) 10 µg/ml of carob extract, 4) 20 µg/ml of carob extract, 5) 40 µg/ml of carob extract.Hydroalcoholic extract of carob had the highest effect on sperm parameters improvement in the 20 µg/ml group compared to the other treatment groups and also had a significant difference with the control and control sham groups (P <0.05). This study demonstrates that Ceratonia siliqua hydroalcoholic extract, due to its antioxidant properties, can protect sperm against oxidative damage caused by refrigerated storage.

Honey is not only considered as a fabulous food product, but also it has healing properties. It is clear that quality of honey can be affected by various factors. In this study, the quality of several honey samples which are produced in different parts of Iran including: Bushehr, Chabahar, Dezful, Iranshahr, Jahrom, Jiroft and Ruan.These products were analyzed in terms of acidity, pH, moisture content, sucrose percentage, fructose, glucose, proline, diastase, Ash and hydroxyl-methyl furfural. The results showed that the calculated parameters correspond to the standard provided by the Codex. The results showed that the mean values of acidity, pH, moisture content, sucrose percentage, fructose, glucose, proline, diastase, ash and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) of dwarf honeybee honey were 15-18.5, 4.13-4.52, 12.23-14.89, 0-3.8, 29.28-39.19, 30.73-36.89, 208.48-347.27, 30-36.99, 0.09-0.16, 0-19.46, respectively. Based on the results, the calculated parameters correspond to the codex standards of honey. It is hoped that due to effective role of this species in pollination of plants and the favorable quality of produced honey, therefore, as result of low information among farmers, it would be better to protect this species against the dangers that threaten.

The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid profile and calcium, phosphorus and iron in Oreochromis niloticus, Arabibarbus grypus and Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, 3 fish (9 fish in total) were analyzed. The results showed that the highest amounts of iron and calcium were obtained in A. grypus and O. mykiss with 3.73 and 26.19 mg/kg, respectively. O. mykiss, on the other hand, had the highest phosphorus content of 2.94 g/kg. Increasing the amount of ash can decrease the quality of meat in aquatic life, so the results showed that the lowest amount of ash belonged to A. grypus with 1.04% and O. niloticus and O. mykiss with 1.13%. The highest dry matter content was 28.26% in A. grypus. Also, A. grypus had the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acid (70.97%). O. mykiss and O. niloticus had 65.71% and 57.14% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Therefore, it can be stated that A. grypus has the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids in terms of quality and calories needed by the human body compared to the other two fish. O. niloticus, with the highest palmitic acid content among the three species tested, clearly showed that the quality of this fish was very low compared to the other two fishes.

Aspromazine has a sedative effect in animals and is used without any significant effects on domestic animals. Aspromazine in the wildlife has been recommended for reptiles, amphibians and small mammals but is contraindicated for gerbils. The aim of this article was to investigate the possible cause of death in wild gout. Wild gout, about 5 years old, without complying with species-specific transportation standards was transferred to Khorramabad quarantine post (Kaldar-Sefid kooh) without any history of illness. At first the animal has severe symptoms of restlessness, increased number and depth of breathing. In order to sedate the animal 2 mg Aspromazine was administered. After about 15 minutes the animal was died. At the necropsy, complications of trauma in the jaw and eye area, edema and congestion in lung, congestion and hemorrhage in trachea, endocardial hemorrhage, and meningeal hemorrhage were observed. Histopathological evaluations show hyperemia and severe pulmonary hemorrhage, severe infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells with mild fibrin leakage in the alveoli. However, the inadequate time from the onset of the disease process to the death has restricted the full incidence of lesions; it seems that the cause of death is hyper acute or capture shock syndrome.