نشریه مطالعات کارآفرینی و توسعه پایدار کشاورزی
سال هفتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 27، پاییز 1399)

The need to pay attention to entrepreneurship to maintain economic security of rural areas in rural development programs is very important. Entrepreneurship development can be accelerated through a deep understanding of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance of entrepreneurial ecosystem and identify its role in rural development. The method of this research was based on literature review. The results showed that the development and creation of entrepreneurial ecosystem consists of social, economic and geographical spaces in which entrepreneurs work together in hard and soft support infrastructures to produce and develop new jobs, localization of rural entrepreneurship based on demographic characteristics and environmental conditions prevailing in the rural areas to be achieved. In fact, understanding the entrepreneurial ecosystem facilitates the possibility of educating entrepreneurs, providing entrepreneurial infrastructure, and investing in them. This requires the participation of the rural community, which has a significant relationship with the increase of entrepreneurial activities and economic and social development of rural areas. Undoubtedly, each region should have a different and appropriate entrepreneurial ecosystem based on its social, cultural, economic, political and geographical location, so that entrepreneurial activities can show the best performance. In this regard, policy-making should be based on the specific advantages of each rural area with government facilitation and maximum participation of financial and human capital, support and capacity with a focus on local conditions and reform and development of desirable legal laws and regulations.

Today, women have an important role in the field of business and economic growth of countries and it is necessary to provide suitable conditions for self-employment and business development in rural areas. The present study was conducted to investigate the barriers to the processing of rural women's businesses in the Tilabad watershed in Golestan province. This research was conducted based on the survey strategy and a 49-item questionnaire was used to collect the required data. All women in business were selected as the statistical population (N = 90) and due to their limitations, all of them were considered as the sample size. Based on the results of factor analysis, eight factors were identified as barriers to rural women's business. The results showed that "economic" barriers with an average of 7.87 and "supportive-managerial" barriers with an average of 6.78 were the most important barriers to rural women's business in the study area. The findings showed that the barriers to rural women 's business in the educational groups and participation in the training course were at a level of 99% and in the business type groups and having previous business experience at the level of 95% confidence. Therefore, increase local communication in order to improve the business environment in Dosta, renew government support policies for women entrepreneurs to provide financial capital to start women's start-up businesses by allocating low-interest and long-term loans with facilitation The conditions of receiving and repaying them are one of the most important research suggestions.

The entrepreneurial ecosystem has played a key role in economic development and the emergence of innovation-based economies. To develop entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector, it seems necessary to identify the constituent elements of this ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dimensions affecting the agricultural entrepreneurship ecosystem development based on the views of extension experts in Kermanshah. The research is of applied research type and the data collection method is non-experimental research. The statistical population of the present study is 255 extension experts in Kermanshah and the sample size has been calculated using Cochran's formula equal to 153 people. The data collection tool is a questionnaire containing 49 items to assess the factors affecting the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by expert review and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The dependent variable is entrepreneurial ecosystem development, which is measured by the number of high-growth companies, the number of new companies participating, the export performance of small companies, the number of new businesses and the net growth of the business population in agriculture in Kermanshah city. The regression results showed that the factor of laws and policies (beta coefficient 0.426), cognitive-cultural factor (beta coefficient 0.298) and educational-extension factor (beta coefficient 0.138) had the greatest impact on entrepreneurial ecosystem development. Establishing supportive laws and policies for the governmental and non-governmental can develop successful ecosystems in the field of agriculture.

Todays, businesses need to have a deep understanding of their performance in order to stay competitive and maintain their competitive advantage over competitors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship orientation and entrepreneurial marketing on business performance by explaining the mediating role of employee participation. This research has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey. The target population of the study was 462 employees of Mellat Bank in Golestan province. The sample size was 212 according to Krejcie and Morgan table and simple random sampling method was used to sampling. Data were collected through a 55-item questionnaire which formulated from previous researches about entrepreneurship orientation (Antonik and Hisrich, 2003), entrepreneurial marketing (Becherr et al., 2012), business performance (Huang et al., 2015), employee participation (Marwan et al., 2018). Data analysis was performed by structural equation method with Smart PLS software. The results showed that the entrepreneurship orientation and entrepreneurial marketing have a positive and significant effect on employee participation. Employee participation has a positive and significant effect on business performance. The findings also confirmed the mediating role of employee participation in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial marketing on business performance.

Today, due to the problem of unemployment, students should not only be familiar with entrepreneurship, but also with the acquisition of knowledge, their attitude towards education should be strengthened towards the behavior of entrepreneurs. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between students' academic motivation and their entrepreneurial abilities. The research method was descriptive-applied and was conducted as a questionnaire. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using experts' views and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. The statistical population of this study consisted of humanities students in Islamic Azad universities of Golestan and North Khorasan provinces (N= 3095) that using Krejcie-Morgan table, 350 people were studied as a sample size. The results showed that undergraduate students have more academic motivation than other graduates and graduate students have more entrepreneurial abilities than other students. Also, among the five dimensions of entrepreneurial capabilities, students scored higher in the "determination" dimension. The present study showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between academic motivation and entrepreneurial capabilities, which indicates the greater success of students with higher academic motivation in improving entrepreneurial capabilities. Promoting academic motivation among students and aligning curricula with entrepreneurial capabilities are some of the suggestions of this research.

Today, many large organizations use entrepreneurship as a way to gain competitive advantage in the long term. The purpose of this study was to design an entrepreneurship development model with a blue ocean strategy approach, ie a non-competitive approach. This strategy believes that it is necessary for enterprises to create a well environment of competition so that they can better grow and more prosper. For this purpose, a research method based on a combination of Delphi method and interpretive structural modeling with a survey of 28 experts was used. Screening of components was performed by Delphi method and 27 components were identified in 6 dimensions. Structural-interpretive modeling was used to classify the dimensions. After analyzing the data, the dimensions were classified at three levels. The results showed the foundation of entrepreneurship development with the blue ocean approach, firstly are organizational factors, secondly are managerial and opportunity factors thirdly are environmental-institutional, blue ocean and human factors. MICMAC analysis was used for dimension clustering. Dimensions such as organizational factors, opportunity and management factors were in independent clusters and the dimensions such as environmental-institutional, blue ocean and human factors were in dependent clusters. Finally, it can be stated that managers by using the blue ocean strategy will be able to discover or create entrepreneurial opportunities even in sufficiently mature markets.