Space Ontology International Journal
Volume:10 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

Space geometry design is the first stage of proper daylight design. The basic ideas of form and space design should provide the best conditions for daylight. This article investigates the effect of living room proportions on the amount of interior lighting received in Tehran's residential buildings. In the first step, the information from literature related to daylight was studied. In the second step, a checklist has been compiled to examine the space based on daylight from the classification and summarization of the information obtained from the research background. Based on this theoretical framework, one of the houses in Tehran with a common plan was selected as a case study according to daylight design indexes to achieve the goal. In the third step, the problem was determined, and then the solution was provided by simulating using applied models and software. The modeling process and changing the geometric variables were performed parametrically with Grasshopper software, and daylight simulation was performed by Radiance and Daysim software. Thus, the intensity of annual illumination is examined in the current situation to optimize the illumination conditions; the window of this space is optimized by maintaining the optimum ratio of this window, the optimum space proportions obtained. The survey has shown that in optimal condition, the ratio of length to depth in the living room is 1.54 to 1.91, and the WFR ratio is 9% to 22%. Thus with the values obtained, the living room will have the best thermal and lighting performance during the year. In addition, with the optimal percentage of the window to the floor, appropriate shading device, and optimal dimensions of the room, this space can provide suitable light for various daily activities in a multi-purpose living space.

Rural housing expresses the concept of widespread interference of livelihood, housing, and lack of time separating activities in the rural life system. In Iran, the abolition of the landlord-peasant system with the implementation of the Land Reform Law (1962) was the source of major changes in the economy, social relations, and the beginning of a change in the physical form of rural housing. Because economic developments with three basic sources of non-economic affairs - change in the quantity and quality of societies, change in human knowledge, and change in the institutional framework - have affected the body of rural housing and is a function of motivational institutions, empowerment, and technology. Therefore, the process of economic transformation has caused the body of rural settlements to move to quasi-urban housing and productive rural economy to the consumer economy due to changes in the living patterns of residents, which is affected by the weakness in providing a suitable model of livelihood-oriented housing. Technologies of the day. In the present study, field and library methods have been used to collect data. Three villages of Hir, Ziaran, and Hesar Khorvan were selected from mountainous and plain villages of Qazvin province. The results show that the productive nature of villages requires decision-makers to work to create the necessary conditions for the continuation of both biological and economic activities, to revive what lies like life, body, and rural housing. In the meantime, architects can read the patterns of indigenous and traditional architecture and design in modern language, and the efficiency of new technology tailored to the type of livelihood of the villagers - Rural Style - Create a combination of tradition and modernity that both connects the village landscape to the past and represents our modern future.

In the basic architectural design studio, due to the student being at the novice level and their unfamiliarity with the nature of design knowledge, there are always challenges in the field of learning and teaching. The most important educational activity in the architectural design studio that increases the design ability of novice students is the interaction between tutor and student, around solving the design problem. Therefore, studying and analyzing the correction sessions held by the tutor while solving the design problem can provide complete information about the quality of interactions and the factors affecting them. This set of information can be useful in future studies to facilitate design education for novice students. one of the most recent and also most accurate methods to analyze the way designers think in the situation they face with a design problem is to analyze design sessions using the Linkography method. In this method, what happens aurally during the design critique session between the tutor and the novice student is written down and the resulting text is coded using the FBS method. In FBS coding, codes are design problems and their relationship to each other defines design processes. Linkography is a method that converts the conceptual connection between codes into visual diagrams.in the current research, the interactions of tutors and novice students in three basic design studios have been analyzed and reviewed using the Linkography method. In the next step, citing the results of the analysis of Schön's theory as the most complete written research in the field of studio education, the role of the tutor in a successful studio has been identified. the results demonstrate that to establish successful interactions between tutor and student in the basic design studio, playing the role of the coach by the tutor is necessary. The tutor in the position of coaching has special behavioral characteristics that are introduced in the final research results.

Various approaches have been adopted to urban form and many elements and indicators have been proposed on spatial scales. However, a comprehensive scale-based study of urban form is lacking. This study seeks to identify the elements and indicators of urban form on different spatial scales. The current study is a meta-synthesis based on a systematic review. A search for the keywords in information databases resulted in 12104 studies, which were reduced to 18 after being screened by means of elimination criteria and quality evaluation. Qualitative content analysis was used for the analysis of the results. Thus, 89 codes (indicators) were extracted and classified into 14 concepts (sub-elements) and 5 categories (main-elements) in terms of 3 scales of city and metropolitan area, neighborhoods and urban blocks. Using Shannon entropy method, the significant coefficient of the indicators was determined and the elements of urban form were ranked. Based on findings, the most important sub-elements on the macro-scale are land use mix, density distribution and type of density. In addition, land use mix, street network and type of density have the highest rank on the meso-scale and street design is placed at the first grade on the micro-scale. According to the rank of sub-elements, land use and density are the most important elements of urban form.

The man-made environment in which man lives is not merely a scientific tool or the result of aimless events, rather it is structured and embodies meaning. These meanings and structures reflect man's understanding of the natural and man-made environment and his general state of being. The meaning that man understands from the man-made environment, individually or socially, creates memories in his mind which ultimately increases the sense of belonging of residents to the living space. To create more meaningful spaces and promote the sense of belonging of residents to the space of their residence, this study sought to discover the memorable factors affecting the sense of belonging of residents to their living space. To evaluate the theoretical model, three neighborhoods including Sang-e Siah, Ishaq Beyg, and Morgh Bazaar were selected from the old neighborhoods of Shiraz, and three neighborhoods including Abiyari, Eslah Nejad, and Havabord were selected as a case study from the new neighborhoods of Shiraz and a questionnaire was distributed. The basic research method of this paper was a correlation. The data of the questionnaire were evaluated using Spss software, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's ρ), Tukey, ANOWA, Paired Sample T-Test, and Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson's r). The memory factor was the independent variable and the sense of belonging was the dependent variable. The results of the present study indicated the importance of the memory factor in promoting a sense of belonging in all neighborhoods. Accordingly, the effect of social memories was greater than physical memories on promoting the sense of belonging of neighborhood residents and in general, the sense of belonging of residents to neighborhoods in the new fabric was much less than the old texture. Overall, the index of reminiscent elements from physical memories and familiarity with the neighborhood from social memories had the most impact and the factor of historical buildings from physical memories and non-governmental organizations from social memories had the least effect on promoting residents' sense of belonging to the living space.

Addressing human needs in urban areas has been one of the most significant factors in the formation and expansion of cities. Between the human needs, walking is one of the most important ones and has been ignored in present-day cities. The main goal of providing pedestrian walkways is to give priority to pedestrians in order to revive civil life. Pedetrianization will play an undeniable role in the revitalization of urban centers by providing a framework for social interactions and allowing citizens to enter a safe and peaceful environment. As the historic district of Tehran, Naseri fortification is one of the most important parts of the city with the capability of gathering, shopping and recreation. In this fortification, we can take the advantage of the existing potential of the historic fabric of Tehran and create a vital, stable and secure space, along with physical and functional revitalization. Walkability is the main approach toward achieving this goal, and accordingly, the present research aims to analyze Naseri fortification of Tehran concerning walkability. The present condition analysis is performed according to the qualitative indicators such as physical-functional, socioeconomic and environmental indicators and additionally, the quantitative indicators such as density of the historical attractions, type of activities, and accessibility to the metro stations. Afterwards, the passages in this area are prioritized through the multi-criteria approach for adding pedestrian walkways based on the obtained results and eventually, the selected passages are identified in order to construct new pedestrian walkways or widen existing sidewalks.