پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 49 (بهار 1400)

Kalila wa Dimna of Nasrullah Munshi was rendered in to Persian verse by Qan‘i Tusi in the seventh century AD. It contains 10548 couplets and composed in poetic meter namely bahr-e motaqarib. Kalila wa Dimna deals with ethical and moral teachings and it must be studied on the basis of moral theories. One of the schools is utilitarianism. The utilitarianism theory believes in normative moral system that considers the originality of pleasure as the criterion for the morality of an action. Therefore in the view of this school, values deserve to be preserved and advanced to the extent that they can be interpreted in the interests of individual well-being and collective pleasure as well. But at the same time the benefit of the individual takes precedence over the collective. The present article tries to answer the question with a descriptive and analytical method that which of the types of utilitarianism has a high frequency in the Persian versification of Kalila wa Dimna of Qan‘i Tusi? According to the existing researches, the base of Kalila wa Dimna is moral and ethical teachings. However, these literary texts mainly vouch for personal benefit. The individual benefit must take precedence over collective interest to the extent that it orders the king. Regardless, if the subordinate has become his or her equal, must be eliminated.

The poetry of Constitutional period has a special status in terms of a new view at the basics of education. As one of the eloquent and thoughtful poets of this period whose name and value is less known, is Mirza Ghahraman Pakbin Malayeri. He was introduced to the literary community by the famous literary figure, Vahid Dastgerdi. In an introduction to his collection of the poems, Mir Jalaluddin Kazazi called Malayeri as "one of the few heroes of Persian language in the early days of Constitutionalism". He compared the eloquence and maturity of Malayeri's poems to those of Iraj Mirzā and Bahār. Using a descriptive-analytical research method, the present study aims at analyzing the most important educational subjects related to the issues of the Constitutional era, reflected in the Ghahraman’s poems. Advising to learn new knowledge, believing in the need to use religion to control civilization, paying attention to the rights of the sufferings, paying attention to the women’s education, etc. are some of the important educational topics in his poetry. Statistical analysis shows that among the Constitutional teachings reflected in Ghahraman educational poems, two topics of "recommending to learn new knowledge" and "inviting to work and condemning laziness" have a higher frequency. Moreover, in a general estimation, approximately 65% of the Ghahraman's educational poems contain the new didactic trainings arising from the Constitutional intellectual situation. Based upon this, Ghahraman’s thoughts in the matters relevant to education and training were progressive, intelligent, and demanding.

Due to the importance of educational issues, many works have been written for children and teenagers. Basically, children's literary works have an educational nature and the core of children's literature in all nations is education. One of the most important functions of fantasy in children and teenagers' stories is its educational function. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method in order to explain the educational role of fantasy stories. It also examines the social and moral functions of fantasy stories in eighteen fantasy stories containing social, environmental, love, and friendship themes. In addition to the mentioned themes, loneliness, superstitions and beliefs, parental separation and their consequences, problem solving skills training, making friends, how to use new technologies, finding one's true self, having compassion for all the beings in the universe, emphasizing the collective wisdom, the need to trust on the elders of the family, pay attention to God's help, fight against abomination, and self-sacrifice on the way to reach the lofty goal are among the most important moral and educational teachings that contemporary fantasy writers emphasize one.

Masnavi Almaanavieh Alkhafieh written by Sheikh Ibrahim Ibne Mohammad Golshani Bardaii (830-940 HL), has been composed as an imitation of Matsnavi Molana. It contains plenty of mystical, ethical, incorporeal matters, explications and interpretations. In this paper, it is attempted to analyze the effect of ethical Vices on the disorders of wisdom system by using the three stories Balaam-Baaura, Barsissa, Hāroot and Māroot in this literary work. Although these three stories constitute about seven thousand line of this thirty-six-thousand-line work, Golshani Bardaii has expressed the essence of his thoughts and wisdom through these stories and examples. The aim of this research is to study the obstacles of the spiritual journey, the slippage the gnostic might confronted with, the temptation of the flesh, and ethical vices penetrating the human being's soul that results in the inverse reflection of the truth, impurity of the soul, committing guilt, enormous mystical unforgiveable crimes, and finally metamorphosis. Through mentioning the text evidences and by using textual extracts and tables, the authors have expressed the viewpoint of Golshani Bardaii on how one may follow negligence, pursuing whim-wham passions, the way gnostic might be led to aberration, and the practical realism of devotee. In this paper, direct effect of passion, desire, adultery, fame seeking, ignorance, stupidity, rationality and insight have been illustrated. Seeking for fame and whoremongery have been mentioned to be the biggest calamity which lead to inversion of reality and are considered as the objective evidence of pursuing sensuality and carnality

The present study was conducted to develop a happy school model by exploring happiness themes in Iranian culture and literature. The method used in this research is thematic analysis as a way of analyzing in the qualitative approach. The research data included sources and texts related to Iranian culture and literature, getting studied through techniques of text analysis and based on data analysis process in thematic analysis method. Findings of the study indicate that happiness in Iranian culture and literature is configured around two main themes of external happiness (objective) and internal happiness (subjective). External happiness includes living in a happy world and well-being, and internal happiness encompasses attitudes, nature, and the pursuit of happiness. Developing a happy school model based on happiness themes in Iranian culture and literature requires attention to both external and internal happiness. These two dimensions could be accompanied the elements and components of the school and be performed in the form of developing a curriculum focused on happiness, having educational staff and school administrators as happiness instructors, considering lively school environment, and working on the happiness of the students.

Didactic literature has a long history in Iranian literature. The purpose of writing didactic works is to teach and train moral issues and points to promote the ethics of the audience. Siāsatnāmeh by Khājeh Nizām-ol-Molk Tusi is one of the texts fall into the category of didactic literature which didacticism has been reflected in the narrative form in it. In this book, while examining the government and the political issues of the society, the author exposes the social, moral and military advice both in the overt and covert forms. One of the obvious semantic features in Siāsatnāmeh is its "simultaneity"; hence, the passage of time does not lead to its obsolescence and it is applicable in different eras. throughout the era. Accordingly, this research, which uses a descriptive-analytical and library method, seeks to examine the application of social ideas and advice of Khājeh Nizām-ol-Molk in Siyāsnāmeh, in the current era to answer the following questions: what are the pivots of didacticism in giving advice in Siāsatnāmeh? and how is their productivity in today's society? The specific results of the research indicate that in today's society, utilizing the trainings of this book can be useful in moral, social, political and military issues and help promote the cultural level of society.

Didactic prose and poetry are the most widespread and common genre of Persian literature. The treatise of Anis al-Tālibin by Muhammad ibn Mahmud Fars is a literary work replete with the didactic lessons. Being written in the eleventh century AH, this treatise is among the valuable Persian moral-doctrinal texts. Nevertheless, it has remained anonymous so far. The treatise contains many didactic and doctrinal themes and meanings that the author has used based upon the context. The authors of this study intend to introduce the treatise of Anis al-Talebin briefly and examine the effect of the moral trainings used in this treatise on the minds of the audience. The results of the research indicate that the author is a knowledgeable person who is familiar with psychological principles and therefore, depending on the situation has used various techniques such as encouragement, persuasion, anecdote and allegory, reasoning, etc.