فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 52 (بهار 1400)

Earthquake damage assessment of residential buildings of Sari is the main goal of the present research. Through a descriptive-analytic method, first, building information such as structure type, year of construction, and number of stories are taken from the Urban Comprehensive Plan of Sari. Using these data, damage degree of each building class is computed for all zones of Sari’s regions using results obtained by the seismic hazard analysis of Sari along with taking into account the proper vulnerability curves. The obtained results showed that the percentages of the adobe and cinder block types of Sari residential buildings were 63, 66, 72, and 67 percent for Sari districts 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, which would be totally destroyed.  Moreover, the least damage degrees were predicted for steel structures along with concrete ones with more than five stories.

Air pollution, as one of the most important environmental problems in cities, is a reflection of the reversal of unsustainable human activities in urban systems. Recognizing the problems caused by pollution in cities, the inefficiency of urban programs based on traditional approaches in dealing with its effects and accurate prediction of contaminated areas as part of the appropriate steps can provide useful information for planners to address this issue. In this paper, due to the air pollution problems, in order to accurately identify the status of the 22 districts of Tehran and the pollution process, appropriate zoning maps during the years 1395-1959 are presented. The goal is to move from not-real results to realism. The research method is a "descriptive-cross sectional" study, in which the annual average spatial analysis (AQI) presented by the air pollution sensing stations in Tehran is studied. At first, daily average air pollution was calculated based on the AQI index in Tehran during the aforementioned years, and then in the GIS software, the IDW methodology is used to obtain air pollution zoning maps. Also, the Spearman correlation coefficient model was used to analyze the relationship between two random variables and elevation. Then, by analyzing these maps, the most polluted urban areas and its causes were stated. The results showed that the highest air pollution in Tehran during these years were the central and southwestern parts of Tehran; moreover, there is no significant relationship between height factor and air pollution in Tehran. Thus, using the identification and generalizability of the theory of this research on contamination, finally, with regard to the more polluted districts of Tehran, effective systematic solutions were presented.

Urban governance refers to a system of decision-making and management of urban affairs that is formed through the interaction of organizations and official city administration institutions on one hand and non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations on the other. The system of good governance encompasses the principles of participation, accountability, citizenship, transparency, responsibility, efficiency, conformity to the laws, and the like, which seeks to investigate the role of people in the process of managing urban affairs, as well as the degree of interaction between officials, citizens, and the private sector. In this study, four indicators of good urban governance were examined to assess the performance of urban management in Sanandaj, Iran. This descriptive-analytical study was an applied research. In this study, a questionnaire was used for assessment and the Likert Scale was used to design components for each index. The statistical population consisted of the clients of the municipality and ordinary citizens of Mobarakabad Neighborhood, District 3 Municipality of Sanandaj. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample consisting of 110 individuals who were selected through random sampling. The obtained data were analyzed using T-Test in the SPSS software. The Likert Scale was used to evaluate the variables. The test results revealed that the participation indicators with an average difference of -0.527, accountability in the second hypothesis with an average difference of -1.027, efficiency in the third hypothesis regarding the ineffectiveness of the municipality and the city council with an average difference of -0.509, and lack of municipality transparency in the fourth hypothesis with an average difference of -0.509, and the lack of municipality transparency in the fourth hypothesis were confirmed with an average difference of -0.600. As a result, the claim that Sanandaj's urban management was underperforming was confirmed.

The growth of industry in a complex, region, zone or industrial town is a phenomenon that has been considered important since the beginning of the 20th century in the industrial development of the countries of the world and the utilization of the capabilities and capabilities of each region. In the present study, while gathering the library data and using the existing information in the industrial companies of Semnan and Tehran provinces the informational layers were prepared using GIS software. Also, in order to analyze the industrial towns of Abbas Abad, Eyvanekey, Garmsar and Semnan with emphasis on the attraction of applicants and investment, the layers required in the form of GIS software were prepared. By analyzing the output of the data in the form of a map, it was determined that the number of parts delivered in Abbas Abad industrial town was about  1.39 times the total of the three settlements, i. e., Eyvanekey, Garmsar and Semnan. However, in spite of the distance of 12, 40 and 150  km of Abbas industrial town in the industrial towns of  Eyvanekey, Garmsar and Semnan, the number of units in operation in the industrial town of Abbas Abad was 1.82  times, the employment rate is 1.37  times and the amount of investments made is 1.11  times the total of the three industrial towns.The fact that Abbas Abad industrial town in Tehran as the capital of the country accounts for more than 50 percent of the financial resources and 45  percent of the industries and 17.5  percent of the total population of the country, can be considered as one of the main factors for this difference.

Following the change in lifestyle, the need for various services also increased, and to comply with the new requirements and to achieve sustainable development, organizing the worn-out textures has becomes more important. The purpose of this study was organizing the physical, social, and cultural development worn-out texture using sustainable urban development approach in Amol. Considering the time of conducting this study the research was fulfilled during the years 1393 and 1394. In this applied research descriptive and documentation methods as well as correlation analysis were used. The sample size of this study consisted of 304 heads of households living in worn-out textures and 30 relevant experts. To collect the data, questionnaires, the neighborhood map, library resources as well as field visits were used. The obtained results were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical tests and the results of the questionnaire, were used in the SWOT. Thus, according to the results of research it was concluded that the proposed intervention model has been presented based on sustainable urban development.

Aesthetics is somehow engaged in the thoughts of urban planners and architects. Aesthetics is a complex subject that adheres to individual and group tastes complied with a coherent and theoretical framework. The impressions of the various and contrasting aspects of the beautification of urban spaces, in addition to raising the costs of the city, have caused confusion in the aesthetic field of urban planning and architecture. This article deals with what aesthetics in urban planning necessarily involves, which factors one has to deal with, or what kind of sources are used. In this article, the tendencies of theorists in aesthetics in the period of the Safavid and Renaissance in Europe based on the analysis of  Naqsh-e-Jahan Square of Isfahan and  St. Peter's Square in Italy in Rome were selected and studied. Then the adaptation and proximity of the features of the aesthetics have been evaluated applying the methodology of using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Based on the results of the questionnaires and findings, a tangible relationship between the aesthetic thoughts and ideas and the urban spaces designed in both Squares were observed. So, it was concluded that the beautification of urban spaces requires the backing of philosophical and aesthetic ideas, as well as a public art movement in the creation of urban spaces.

The consideration of citizens' color preferences in urban spaces is one of the factors that can lead to satisfaction with urban space. Various factors such as age, culture, and gender have been investigated in studies on the color references of citizens, but the impact of climate change on the color preferences of individuals has less been investigated. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of thermal comfort parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and thermal comfort) on the color preferences of individuals by choosing cards and urban couches based on warm and cold colors. For this purpose, after studying the literature and extracting the relevant variables and based on the field method, the climate parameters were measured using thermometer, humidity meter and wind tunnel, and the thermal comfort and color preferences were assessed using questionnaire. To measure the color preferences of people, two colored couches were made and colored cards were used in warm and cold colors. Using Pearson correlation method, it was found that in conditions of p<0.005 there is a significant relationship between temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, heat sensation and warm or cold colors preferences in the colored cards and couches. The thermal sensitivity variable with correlation coefficient r = 0.139 had the highest correlation with the warm and cold colors in urban couches and relative humidity with a correlation coefficient r =0.302. The highest correlation was obtained with warm and cold colors in the colored cards. The results of this study, along with other studies, can be a good guide to choosing colors in different climates.

Municipality is one of the most important urban institutions with which citizens necessarily communicate. Municipality, with it is long-term management and planning, can identify the primary and secondary needs of citizen whereby the security of urban life can be guaranteed. In the realm of health and its enhancement, municipalities can potentially play an important role. The main goal of this study is to propose a model for municipalities’ participation in health promotion projects in urban settings in Iran. In this study both qualitative and quantitative approaches are utilized. In the first step, dimensions, components, and indices of a questionnaire are identified by interviewing members of the expert group and implementing Delphi technique in three stages. Subsequently, using the survey method, research toolkits were distributed among the members of the sample group. Finally, a model for municipalities’ participation in health promotion projects in urban settings was proposed and was compared to other models exercised in other countries.The results of structural equations indicated that the municipal participation model in health promotion projects in Iran has six main dimensions: urban planning improvement, living conditions improvement, democratic and collaborative governance, safety in face of disastrous and emergency events, creating age-friendly cities, and public health improvement. The improvement of living conditions with a coefficient of 0.96 is the most significant dimension. According to the findings of this study, the role of municipalities in public health promotion in Iran is quite negligible. Overall, this study suggests that municipalities should enhance their involvement in public health promotion particularly in terms of improving living conditions.

There are different opinions on the reasons why urban communities have been created. One of these views is the city's rise based on defense. In this research using a descriptive-analytical method, the factors of crime and social anomalies in the two regions of the holy city of Qom have been investigated. For this purpose, a questionnaire was developed and distributed among the 212 citizens of district 2 in Qom. Using Chi-square, one-sample t-test, and factorial analysis the results of the study were analyzed in the SPSS software. Before the analysis the KMO test was used to ensure the researchers of the suitability of data for analysis. The KMO which was estimated to be 0.73 indicated the existence of suitable data in the study. The result of the study was that factors like spaces with minimal visibility, lack of proper urban management, low light spaces, lack of proper urban planning, inappropriate transportation, and inadequacies of the security forces have caused abnormalities and as a result have decreased the security in the district two of Qom.

A house is a sample of Iranian traditional architecture which has taken its utmost effect from people's living patterns. The main question of the research is that how we can strengthen the physical identity in internal spaces of Tabriz contemporary houses. This research seeks to achieve an appropriate pattern in designing contemporary houses in Tabriz by exploiting contemporary houses in Tabriz and the effective factors in designing traditional houses in cold regions like this city. The methodology of the research is descriptive analytical in which four case studies from Gagarin  period houses and four case studies  from Tabriz contemporary houses have been surveyed. Data-gathering was done using a library method in which traditional and contemporary houses of Tabriz were observed. For this purpose, the AHP method was used for measuring the components and the final results were obtained by analyzing and evaluating the opinions. The order of weighting in traditional houses was: humanizing, territorial, mold, professional-functional, functional-semantic. In the contemporary houses the order is: mold, humanizing, functional-semantic, professional-functional and territorial. Weighing results of the components indicated that these components have been forging in contemporary houses due to much emphasis on the mold of semantic components, and they need to be strengthened. The humanizing and much participation of people components can help strengthening physical identity of Tabriz contemporary houses with respect to the post experiences of Iranians. Traditional patterns of Iran, semantic and functional derivatives are the best patterns for preserving the house identity and cities particularly functional identity. Semantic patterns also need strengthening too.