فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 112، تابستان 1400)

The term development is aimed at improving the level and quality of life of individuals and improving the general welfare of society  And its sustainability refers to the continuity of this process over generations. In this regard, the smart city is not a reality but a kind of strategy that has been considered for the future development perspective. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey in terms of data collection.  The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study includes experts and urban experts. In this regard, according to the objectives of the research, collection tools, data type and research methodology, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting Realization of the principles of smart growth in Malayer city on the one hand and on the other hand, using the analytical methodology of interpretive structural modeling In order to determine and analyze the relationships between the factors affecting the feasibility of the principles of smart growth in the city of Malayer, which ultimately the type of variables according to the impact And the effect on other variables is clustered The results show that the factor of creating mixed uses in the city of Malayer with the penetration rate of 9 has the greatest impact It acts as the foundation stone of the model and has the least .impact on encouraging and encouraging individuals to develop cooperation and partnership with the power of influence.

Border regions are among the geographical spaces that, despite their high capacities, are sometimes ignored in proportion to their specific conditions. In recent years, tourism in border areas is one of these capacities that had received some attention, and further, it has formed the competitive advantage of tourism in these areas. Economically, tourism is undoubtedly one of the most important forms of power in the world, which is very important for developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the priorities of tourism development in the province of Paveh. The method is descriptive-analytical and the purpose is practical. The statistical population of the study included 18 tourism specialists from five cities of Paveh, Sardasht, Ilam, Shousha and Marivan. The present study is conducted in two dimensions. In the first stage, the required data and information were studied through the study of documents and libraries, including documents related to tourism. Then, goals, important strategies to achieve the goals and tourism capabilities of Paveh province were entered into Meta-SWOT software. The present study examines the level of tourism competitiveness of Paveh with four other competitors in two dimensions, which are: 1- Increasing the number of tourist arrivals 2- Revenue from tourism and based on these dimensions, the level of competitiveness of tourism in the border province Paveh is specified. Findings showed that based on the level of existing capabilities and comparing it with other competitors, Paveh province can be in the first place in both increasing the number of tourists and tourism revenue. The obtained results show that the most important advantages of tourism in the province are having a variety of climate, texture and special and unique architecture and educated manpower. On the other hand, the weakness of the countrychr('39')s diplomacy, conflicts between countries in the region, general management of the country, lack of proper infrastructure have been the biggest obstacles to tourism development in the province of Paveh, according to experts

“Crops” account for the bulk of foreign trade in agriculture and a major share of the household basket. Therefore, issues related to maintaining the production capacity and economic potential of this sub-sector can affect the countrychr('39')s economy. Cultivation area is one of the important dimensions of the agricultural process that the beneficiary can make the best use of this cultivation area by using science, knowledge and technology, and get a satisfactory product. In this article, we try to examine the effects of economic variables on the crops area in six provinces of Iran, which are geographically adjacent to each other. Based on the information obtained from the study of the subject records, the present study is the first study in terms of subject and method that has been done with the method of spatial econometrics in the country.

In this study, spatial data model has been used to investigate the economic factors affecting the crop area in six provinces of Iran that had a dry climate in the period 2013-2018. The scope of this research is Isfahan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Fars, Kerman, Hormozgan and Yazd provinces. The main issue of the research was examined in the form of spatial analysis. According to the theoretical foundations and model of spatial econometrics, the model of this research is Spatial Durbin Model. Also in this study, the direct effects and indirect effects of explanatory variables were estimated.

The results of spatial durbin model analysis showed that income distribution in rural areas, income distribution in urban areas, inflation rate, unemployment rate, urbanization rate, youth population ratio, economic participation rate and gross domestic product are factors affecting the crop area in the provinces under review. The results also indicate the significance of direct effects and overflow effects based on indirect effects.

In government support services, attention should be paid to the characteristics of farmerschr('39') land, such as the area under cultivation, tools and equipment of farms. Given that the youth ratio has a positive and significant effect on the level of cultivation, it is recommended to managers and planners of the agricultural sector. For more youth to participate in the agricultural sector, support, arrangements and incentives should be provided to provide more production.Based on the results of this study on the level of cultivation and the significant effect of this factor on agricultural production, people and officials are advised to try to maintain and exploit reasonable land suitable for agriculture, because the revitalization and enrichment of land that has been repeatedly cultivated and cultivated. Made from minerals and salts, it is very expensive. 

Space is a fluid construct which has long been echoing different meaning in various academic field and even in everyday life. Space, because of its special fluidity, has been given several meaning and due to this, considered as the synonym of place.

In this article we seek to present different interpretation of space/place concept by using philosophical hermeneutic method. Critical analysis of current models and methods by great thinkers like Lefebvre and Heidegger which left great effects on bodies of academic works led us to using this method. Firstly, disagreement and ambiguity over the concepts of space are due to considering the space as the ontic by the experts. Domination of metaphysical and conceptual thought over current methodologies caused to explanation of the concept of space rather than interpreting this concept in relation to its specificities like historicality and ontic. According to this methodology, exploration in the space knowledge was provided by dialectic, not by the knowledge and logic which seek to causality and relational.

The findings of the present study can be presented in two parts: in the first part, some cases that have caused a misunderstanding of the concepts of place and space are addressed, and in the second part, which deals with Heideggerchr('39')s theory and Lefebvre is focused, in addition to showing the commonalities of the views of these two philosophers, a prescriptive solution is provided according to the theory of these two philosophers in relation to place and space. The result showed that space is existential and Heidegger uncovered this existential space for the first time. Lefebvre also through his social production of space theory, though not directly, but his triple conception of space implied this existential space. Finally, given existential nature of space and considering the similarity between Lefebvre and Heidegger thoughts over the space.

Heideggerchr('39')s existential space and the production of Lefebvre space are each in a way that focus on human beings in their discussions and historical view of space, in addition to having appropriate philosophical support, by combining these two theories and modifying it, space can be considered an abstract-concrete phenomenon which is manifested as a constructed place (according to the proposal of the present study, representation spaces). This existential concept of space in the present study, which is only inspired by Heidegger and Lefebvre theories and not entirely based on them, is able to explain the understanding of the concept of space and place in a wide range (for example, from cyberspace) of procedural unity and resolve current misunderstandings

Introduction:

 Sustainable urban development is a multidimensional process and understanding this depends on a proper analysis of its often-contradictory complexities and dimensions. Therefore, this raises the need to pay attention to urban land use planning as one of the most important dimensions of sustainable development in urban space in order to be aware of the problems or development capabilities of the city spatial organization and its consequences and processes. The purpose of the present study is understanding of key driving forces based on futurology and scenario planning in land use changes and spatial developments in the 12th district of Tehran. To achieve this aim, the method of cross-impact analysis and scenario planning was used.

Methodology:

 The present study in terms of practical purpose is a structural analysis and is based on the new method of futurology, which has been done with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Therefore, according to the nature of this research, collecting information in the descriptive part was through the study of library documents and in the analytical part was the five sessions of Delphi methods, forming cross-matrices and balanced by Micmac software, explaining the key driving forces, direct and indirect impact analysis of variables have been used along with scenario analysis approaches. Delphi method has been used to identify variables and indicators. Thus, first, using scientific and research articles, the factors affecting the spatial organization of land use in the 12th district of Tehran were collected, then a semi-structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed among experts (statistical society) in several stages in order to value those factors.

Results and Discussion:

 the statistical society of the study includes 40 specialists in the field of urban planning and research elites who were selected through purposive non-random sampling. According to the results among 72 key factors, 8 vital drivers including consumerism in urban land use changes, land tax laws associated with land use changes, construction supervision, groups and social classes in urban land use changes, unstudied construction permits, participation and cooperation affecting urban land use developments, unproductive rentier economy, urban land commercialization are the most important key factors influencing land use planning and its developments in District 12th of Tehran. According to the findings, it can be seen that the best predictable situation in the framework of the approaches used in the present study is in the form of first and second scenarios (green situation) with a high degree of compatibility and reliability. In this situation, the indicators, while achieving the highest scores obtained from the matrices and software analysis, in the scenario diagram page, its elements have a more uniform and convergent distribution.

Conclusion:

 By examining the cases and variables in this study, it can be concluded that the most influential factor in urban land use changes is consumerism. In recent decades, changing patterns of land consumption and commodification and the growth of capitalism has caused huge changes in land use in the 12th district of Tehran. Besides, the most desirable scenario is the proposed scenario number one, which is based on the success of urban policy in organizing land use, smart planning, spatial valuation, solving policy-legislative issues and the ideal situation, permits and sales density in the favorable situation.

Cities have become central to ensuring a sustainable future. Many Cities employ strategic spatial planning, a transformative and integrative public-sector-led activity, to create a coherent spatial development strategy in order to pursue sustainable development. Due to its encompassing, cross-sectoral qualities, urban planning science is expected to strengthen nature-related aspects of urban planning. This article is focused around a discussion of the nature of strategic spatial planning, as exemplified in the planning literature, and as an example, from Ardakan Municipality.

This paper aims to develop a strategic plan for the Ardakan city and operational plan of the Ardakan Municipality of Fars province. The method of explaining the subject is descriptive-analytic and strategic planning. The analytical unit of Ardakan in Fars province,  the statistical population of the study is urban civil engineering experts on the one hand (as a think tank workshop), and citizens of Ardakan city on the other  hand. A total of 19 experts were selected by the targeted sampling method and 150 citizens were randomly selected and separate questionnaires were distributed among them. In different stages of strategic planning to operational planning (landscape development and project extraction), comparative analysis methods (analysis and comparison of the city per capita with neighboring cities (, Oregon vision, the formation of panels for extracting strategies and goals, SWOT analysis has been used.

The citychr('39')s strategic plan includes the development of a 20-years vision based on those four five-year plans. The prospect of goals and the target of the wisdom are tailored to the outlook. Extracting strategies are in six areasof social and cultural, economic, environmental, urban and institutional, physical, spatial and tourism. The operational plan for the years 1402-1398 includes 44 plans corresponding to 10 projects with the proposed amount of 168,800,000,000 Rails.

Nowadays, given the rapid growth of population, development of infrastructure is inevitable and the pressure of human needs on the soil and exploitation of areas around cities in rural areas are increasing. Access to surface water, fertile soil, groundwater, access to transit roads, etc. have made establishing of new cities compulsory despite the environmental hazards in those areas.Land deformation as an environmental hazard may be related to tectonic activities such as earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, landslides and anthropogenic processes such as groundwater exploitation, which threaten urban areas. Land surface subsidence is recognized as a potential problem in many areas. This phenomenon is most often caused by human activities, mainly from the removal of subsurface water. Also, Iran with rough and mostly mountainous topography, have a high potential for landslides and instability of slopes.Pardis new city in the east part of Tehran is one of the areas most prone to Domain Instabilities. The location of the city and its expansion toward the steep slopes have made it susceptible to all kinds of natural hazards, so the main purpose of the study is investigate the potential of landslide and subsidence in Pardis.

This research consists of two stages: first, ground surface deformation was estimated using radar interferometry technique. Then, landslide susceptible zoning was carried out using Fuzzy and AHP methods.We applied SBAS algorithm to the 27 SAR images of the Sentinel-1 satellite, in ascending orbit for the time period of 2016.01.06.-2018.12.21. The first step of the SBAS procedure involves the selection of the SAR data pairs to generate the interferograms; the selected images are characterized by a small temporal and spatial separation (baseline) between the orbits in order to limit the noise effect usually referred to as decorrelation phenomena. The second step of the procedure involves the retrieval of the original (unwrapped) phase signals from the modulo-2 π restricted (wrapped) phases directly computed from the interferograms.In the next stage, landslide susceptibility zones have been evaluated using both fuzzy logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) models, as a weighting technique to explore landslide susceptibility mapping. In the modelling process, eight causative variablesincluding aspect, slope degree, altitude, distance from the road, distance from the fault, distance from the river, lithology and land use were identified for landslide susceptibility mapping. In fuzzy logic the degree of membership of variables may be any real number from 0 (non-membership) to 1 (full membership) which reflects a degree of membership (Zadeh, 1965). By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be the integer values 0 or 1. After Fuzzification of all layers, since the causative factors are not the same value, the AHP method to determine the weights was performed. The AHP methodology consists of pairwise comparison of all possible pairs of factors. The relative rating for the dominance between each pair of factors was guided by expert knowledge. After obtaining weight of each factors, these weights are multiplied in the map calculated by fuzzy membership.                                                            

We used 27 c-band sentinel-1 images for the 2016-2018 period and the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) approach to investigate land deformation in Pardis. Result of the deformation map of Pardis show that the northern part is uplifted with an annual rate of 25 mm/yr. The uplift of the northern part can be attributed to tectonic factors and the southern part of the basin subsided with an annual rate of -35 mm/yr. Thereafter landslide susceptibility areas have been evaluated. Geomorphological variables (slope, aspect, elevation, river), geology variables (lithology, fault) and anthropogenic variables (land use, roads) have been used for generation of the landslide susceptible map. The results of the landslide susceptible map indicate that the northern part of the Pardis basin have a high potential for landslides. Landslide susceptible map is classified into five classes: very high, high, medium, low and very low.
 Medium to very high susceptible class covered 40% of the study area which overlay on uplifting areas resulting from radar technique.

SBAS time series method has been used to detect ground surface deformation and vertical movements. This method is based on an appropriate combination of multi look DInSAR Interferograms. Deformation map indicate that northern part of the basin, uplifted and southern part subsided. The cities of Pardis, Roodehen and Boomehen in the southern part, subsided a mean rate of respectively -35, -31 and -29 mm/year. The northern part uplifted with a mean rate of 25 mm/year which can be attributed to tectonic activity. Then, the landslide susceptibility map was created using both Fuzzy and AHP methods. The result show that more than 40% of the basin is exposed to landslides. The results of both methods SBAS time series analysis, landslide susceptibility mapping, demonstrated domain instabilities in northern part of the basin. As a result, identifying instable areas seems necessary for the urban development of the Pardis.