فصلنامه سیاست علم و فناوری
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 50، تابستان 1400)

Public understanding of science and technology is influential in the success and development of technology in society. Therefore, studying the knowledge and attitude of people towards science and technology is very important. Meanwhile, nanotechnology is considered as a technology with tremendous potential to produce a diverse range of products in various fields. Therefore, public understanding of this technology will be effective in its development. The main purpose of this study is to provide a framework for analyzing and evaluating the public understanding of nanotechnology in Iran based on various dimensions and conduct a survey in this field. The present research is descriptive and to conduct it, library studies (to identify different dimensions and provide a public understanding of nanotechnology) and survey (to implement the guide based on the proposed framework) have been used. The survey tools were also interviews and questionnaires, which include a set of indicators of public understanding of science and technology. Finally, the results of the present study in each of the dimensions of proposed framework were compared with the results of different studies and the differences and similarities regarding the achievements of different studies were presented. The results show that there is a difference between students' perceptions of the risks and benefits of nanotechnology and also the degree of familiarity of students in different fields with nanotechnology; Also, among the demographic variables, gender and religious orientation were among the variables affecting familiarity and trust in nanotechnology, respectively.

Participatory approaches such as citizen science are an important tool for the promotion and development of science in any society. In Iran, citizen science projects is implement to a limited extent and have not been universally welcomed by the public and it indicates a gap between the public and those with knowledge of science and politics in the country. This study provides a comprehensive model for the implementation of citizen science. By using the multi-Grounded theory research method and by open interviews with 13 experts and studying policy documents and scientific articles identify the roots of partnership formation and the consequences. The findings of this study showed that citizen science projects require a desire for citizen participation and a desire for democratization by implementers, and bring benefits such as promoting social capital, sustainable development, open science, and productivity. To achieve this, emphased on strategies such as training and human resource, project process planning, providing technological infrastructure, providing a space for conversation, and sharing findings. In the end, with considering the situation of the country, it has identified the potential strengths and weaknesses and has provided solutions to promote the implementation of citizen science.orientation were among the variables affecting familiarity and trust in nanotechnology, respectively.

The aim of this study was to identify the ideas and perceptions of an academic society (professors and students) of Iran from the concept of academic freedom. This is a qualitative study with phenomenographical strategy. Participants in the study were 41 people (22 faculty members and 19 graduate students) from three universities of Tehran, Allameh Tabatabai and Kurdistan. Purposeful sampling was performed with maximum variety. A semi-structured interview protocol was used to collect information, and the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Information was analyzed using theoretical coding that 5 descriptive notions: fundamental initiative, lack of hegemony of opinion and indoctrination, governance of academic voice, inter-arranged university and empowering professional space as the understanding of the Iranian academic community of academic freedom to was obtained. The identified descriptive notions have the most conceptual / historical and metaphorical conformity with the grid model of academic freedom. Understanding of academic freedom among professors is more concerned with the grid model and among students is more concerned with liberal and civic models. Professors' understanding is more limited to the professional, and grid conceptualization of academic freedom. Students have more critical and liberal views on academic freedom due to their lack of organizational affiliation with the bureaucratic institution and lack of venture capital.

When there are no observations of any social and economic effects of academic research on the welfare of society, this shows us just production of the articles regardless the problem-oriented and its applicability can be a strong evidence for existence of the problem in the academic context of Iran. Thus, this problem has created a phenomenon entitled "scientific formalism". Formalism is a phenomenon that has manifested itself in social behaviors and other areas of people's lives. Therefore, the academic system and subsequently the scientific fields have been affected by this issue, and if this issue is not resolved, it will have irreparable consequences on the body of the Iran academic system and, consequently, on society. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting emergence of the phenomenon of scientific formalism in the Iran academic system and solutions to solve it. So, the researchers a qualitative approach and phenomenology method was used. The research sample included 13 of the academic experts of Iran, who were interviewed through criterion sampling and based on inductive thematic saturation in the interviews. For analyzing the data, thematic analysis was used. To ensure validity of research were used member checking, peer checking, and triangulation. The findings of analysis of data research showed that the reasons for the emergence of the phenomenon of scientific formalism in Iran can include, economic, social, cultural, political and institutional reasons and solutions of this phenomenon can be in three solutions, economic, cultural and institutional.

the field of humanities has started from intellectual and philosophical foundations and has extended to the most practical human needs and has a close relationship with the concept of development and progress. The purpose of this study is to study the life experience of students about the causes of inefficiency of humanities in Iranian universities. Phenomenology and semi-structured interviews were used. The research participants, students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, were selected by purposive sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview and data collection was saturated in fifty-five interviewees. Findings indicate that the inefficiency of humanities depends on the lack of promotion of its scientific and research achievements, insufficient attention to the field of humanities in the discussion of national policies and the lack of broad and comprehensive insights in the field of humanities. These cases indicate the complete dependence of the humanities on policy-making institutions.

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the legal and functional overlaps exist among the main actors at the governance level of Iran's science, research, and technology system (i.e. supreme council of science, research, and technology (SCSRT), ministry of science, research, and technology (MSRT), vice president for science and technology (VPST). The research method is desk research of the existing documents and reports and analyzing their content based on the technology supply and demand model in order to find the above-mentioned overlaps regarding 10 categories. The time scope of the research is 2004-2019 for reviewing the legal documents and performance reports. The focus group method has been used to propose the division of authorities and duties among the actors. The results demonstrate that regarding the category "financial support and grant", more legal duties have been defined for SCSRT; however, the performance of VPST is more significant. Regarding the other supply-side category, that is, "supporting human resources, joint research, and networking", less overlap exists among the actors. The most legal duties and functional outputs are related to SCSRT and MSRT. In the field of "legislation and standardization", the main legal duties are listed under the legal duties of the SCSRT. Systemic policies can be mainly seen in the performance of the VPST. Based on our findings, it is necessary to redefine the authorities and duties of the SCSRT concerning financial policies, to continue human resources policies, supporting joint research, and the network under MSRT. It is also recommended that VPST and SCSRT focus on "demand stimulation and systemic policies" and "legislation and coordination", respectively.s