فهرست مطالب

Medicinal Plants and By-products - Volume:10 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2021

Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products
Volume:10 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/05/03
  • تعداد عناوین: 15
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  • Mahdiyeh Salehi, Maryam Moslehishad*, Seyedeh Marziyeh Hosseini Pages 1-10

    Nowadays, the tendency to use natural preservatives such as essential oils instead of synthetic additives has increased. Due to the volatile compounds of essential oil; encapsulation is an appropriate method to preserve voletile and phenolic compounds, Ferulago angulata subsp. carduchorum (Boiss. & Hausskn.) D.F.Chamb. is a native medical plant in the west of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine physicochemichal properties of encapsulated F. angulata subsp. carduchorum essential oil using Maltodextrin 20% and Maltodextrin 20%+Arabic gum 20% and Modified starch 20% + Maltodextrin 20%. The coating process was performed by spray dryer. The efficiency of the coating process was 59-89%. The antioxidant activity was carried out by ABTS method and the highest percentage of free radical scavenging was related to Maltodextrin 20% + Arabic gum 20% containing 3% essential oil and the obtained result was 52.81%. The highest content of total phenolic compounds was 66.88 mg/mL belonged to Maltodextrin 20% + Arabic gum 20% containing 3% essential oil (P˂0.05). The microstructure of the encapsulated essential oil was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) and the presence of the essential oil in the microencapsules was confirmed by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of the electron microscopy showed the effective and useful role of modified starch in creating a uniform, crack-free structure. The results of the DLS test indicated that the largest sample in terms of sample size was Maltodextrin 20% + Arabic gum 20% containing 3% essential oil. The most significant change in the spectrum of chemical structure in FTIR test was related to Maltodextrin 20% + Arabic gum 20% microcapsule. Results of density test of microcapsules showed that the lowest density was related to Maltodextrin 20% + Arabic gum 20% containing 3% essential oil (0.25 g /cm3). The stability of microcapsules in different environments was evaluated by pH test and the results showed that the most stable microcapsules in alkaline conditions were Maltodextrin 20% + Arabic gum 20% containing 3% essential oil. Therefore, the 3% essential oil coated by Maltodextrin and Arabic gum was selected as the best treatment for protection of essential oil compounds.

    Keywords: Essentional oil, Encapsulation, Physicochemical, Ferulago angulata subsp. Carduchorum
  • Esfandiar Hassani Moghaddam*, Mozafar Dolatshah, Bahram Rasoulian, Marzieh Rashidi, Mehdi Shaban Pages 11-17

    The dog rose medicinal shrub is one of the hardest rooting plants in Iran. This study was laid out in order to study on rooting and secondary metabolites of dog rose growes in different regions of Lorestan province. This study was performed in two experiments. In the first  experiments, the effect of different concentrstion of IBA was evaluated on rooting ability of dog rose. This study was performed by factorial design with two factors: 1- cuttings at three levels (cuttings from regions including Abestan, Kakarza and Shul-Abad) 2- Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 4 levels (0, 200, 1000 and 4000 ppm) with three replications in March 2016. In the second  experiment, antioxidant ability and secondary metabolites produced by rooted cutting of dog rose cultivated in three region of lorestan province was studied. After rooting of doge rose hardwood cuttings were planted in two hot and cold regions of Lorestan province and secondary metabolites was measured after fruit harvesting. The results showed that the maximum rooting was recorded in 4000ppm IBA by 61, 59 and 60.5% for Abestan, Kakareza and Shul-Abad regions, respectively. In three regions, the minimum rooting percentage was recorded in control treatment by of 11.9, 8 and 11.3% for them, respectively. Also the higher number of roots and leaves per cutting was recorded in 4000ppm IBA. Based on the results doge rose was not entrance in fruit set stage in warm Tajere-Sadat region. At Ab-sefid and Kuh-Kela regions that fruit set was performed, highest phenolic and flavonoid was founded in fruit skin by 17.12 and 3.23% for Ab-Sefid and 16.72 and 2.29% for Kuh-Kela regions respectively. Also lowest condensed tannins (0.6 and 0.65%) and highest DPPH activity (362 and 454 μg/mL) was founded in dog rose fruit and seed at Ab-Sefid and Kuh-Kela regions, respectively.

    Keywords: Antioxidant capacity, Condensed tannins, Flavonoid, Rooting
  • Anahita Pahlavan, Mahmoud Solouki, Baratali Fakheri, Bahman Fazeli-Nasab* Pages 19-35

    Since rbcl gene and protein, as well as internal transcribed spacer (ITS1,4) regions, have not been used in the evaluation of Malva sylvestris L., this study was aimed to assess different Iranian Malva sylvestris L. genotypes by evaluation of morphological and phytochemical traits, along with rbcl and ITS1,4 gene sequences. Furthermore, three-dimensional and functional structures of Malva sylvestris L. rbcl protein were examined, as well. Nine Malva sylvestris L. genotype samples were collected from different regions of Iran. After species identification, completely randomized design with three replicates was used to evaluate different genotypes, based on morphological and phytochemical traits. DNA extraction was carried out using the SDS method and then final PCR products were sent to Macrogen Company, South Korea for sequencing. Sequence quality was assessed using Chromas 2.1.1 software. Then, the sequences were aligned using the ClustalW method in MegAlign 5 software and the dendrogram of the phylogenetic relationships and similarity matrices were plotted, as well. SWISS-MODEL and QMEAN servers were used for modeling and validation of rbcl protein. Ramachandran plot analysis and Pro-SA servers were used to evaluate the structure and chemical quality of the protein. Comparison of the mean physio-morphological traits between different genotypes showed the highest stem diameter (9.58 mm), root length (61.22 cm), root fresh weight (18.86 g), root dry weight (4.84 g) as well as proline content (0.614mg/gDW) in Mashhad genotype. Based on stepwise regression results in the presented models, root fresh weight and plant dry weight had the most positive effect on root length, but stem diameter and plant fresh weight had the most negative effect. Moreover, while chlorophyll b had the most negative and direct effect on proline function, chlorophyll a, carotenoids, carbohydrates and total protein contents had the most positive effects, respectively. Assessment of proteinprotein interaction networks revealed that most proteins encoded by matK, psb-tranH genes interact with rbcl protein. The results of cluster analysis, similarity matrix as well as dN/dS ratio showed high similarity and conservation of ITS and rbcl sequences among different Malva sylvestris L. genotypes. rbcl and ITS sequences were not suitable markers to evaluate phylogenetic relationships intraspecies (at subspecies level) but are useful to evaluate interspecies relationships. Furthermore, the Mashhad genotype is suitable for dry and water deficit conditions, withstanding such conditions. Therefore, it is recommended that this genotype can be used both as a parent and or directly to breed, develop and modify Malva sylvestris L. species.

    Keywords: Malva sylvestris, dN, dS ratio, ITS, Phylogeny, rbcl
  • Keivan Kianimanesh, Mohammad Hossein Lebaschi*, Kamkar Jaimand, Vahid Abdosi, Seyed Reza TabaeiAghdaei Pages 37-44

    The use of environmental friendly fertilizers is the main agricultural practice to improve the plant quality and quantity. The present study aims to assess the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on flower and stigma yield, biochemical properties and essential oil (EO) composition of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) in research station of Hamand Absard, Iran. The plants were treated with cattle manure (20 t ha-1) and foliar application of delfard (7 kg ha-1) and floral P (2.5 kg ha-1) in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications under dryland farming system. The results showed significant increases of flower number and yield under all fertilizers compared to control. The yield of fresh and dry stigma under manure application was higher than floral and delfard. The response of chlorophyll (Chl) concentration was different under fertilizers. Floral and manure application led to higher Chl a compared to control. Chl b under manure and delfard was significantly higher than control and floral. TPC and TFC were significantly improved by organic and inorganic fertilizers. The main improvement of TPC and TFC was obtained under manure application followed by floral and delfard. GC/MS analysis showed the main EO composition were Methyl pentanoate (25.8- 62.15%) followed by Dihydro- β- ionol (17.7-34.79%), and hexadecyl acetate (4.9-9.4%), representing different responses to fertilizers. To sum up, the best fertilizer to improve the yield of saffron was manure followed by floral and delfard.

    Keywords: Essential oil composition, Dryland farming system, Stigma yield, Delfard, Manure
  • Sepideh Niazi, Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi*, Hadi Ghaderitabar Pages 45-52

    Alkaloids and fatty acids extracted from plant species are considered as popular ingredients in pharmaceutical products. The medicinal herb Peganum harmala L., native to arid and semi-arid rangeland, is known as an excellent source of βcarboline alkaloids and some important essential fatty acids. In order to extend the knowledge of phytochemical biodiversity of P. harmala, main alkaloids and fatty acids contents of the populations collected from five different parts of Iran were investigated. Harmine and harmaline, that are the main β-carboline alkaloids of P. harmala seed extract, were identified by FTIR and quantified by HPLC. Significant quantitative differences (p ≤ 0.01) were observed in harmaline (295-354.16 mg/g dry extract) and harmine (257.91-304.66 mg/g dry extract) contents among studied populations. Furthermore, seed oil was extracted and analysis of fatty acids was performed quantitatively using GC method. The result showed that the average oil content of P. harmala was 15.82±1.06%, with no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among the samples. The most abundant fatty acid in all analyzed samples was linoleic acid (C18:2) (54.33-60.53% of the total fatty acids). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among the populations for linoleic acid (C18:2) (58.21±2.70%) and palmitic acid (C16:0) (9.99±1.19%) contents. Additionally, all the samples were rich in unsaturated fatty acids and β-carbolines, harmaline and harmine. These data indicate that the amounts of major alkaloids and fatty acids vary considerably among the P. harmala’s natural populations, which could be potential sources of these important phytochemicals for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes.

    Keywords: Peganum harmala L., Fatty acids, β-carboline alkaloids, Harmine, Harmaline
  • Marzieh Hadavi, Ali Eidy, Reza Assadzadeh, Naser Abbasi, Mahmoud Bahmani* Pages 53-57

    Chamomile has several variants, such as Anthemis Susiana Nábělek, Matricaria chamomilla L., Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Matricaria suaveolens Koch and etc. Medicinal herbs, extracts and essential oils are of particular importance in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The phytoanalysis of these compounds is of particular importance. In April 2019, Anthemis Susiana Nábělek samples were collected from the Thermal Springs area of Dehloran, south of Ilam province, western Iran. The plant was dried and then pulverized. The essential oil was extracted from the plant using HSSPME and analyzed using GC-MS. GC-MS results showed that Anthemis susiana Nábělek contains 63 chemical compounds. The main chemical compounds included alpha-bisabolol oxide A (19.07%), alpha-pinene (15.50%), betabisabolene (12.56%), spathulenol (9.23%), beta-farnesen (8.95%), alpha-bisabolol (4.72%), caryophyllene oxide (4.46%), trans-farnesol (3.75%), and dl-limonene (3.47%).

    Keywords: Alpha-bisabolol oxide A, Alpha-pinene, Chamomile, Essential Oils, GC-MS, Microextraction
  • Ali Sepavand, Ali Ashraf Jafari*, Fatemeh SefidkonSepideh Kalatejari Pages 59-65

    In order to study the variation of four thyme species for aerial parts biomass, essential oil content and composition, a study was carried out in Zagheh, Rangeland, Khoramabad, Iran. Seeds of four species of Thymus pubescensBoiss. & Kotschy ex Celak., Thymus daenensis Celak. Thymus daenensis subsp. lancifolius (Celak.) Jalas and Thymus kotschyanusBoiss. & Hohen. were collected from their natural habitat in Lourestan province, Iran. Seeds sown in Jiffy pots in glasshouse in September 2016 and the seedlings were transferred to the field in October 2016 using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications. Each unit of the experiment consists of 40 plants in two rows with 50 cm distance between rows and 50 cm between plants within rows. Data were collected for aerial parts biomass, morphological traits and essential oil percentages over two years 2017-2018. The essential oils of all samples were obtained by hydro- distillation, in flowering stage and the essential oil components were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Considerable variation was found between species for fresh and dry weight of aerial parts biomass, plant height, root length and essential oil content. The mean values of aerial parts biomass, crown diameter and essential oil in T. daenensis were higher than other species. For the root length, the higher value was obtained in T. pubescens. The lower and higher essential oil content with average values of 1.53% and 1.95% were obtained in T. pubescens and T. daenensis subsp. lancifolius, respectively. The results indicated that the major components in the essential oil were carvacrol (5.8, 18.5, 42.4 and 33.5%) and thymol (78.9, 51.9, 36.19 and 42.7%) for T. daenensis, T. kotschyanus, T. daenensis subsp. lancifolius and T. pubescens, respectively

    Keywords: Thymus pubescens, T. lacnifolius, T.daenensis subsp. lancifolius, T. kotschyanus, Drought
  • Alireza Shayganfar*, Davoud Akhzari Pages 67-73

    Nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention recently in various areas of industry, biomedical, and agricultural sectors worldwide. It is important to recognize the consequences of the use and application of NPs and their interaction with ecosystems components including plants, whether in the environmental area or in physiology and crop production. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in essential oil content and composition of Thymus daenensis Celak., Thymus fedtschenkoi Ronniger and Thymus vulgaris L. under silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in four levels (0, 30, 60, 100 ppm). The essential oil content increased at all stress levels and in all three species. The amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons in T. fedtschenkoi increased, while it decreased in other two species. The amount of sesquiterpentes, except for oxygenated sesquiterpenes in T. daenensis, increased slightly. Compared to other factors, the type of plant species was more determinative in response to treatments. Overall, both AgNPs and SiNps treatments had a distinct effect. However, no interpretable results were observed between the different levels of both treatments.

    Keywords: AgNPs, SiNPs, Thymus daenensis, Thymus fedtschenkoi, Thymus vulgaris
  • Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili, Fatemeh Amiri, Seyed Mostafa Goldansaz* Pages 75-80

    Because of the special situation of medicinal plants and their natural product on human health, researchers are interested to discover useful constituents. The present research aims to discover the level of variation in oil of Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. rigida (Boiss) Rech. f. at full flowering stage in Yazd province. All samples were approved in herbarium of Yazd University and dried out in shade and laboratory situation. Then 50 grams of each sample were powdered. In order to extract the oil of each community, the dried materials were subjected by hydro-distillation method (clavenger types). Resulted oils were dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate and kept in tightly closed vials at 4 °C before chemical analyses. The GC-FID and GC–MS analyses identified 29 compounds among which pulegone (18.1-51.4%), piperitenone (10.3- 23.3%), and 1,8-Cineole (8.6-15.6%) were the major component in all populations. It is indicated that the present result is similar to the previous study. In addition, Damgahan and Tezerjan had the highest amount of essential oil and pulegone in all studied populations, respectively.

    Keywords: Composition, Variation, Ziziphora, Iran
  • Negin Jannati, Masoud Honarvar, Maryam Gharachorloo* Pages 81-84

    Essential oils consist of many chemical compounds with different structures and functional properties, which might be employed as an ingredient in many foods, drug formulations, and products. In this research, leaves and aerial part of cultivated Thymus vulgaris</em> L. was isolated by hydrodistillation. The chemical compositions of the essential oil were identified by the application of GC/MS. Then thymol, as the main ingredient, was purified by hot water or microwave methods. Subsequently, the yield and degree of purity of extracted thymol were determined. The results indicated the extraction efficiency of leaves essential oil (1.16 %) was more than aerial parts (0.62 %) and thymol the main ingredient in both essential oils includes 59.47 and 53.63 %, respectively. The highest yield of thymol extracted (91.27 %) was obtained from leaves with a purity of 95.27% by microwave extraction method. Extracted thymol might be recommended for use in formulation of the food and drug supplements due to numerous functional and pharmacological activities.

    Keywords: Thymus vulgaris L., Essential Oil, Thymol, Purification
  • Farhat Saghir*, Khalid Hussain, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Syed Atif Raza, Naureen Shehzadi, Sadaf Iftikhar, Ayisha Shaukat, Surriya Naheed, Sidra Siddique Pages 85-92

    Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Family: Fabaceae) is a famous traditional medicinal plant, the flowers of which are used for treating diabetes, however, the active constituent(s) is yet unidentified. Therefore, the present study aimed to carry out antidiabetic activity-guided isolation of extracts of flowers. Hexane extract being the most active (EC50, 900 µg/mL) was fractionated by partitioning and the most active hexane fraction (EC50, 570 µg/mL) was subjected to column chromatography which gave three isomers of compound 1 (4-Methoxy-7-phenyl-5H-furo [3,2-g][1] benzopyran-5-one), a furanoflavonoid. All the isomeric forms have equal antidiabetic activity (83.24%) with EC50 at 300 µg/mL. The activity of the isolated compound was found to be higher as compared to standard drug acarbose (43.46%). Molecular docking studies of the compound indicated higher binding energy scores with antidiabetic targets as compared to the standard drug acarbose. The results of the present study indicate that the isolated compound may be developed into an antidiabetic drug.

    Keywords: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, diabetes, Column chromatography, Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), Molecular docking studies
  • Ahmad Mirjalili, Mohammad Hossein Lebaschi, Mohammad Reza Ardakani*, Hossein Heidari Sharifabad, Mehdi Mirza Pages 93-101

    The use of agricultural practices such as plant density and environmental friendly fertilizers are effective in improving plant products. This study was conducted to determine the physiological and biochemical response of Bakhtiari savory (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge.) to cattle manure (30-ton ha-1) and plant density (high plant density, HPD: 80000, medium plant density, MPD: 40000, and low plant density, LPD: 26666 plant ha-1) during 2018 and 2019. Chlorophyll (Chl) content, relative water content (RWC), Malondialdehyde (MAD), proline concentrations, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and essential oil (EO) percentage of Bakhtiari savory were measured under dryland farming condition. Chl a and b increased under manure application at high/MPD in the second year. RWC at high/MPD with manure application in the second-year plants was higher compared to other experimental treatments. The highest MAD was observed in plants at LPD with non-manure application in the first year. Increased proline concentration was found at LPD compared to MPD and HPD. TPC and TFC in second-year plants were significantly greater than the first-year plants. Organic fertilizer improved TPC and TFC content. The greatest TPC and TFC were observed at MPD with manure application in the second-year plants. EO percentage in MPD was higher than other plant densities. The highest EO percentage was achieved at MPD with manure application in the second-year plants. It could be suggested that use of cattle manure and HPD or MPD leads to obtain higher plant production.

    Keywords: Essential oil, Chlorophyll, Flavonoid, Proline, Organic fertilizer
  • Elahe Ebrahimi, Seyed Milad Mousavi-Jazayeri, Mohammad-Bagher Rezaee, Masoud Parsania* Pages 103-108

    Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) is a causative agent in a wide range of human diseases. With increasing drug resistance to anti-viral drugs, numerous studies are under way, particularly on medicinal plants. In this study, therefore, the effects of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Ruta graveolens L. (R. graveolens) extracts were evaluated on acyclovir-resistant HSV-1. The toxicity of extracts from A. Vera and R. graveolens, and also acyclovir was evaluated on HeLa cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay to obtain the highest non-toxic concentrations of the extracts and acyclovir on the cells. The effects of extracts and acyclovir HSV-1 were examined at different concentrations during a range of times. The virus titers were measured at different stages of the study using the TCID50 method. Minimum cytotoxic concentrations (MCC) of 12000 μg/ml and 125 μg/ml were determined for A. vera and R. graveolens extracts respectively. R. graveolens extract with a SI (Stimulation Index) of 15.33 had a higher antiviral effect than A. vera. extract with 3 log TCID50 in 1 h and R. graveolens extract with 1.9 log TCID50 in 2 h after cell infection reduced the virus titer compared to the control. None of the tested concentrations of acyclovir had inhibitory effects on the virus replication. The extract of both plants had antiviral effects, but the extract of R. graveolens showed a higher antiviral impact on acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 compared to A. vera extract.

    Keywords: Herpes simplex virus type 1, Aloe vera, Ruta graveolens, Antiviral effects
  • Arash Bahrami, Mina Jamzad*, Sajjad Sedaghat Pages 109-115

    Nowadays, the use of herbal extracts for preparing various drugs is increasing because of the compatibility of the natural compounds present in the extracts with the human body. To this end, in this project, we studied Froriepia subpinnata (Ledeb.) Baill. in terms of its natural constituents and biological activities. The chemical composition of the hexane extract of F. subpinnata aerial parts was evaluated by the GC/MS analysis and 21 compounds (80.60%) of the total, including phytosterols and hydrocarbons, were identified. Also besides, a significant amount of flavonoids in the methanol extract of F. subpinnata (27.235 ± 0.048μg/mL) was estimated by the AlCl3 colorimetric method. Two flavonoids: rutin and catechin were identified in the methanol extract of F. subpinnata by HPLC analysis. The concentration of the flavonoids was evaluated (23.61 and 6.95) mg/g respectively. Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of the species was also evaluated by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) assay. We also investigated the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of F. subpinnata aerial parts against two bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentration) method. The MIC values for S. aureus and E. coli were evaluated (0.031 and 1.0) mg/mL respectively. Our study shows that F. subpinnata possesses a variety of useful natural constituents, which makes it a promising plant for agricultural and medicinal uses.

    Keywords: Froriepia subpinnata, Phytosterol, Rutin, Antioxidant, Staphylococcus aureus
  • Yirgashewa Asfere Wuhibe*, Getaw Abera Zewdu, Getu Hailu W, Yohannes, Degisew Yinur Mengistu Pages 117-126

    Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is frequently used as traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases. This study was aimed to assess bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activities and antioxidant studies on different part of W. somnifera. The plant parts were shaded dried and grinded to powders for biological activities. The ethanol, methanol and chloroform extracts were tested for antimicrobial activities. The extracts were subjected to a test of their antimicrobial properties by paper disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the plant extracts against selected pathogens were also assessed using the agar dilution method. The highest potential was observed from methanol extract of the stem bark and ethanol extract of the leaf against Staphylococcus aurous with zone of inhibition 15.02 and 13.22 mm, respectively. Alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, phlobatanins, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone, emodins and coumarins are result of phytochemical assessment. Strong antioxidant effect of free radical scavenging activity was recorded at 100µg/ml concentration for ethanol stem and root, methanol leaf extracts (72.22%, 80.84%, 74.24%) respectively. Chloramphenicol and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls. W. somnifera could show powerful antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

    Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, In-vitro, MIC, Paper disc diffusion, Withania somnifera