پژوهشنامه حقوق کیفری
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 23، بهار و تابستان 1400)

The combination of the term organized crime with the concept of criminal offenses is one of the sophistications of today's design of strategies for protecting the victims. Committing various organized crimes such as trafficking in human beings, import of psychotropic drugs, organ trafficking, import of cars and stolen goods to other countries and many crimes against health, with the name of legal entities, and up-to-date behavior along with the significant complexity of the crime. Their actions have led to a growing number of instances of violations of the rights of victims and numerous damages to various communities. In Iranian law, the scatter and uncertainty, coupled with the ambiguity of the relevant regulations, have created the basis for a maximum violation of the principle of protection for victims. Therefore, this paper tries that the identification of principles and requirements in the above mentioned forensic and legal aspects can provide a significant defense against the power arising from the organization of legal entities in various crimes. The research method is descriptive-analytical

Criminality is a natural phenomenon in society and one of the approaches available to it is the crime risk management approach. In this approach by utilizing the gains of forensic justice and the use of criminal statistics, the risk levels of each of the crime categories are assessed and the high-risk offenders with the most severe responses and the low-risk offenders with the softest responses are encountered. There are clear examples of this approach in the approaches of the Iranian criminal justice system. Ranking and determining punishable sanctions, prohibiting the imposition of penal sanctions on certain crimes, and imposing a punitive punishment for failure to execute retribution are examples of the Iranian penal system's approach to crime risk management. In addition, criminal justice appointments, special criminal proceedings, and so on are the most important frameworks for implementing the criminal risk management approach of the Iranian criminal justice system. From these examples, it can be concluded that the criminal risk management approach is openly accepted by the Iranian criminal justice system

Qisas is one of the most important shapes of punishment in the Penal structure of Sharia. About this matter that Qisas is fixed penalty there are two different kinds of reading in Sharia penal theory. The famous theory believed that Qisas is a fix penalty and times and place requirements have no impact on it. This reading is stability oriented reading. In contrast to this reading we can talk about functionalist reading. Based on this reading, Qisas is a social phenomenon and its continuity redundant depends on its social function. So, if in the time passing, Qisas failed to perform its social function we can replace it with another kind of punishment.

Non –reporting of victimization to police-judicial authorities and inaccessibility to the black victimization figure is one of the major problems with criminal justice systems. Self-reporting of victimization in the form of victimization surveys is one of the scientific-experimental ways of achieving the true victimization figure. Currently, this method is recognized in many countries, and even internationally, as a grandiose Strategy. While in Iran, these surveys not only have no place in the executive-policy-making structure, but also face severe scientific poverty at the level of research literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the unreported victimization rate and the factors affecting it in the last five years among male students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The statistical population was all male students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the second semester of the academic year of 2015-2015 among whom 350 students were selected using Cochran formula. The results show that more than half of the victims did not report the actual casualties for various reasons. The highest incidence of victimization is related to financial and street crimes including theft, purse and pocket crime, while the lowest incidence of victimization is related to sexual offenses related to the redundant reputation of the victims.

Part of the enforcement of competition law is achieved through the use of criminal law and the criminalization of anti-competitive behavior. In this method, due to the importance of maintaining commercial competition in the market, relying on criminal law Mechanisms as the most effective and efficient methods of guaranteeing legal rules is used. The purpose of this article is to use a comparative study to explain the effective components in realizing the effectiveness of criminal law, enforcement guarantees and to review and evaluate the position of Iranian law. This article tries to explain the necessity of criminal intervention in competition law, how to determine the proportionality between criminal enforcement guarantees and anti-competitive behaviors. Based on some legal capacities in Iran, it seems necessary to accept the concept of optimal enforcement sanctions and amend the existing law and procedures accordingly. This involves recognizing the impact of rights on the economic, social, and normative components.