فصلنامه جامعه شناسی کاربردی
سال سی و دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 82، تابستان 1400)

In recent research in many countries to explain low fertility, gender role attitudes and role division has been a major challenge. In this study, the effect of gender division of labor and attitudes on second birth interval in Tehran is investigated. The sample comprise of 363 married women aged 15-49 years old and having one child. The Kaplan-Meier test was used to determine the second birth interval, and to identify the effect of attitude and gender division of labor on its, survival models including Cox proportional, exponential, Weibel, Gompertz, Log Normal Logl Logistic and Gamma Generalized models were fitted. In order to consider the dependence on survival times, a common fragility model with gamma distribution was tested. Based on the Akaik criterion, the generalized gamma model was selected as the most appropriate model. Results showed that the median time of first birth to second birth was 84 months. The results of the generalized gamma model showed that the participation of men in domestic work had no significant effect on the second birth interval. But having a modern gender attitude and the lack of participation of men in child affairs increases the second birth interval. Therefore, while striving for a sustainable economy and an optimistic outlook for the future, population-building policies and family-friendly policies must embrace a broad framework of cultural values that support men's participation in domestic affairs and reduce gender inequality, thereby preventing Further delay second birth and increase fertility to replacement level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the the impact of spirituality in the workplace on organization identity with mediating role of organizational health and deviant behavior. This research was an applied research in respect to its purpose and correlational descriptive in respect to its methodology. The statistical population consists of managers and experts of Isfahan Gas Company. Among 1532 Managers and experts of this company, 243 people using the method Random sampling was selected proportional to the sample size. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha was used and the reliability of all criteria was higher than 0.6, and therefore, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed To assess the validity of the questionnaire, structural validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used. For analyzing data, the way of SPSS20 and AMOS20 software was used. The results of this researched showed that spirituality in the workplace is significant on organizational identity (B=0/57), deviant behavior (B= -0/19) and organizational health (B=0/14). Deviant behavior and organizational health have a significant effect on organizational identity (B=-0/12 & B=0/33). The mediation of deviant behavior in the impact of spirituality in the workplace was confirmed on organizational identity, but organizational health mediation in the impact of spirituality in the workplace on organizational identity was not approved.

The purpose of this article is to critically reflect on the daily lives of women by studying how the cafe experience has changed the redefinition of femininity. Michel De Certeau provides a good conceptual framework for understanding the production of urban space and its experience through the daily activities of the inhabitants of a city. The methodology used in the research is critical ethnography; Research data include a wide range of indirect and participatory observations, field notes, and unstructured interviews using thematic analysis, three central categories (cafe as a third place, femininity as conflict, and the experience of new femininity in space) was obtained. The results of the study indicate that the presence of women (both consumers and producers of space) in cafes has led to the formation of more agency and activism in them and gained liberating experiences that define them from traditional femininity to it challenges. A two-sided reading of this study shows that women are present in public spaces as active actors and somehow manage space; they are actively involved in building their new space and identity, and are seeking their claim to equality in the city.

Scholars have long considered the relationship between democracy and the educational system at least in four rival perspectives: education as a prerequisite for democracy, educational services in democratic governments, reproductive communication, and the false relation between education and democracy arising from economic infrastructure. The purpose of this article is to test these forms using inter-country data. The method used in the present study is the secondary analysis of data collected for 180 countries between 1970 and 2018. Generally, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between democracy and educational indicators, but the effect of democracy on education is more considerable and have more explanatory power. The mediating role of class inequality alone was not confirmed, but this variable along with other variables such as student-teacher ratio and students out of school rate had a significant effect on the relationship between democracy and education. Finally, implications for further research are discussed

Today, environmental issues have affected human life in the world, including Iran. Problems that are mainly the result of human use and improper treatment of the environment, including the improper use of fossil fuels. In order to achieve sustainable development, knowledge of the correct ways of using natural resources and non-profit treatment of the environment, as well as ways to protect it must be considered. Given that new development approaches emphasize the need for the participation of all individuals and different groups in society, the role of environmental non-governmental organizations in achieving these goals and protecting the environment, and reducing vulnerability is very important. The purpose of this study is to analyze the strategies of environmental Non-Governmental Organizations in climate change and energy adaptation programs.

The approach of this research is interpretive and has been done using contextual theory. Participants in this study were selected using purposive sampling in the form of snowball sampling, based on which 16 members of environmental non-governmental organizations in Tehran in 1398 were selected. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using open, axial and selective coding steps. The concepts of coding were subdivided into subcategories and categories, and the extracted paradigm model is divided into four parts: causal conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences that formed around the central phenomenon.

Geographic and social isolation affect many human behaviors while each social and spatial texture demands behaviors matched with their space needs. The main objective of this study is to compare patterns in the upper and lower areas of the city of Hamedan. Our assumption was that area through intermediate variables such as ethnicity and socio-economic database on marriage patterns affect the family and social geography of the theory is focused on the action Verlaine, ethno-cultural theory and similar characteristics have been used. The study population consisted of married women living in up and low areas of Hamedan and sample volume is 325. Sampling method is stratified. The results showed that the average age of marriage in the city's downtown area is less than the same record of upper area (almost 7 years difference). In the context of the relationship before marriage, there was no difference significantly between the two regions. Pattern matching ethnic kinship and marriage couples in downtown areas were higher. Economic criteria marriage in the upper areas of the city is more important. The results also showed a pattern of age, kinship, ethnic and importance of the criteria on the basis of place of residence which at the time of marriage was a significant difference. Also of importance criteria in terms of age and socio-economic status of the family at the time of marriage, the difference was not significant. Age, ethnic, and marriage patterns had meaningful difference in terms of ethnicity.

According to the ideologues of the Iranian society, the social participation is one of the most important and influential problem in the development of Iran. If the first step in institutionalizing participation is to practice, we must accept that children are the best group that can practice and spread participation culture in the family and community. Therefore, this study has deal with the issue of children's participation and in action research process has examined the children's participatory / non-participatory actions. The framework of participation is Sanbolestan neighborhood in Esfahan and the selected field for participation is the environment of the neighborhood. The data of this study were obtained in the framework of the action research method through observation and interview with 14 girls during 8 participatory activities and were analyzed through the thematic analysis method. Findings indicate that these children in the three stages of entering, performing, and completing participatory activities tend to be in a group but act individually. Researchers have called these situation as "non-participatory collectivism." Lack of meaningful participation for children, lack of participatory patterns at home and school, strong gender boundaries in families, and inability to appreciate are some of the reasons why children cannot perform well in a participatory activity. Of course, the findings of this study, which have been obtained during more than a year of working with children, show that the continuation of participation decrease many obstacles of participatory solutions such as insistence on familiarity, irresponsibility, inability to evaluate the share and etc.