دو ماهنامه سلامت کار ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1400)

Emergency medical technicians experience more job stress due to being exposed to emergency conditions. The present study was conducted to determine the efficiency of group mindfulness-based stress reduction program on quality of life and job stress among emergency medical technicians.

The research method was quasi-experimental. The statistical population was all emergency medical technicians in Isfahan in 2019 of whom 30 were selected using convenience sampling and given the inclusion criteria, they were divided into case (n=15) and control groups (n=15). The case group received mindfulness-based stress reduction training and the control group received no interventions. MBSR therapy was conducted in 8 sessions of 120 minutes once a week. The research instruments were the Quality of Life Scale developed by Ware, Kosinski and Keller (1996) and the Job Stress Scale developed by Kahn, Wolf, Quinn, Snook and Rosenthal (1964). Data were analyzed in SPSS 23.

Results of ANOVA showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction caused an increase in the mean score of quality of life among emergency medical technicians in the case group compared to the control (P<0.05, F=55.77). In addition, results of ANCOVA indicated that mindfulness-based stress reduction reduced mean score of job stress in emergency medical technicians (P<0.05, F=12.70).

Given the results of the study, Teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction skills by encouraging people to practice them frequently, and focusing on body and mind, can help emergency medical technicians get rid of preoccupation with threatening thoughts and worries about job performance and increase their quality of life.

Recently, the growing attention of the scientific community has been focused on the threat to health created by environmental pollutants, including pesticides such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), and on the need of finding effective ways to treat and prevent the unfavorable health effects of exposure to them. Particularly promising for CPF, and thus arousing the greatest interest, is the possibility of using various ingredients present in plants, including mainly polyphenol compounds. As the liver is one of the organs for this pesticide and disturbances in the proper functioning of this organ have serious consequences for health, the aim of the present review was to discuss the possibility of using polyphenol‐rich food products as the strategy for the protection against this xenobiotic hepatotoxicity and treatment of this pesticide‐induced liver damage.

A comprehensive search was performed in various databases using specific keywords such as "biologically active compounds", "antioxidants", "Chlorpyrifos/CPF", "environmental exposure", "health effects", "hepatotoxicity", "liver damage", "mechanisms of Chlorpyrifos/CPF action", "oxidative stress", "preventive strategies", "polyphenols", "protection", "risk for health", and "treatment".

Due to the ability and the strong antioxidative potential of polyphenols, as well as their abundance in dietary products, it seems to be of high importance to consider the possibility of using polyphenols as potential preventive and therapeutic agents against CPF hepatotoxicity, determined by its strong pro‐oxidative properties. Although most of the data on the effectiveness of polyphenols comes from studies in animals, the fact that some of them are derived from experimental models reflecting human exposure to this pesticide allows us to assume that some polyphenol food products may be promising protective effect against CPF hepatotoxicity in humans.

Every year, many patients in different wards of the hospital die due to human error. One of the important aims in the field of human errors related to clinical care is to identify and prevent the occurrence of harmful effects caused by such errors. One of the preventive approaches in order to prevent human errors is to recognize and analyze them. The purpose of this study is to investigate all clinical care processes in the coronary care unit, identify human errors and prioritize the tasks and errors in this section.

Methods and Materials:

 This descriptive-analytical study was performed cross-sectional in three stages. In the first stage, human errors were identified and evaluated using the SHERPA approach and the frequency of each human error in the CCU was determined. In the second stage, the criteria and factors affecting the occurrence of human error in the CCU were determined by Delphi method. Finally, in the third stage, with the Analytic hierarchy process, the criteria and tasks that had the highest frequency of errors were prioritized. SPSS.24 and Expert choice.11 are two software that used to analyze data in this study.

Among the 116 identified errors with SHERPA, the highest percentages of errors identified from the total errors were related to the functional error (68.1%) and lowest percentages related to selective errors (2.58%) respectively. The results of different Delphi rounds showed that the factor of skill, experience, equipment, work time and workload are the most important factors which affecting the occurrence of human errors in the CCU. By pair comparison of this factors, we founded that experience and skill of nurses, with a weight of 0.278 and 0.272, have the most important and factor of equipment with a weight of 0.087, had the lowest important among the five effective factors for incidence of human error in the CCU. The task of extracting airway discharge with a weight of 0.125 was the most preferred among 16 tasks, in other words task of extracting airway discharge was the most risk of error in functional error. Factor of experience and skill as the most important factor in the occurrence of functional error. In the error type of recovery, the task of identifying drug information (time, date, dose and dosage form, etc.) with a weight of 0.054 was the highest rank in this type of error. The factor of experience and loading with weights of 0.018 and 0.01 were the most important, respectively in this type.

In the coronary care unit, functional and revisions errors in the vital tasks such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation, dose adjustment, and proper drug injection were the most common. Therefore, design and implementation of control measures such as periodic training on how to do the job properly, preparation of checklists with a focus on human behavior in different job processes recommended to eliminate or reduce the amount of identified errors in the hospitalchr('39')s CCU.

 This study aimed to assess the preparedness of educational hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences using a self-designed questionnaire that measures the six factors of resiliency.

Methods and Materials:

 In this descriptive-analytical study, data collection was performed through a self-designed questionnaire covering six factors of resilience engineering, the validity and reliability of that were examined using CVR, CVI and alpha Cronbach. Data collection using a questionnaire by stratified sampling from four hospitals and data analysis was performed with SPSS.24. 

 Reliability analysis shows that the alpha coefficient (α = 0.98) has excellent internal consistency, and CVI and CVR were estimated at 0.78 and 0.97, respectively. From 1211 people of survey population by considering inclusion study criteria, 118 persons were randomly selected through stratified sampling. The results of the questionnaire analysis revealed that the average factor score (SD) as follows: Correct culture 42.54 (2.98), learning culture 72.69 (3.45), awareness and opacity 34.61 (3.5) were assessed with the highest score. The management commitment 25.66 (2.85) and preparedness factor 119.93 (5.8) were in the range of moderate, and the flexibility factor was 14.64 (2.12). The results of correlation show that there is a positive and significant strong relationship between hospital resiliency and demographic characteristics (age: r = 0.65, years of experience: r = 0.69, level of education; r = 0.53, P-value < 0.001.

 Years of work experience and level of education play an essential role in increasing the resiliency of hospitals. Should give training and maneuvering in triage, treatment, accident command, and decontamination priority.

Tank farms are vulnerable to fire-induced domino effects due to the high amount of flammable materials. The present study tries to analyze the vulnerability of the crude oil tanks in one of the refineries of Iran to domino fires. The purpose of vulnerability analysis is to determine the tanks with the greatest potential to initiate and propagate domino effects in order to manage the risk of domino fires.

Methods and Materials: 

Graph theory and centrality measures (betweenness and closeness) were used to model domino scenarios and analyze the vulnerability of tanks to domino effects. ALOHA consequence modeling software was used to model the consequences of the accident scenarios. R-statistical software and igraph package were used to model the graph and calculate centrality measures.

The possible domino scenarios in the tanks were modeled as a directed graph and the tanks were ranked based on the value of betweenness, out-closeness and in-closeness of their respective nodes (which represent the potential for the propagation of domino effects, potential for initiating domino effects and potential to be affected by other tanks during domino effects respectively). Also, based on all-closeness measure, the most probable sequence of tank involvement in a domino fire was determined.

Using graph theory allows the graphical modeling of domino scenarios and determining the most vulnerable tanks in domino scenarios. The results of vulnerability analysis using graph metrics can be used in the field of domino effects risk management and the most vulnerable tanks can be prioritized to assign protection measures

The quality of life means the individualchr('39')s receipts from his place of residence considering the culture and value system of the community, which is influenced by the goals, expectations and standards sought. There are several factors in driving a car that affects driverschr('39') quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of life of truck drivers in Kermanshah city in 2015 and determine its relationship with personal characteristics.

Methods and Materials: 

In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study, 258 drivers were randomly selected. The data collection tool was a short form of quality of life questionnaire (SF12). Demographic data was also collected in the profile form. Data were entered into SPSS-20 and analyzed using descriptive statistical indices and inferential statistics.

The mean and standard deviation of life quality were 38.5±4.3. 66.7 percent of the participants in the research had a good quality of life. Among the dimensions of quality of life, the lowest mean score was related to social health (19.5±2.7) and the highest score was mental health (21.1±3.4). There was a significant difference between the mean score of quality of life in terms of marital status (P=0.042), age (P=032), physical activity (P=0.002) and history of gastrointestinal diseases (P=0.013).

The status of quality of life in more than half of the surveyed truck drivers was in good condition. But about 33% of these drivers had a modest or inferior quality of life. Planning for promotion interventions is recommended to improve the quality of life of these drivers.

Web sites are becoming the key for organizational survival in the global competition. Meanwhile university websites are considered as a necessary position for reflection of research activities and they must have a structure to respond to needs of users. Otherwise, users can be suffered of mental pressure due to the design and complexity of the system.  The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationship between Research Centers system usability of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and userschr('39') mental workload in three tasks of sending, reviewing and supervision of research projects.

In this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study, 35 faculty members of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences participated. The data were collected by three questionnaires:  NASA-TLX, System Usability Scale and Nilsson for evaluating mental workload and usability. Data analysis was done through 21spss.

60% of participants were women. The SUS for all three tasks was lower and equal to 50. The average total score of NASA-TLX was 49.8 and based on it, the highest and lowest scores were related to the performance and physical effort. The relationship between the NASA TLX index and the final score of SUS was significant (p <0.001). Using Nilssonchr('39')s questionnaire, it was found that it is necessary to modify the flexibility dimension and efficiency in the system redesign.

The results showed that by increasing the usability of the system, the workload will be reduced. It is suggested that consideration be given to usability in the design of software systems as an important feature in improving human-computer interaction.

Impaired lung function (Restricted) is the one of major problems in those workers that are exposed to occupational dust. As regards, evidence of the benefit of pulmonary rehabilitation in restrictive lung disease is limited. Forever, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of moderate intensity periodic exercises on the basic parameters of pulmonary function in practitioner patients with Restrictive pulmonary disease (RLD) working in polluted environment of Iron ore mine.

To do this 30 patients with restrictive pulmonary disease (average degree), were selected from workers of Sangan Iron mine in Khaf city and randomly divided into two groups: 1) periodic exercise with moderate intensity and 2) control. The study period was 12 weeks (3 sessions per week). During this period, the travelled Time, increased progressively from 10 to 32 minutes. At the beginning and end of the study, pulmonary indices (FEV1 and FVC) and functional (Test for maximum aerobic speed (MAS)) as well as Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) was performed and used for final statistical Analysis.

The results showed the respiratory parameters (FEV1 and FVC) in groups 1 significantly increased (p˂0.001). Moreover, mean travelled distance in MAS test significantly increased in experimental group (P<0.0001). Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) also decreased significantly after intervention period.

Based on our research results, the moderate intensity periodic exercises improved the cardio-pulmonary performance indicators of RLD workers. Also this protocol can be used in another jobs exposed with pollution

The application of particles’ electrical mobility in the electric field has always been an important concern, as the functional basis of a number of particle measuring and classification instrumentations. The objective of this study was to design and construct an aerosol particles classification system using electrical mobility feature in laboratory scale.

This laboratory experimental study was carried out in collaboration with the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The theoretical principles governing the development of the DMAs, the FORTRAN programming software and the Excel-2016 program were used in design and construction of the DMA system. The technical drawings of the constituent parts of the DMA and laboratory layout were carried out using SOLIDWORKS-2017 software. The laboratory instrumentation including the particle generator, particle counter, dry and clean air supply system and high voltage power supply were prepared in order to study the performance of the DMA system.

The length of classification area, the diameter of the central and outer electrodes were 160, 20 and 55 mm, respectively. The efficiency of the proposed DMA in particle classification was in the range of 71.9 - 92.4 % for particles in the range of 500 - 600 nm and 300 - 350 nm, respectively. Each range of particle size leave the equipment with maximum efficiency at a specific voltage.

By knowing the peak voltage for a particular particle size, the size distribution of the unknown particles can be determined by this device. The good performance and wide range of particle size distribution are the capabilities of the proposed DMA in this study.

Nowadays, the acoustic behavior analysis of natural fibers composites has received increasing attention by researchers. In this regard, the present study aimed to optimize and model the sound absorption behavior of composites made of Yucca Gloriosa (YG) fiber via using a mathematical modeling approach.

In this experimental cross-sectional study, in order to fabricate the natural acoustic composites, the alkaline treatment of the fibers was employed. In this study, the design of experiments and determination of the optimum amount of alkaline treatment parameters (NaOH concentration and immersion time) to improve the sound absorption was performed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM).  Moreover, the sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of YG fiber was measured by an impedance tube system (ISO10534-2 standard). The applicability of Delany-Bazley (DB) and Miki analytical models for predicting the sound absorption coefficients of the natural composites by coding formulas in MATLAB software was investigated as well.

Comparison of the obtained SAC showed that this value of optimized was higher than untreated composite at all frequencies, and the sound absorption average (SAA) index increased by 18.92%, particularly when compared to the raw composites. Also, good agreement was found between the results from the empirical models and the experimental results in the low and mid-frequency range of one-third octave band.

the optimization of alkaline treatment and prediction of SAC by empirical model, with regard to the prominent benefits of natural fibers and the wide use of these fibers, is considered as an acceptable strategy for acoustic applications (industries and buildings).

The present study aimed to compare the filtration performance between neat hybrid electrospun nanofibers consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and plasma treated ones in removing fine particles from the air stream.

The upper surface of the nanofibers were processed by cold-plasma with a radio frequency power supply (13.56 MHz with a power of 20 watts), argon gas and operating pressure of 0.2 torr. Initial efficiency tests for numerical removal of particles have been done in accordance with standards ISO 29463 and EN 779. Pressure drop and quality factor were determined for the fabricated media. In order to confirm the presence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in the nanofibers, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) was prepared. Analysis algorithms of SEM images were used to calculate the porosity of filters using MATLAB software.

The mean initial efficiency of neat and plasma-treated media was 90.77 ± 6.7 % and 73.66 ± 8.86 % for collecting particles from 10 to 1000 nm, respectively. The initial mean pressure drop of the neat and treated media at the test face velocity was 78.22 ± 3.11 pa and 22.00 ± 2.33 pa, respectively, and their mean quality factor for collecting 10 to 1000 nm particles was 0.029 and 0.010 (Pascal/1), respectively.

By performing plasma treatment, collection efficiency of particle decreased, but with a significant decrease in pressure drop, so neat media ultimately presented the higher score of quality factor than treated one

The present study has determined the relationship between cognitive-attention syndrome and job stress of employees exposed to occupational accidents in Isfahan Steel Company.

The method of the present study is cross-sectional that was performed in 2019 on production line workers exposed to accidents in the steel production company in Isfahan. The statistical population of the study included all workers working in Isfahan Steel Production Company. According to the size of the population, 234 workers were selected as a sample by simple random sampling using Krejcie-Morgan table. The CAS-1 Cognitive- attention Syndrome Scale and Steinmetz Job Stress Questionnaire were used to collect data. SPSS-18 software and Pearson correlation coefficient test and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Based on the research findings, there is a positive and significant correlation between cognitive-attention syndrome and job stress (r = 0.094, p <0.01). In addition, the results of regression analysis showed that job stress has a significant role (p <0.01) in predicting employeeschr('39') cognitive-attention syndrome. Regression coefficients showed that the job stress variable can significantly predict 88% of the variance of cognitive-attention syndrome (p <0.01). Regression coefficients show that the variable of job stress (p <0.01, t = 42.49) can significantly predict the variance of cognitive-attention syndrome

Cognitive-attention syndrome is one of the factors affecting the level of job stress in employees that should be considered in the field of psychological well-being of employed people.

Chlorpyrifos is a worldwide used organophosphorus pesticide. In addition to controlling the cholinesterase enzyme, this toxicant also theatres significant role in oxidative stress and augmented oxidants.  Whereas, extracted rosemary is an antioxidant and plays a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the reduction of liver damage caused by chlorpyrifos through the effect of rosemary extract on the oxidative stress of this pesticide.                      

Methods and Materials:

 In this study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. The animals (Rats)were randomly divided into five groups, each group containing six rats for further comparison; Group І: served as control, Group П: the Chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg single dose), Group Ш: the group exposed to Rosemary extract (100 mg / kg), Group ІV: the exposure group with the toxicant (13.5 mg / kg dose) and Rosemary (100 mg / kg concentration), Group V: simultaneous exposure of toxicant and rosemary (200 mg / kg oral dose). After 30 days, the Rats were weighed, killed and the liver tissue was histologically examined and changes in MDA and GPx were reviewed.

The results of statistical tests showed that Chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the liver tissue and altered the activity of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde compared to the control group, as well as the simultaneous exposure to CPF and rosemary extract can significantly make modifications to GPx and MDA levels and mitigate the CPF damage.

According to the results, rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by Chlorpyrifos and this plant can be used to treat poisoning caused by this toxic pesticide.

Since emergencies are often unpredictable, organizations need to be prepared to overcome the threats. In addition to emergency teams, coordination and preparedness also is very important in responding to emergencies. This study aimed to use social network analysis to improve the performance of an emergency management system in the petrochemical industry. The studied emergency was hydrogen leak from the cylinder joints in the olefin unit. Social Network Analysis (SNA) was used to evaluate the emergency team’s response. To collect the required information, emergency scenarios, questionnaires, and interviews with experts and specialists were used. Gephi software version 0.9.1 was used to analyze the social network data of this study. The findings of this study indicate a high disruption between members and low network density, the network density index was 0.108 which represents a significant gap between the members and the low coherence of the network. Meaning that only 10.8% of all possible connections between members of emergency management members were established. Low density leads to inconsistency and leads to lack of cooperation and poor performance in emergency management. The average degree showed that the manager of operations was the most influence on the network. The social network analysis approach helps managers and decision makers identify the strengths and weaknesses of an emergency response team, and focus on the interactions and relationships between teams and, as well as their coordination. Also, to achieve optimal coordination in emergency response, it is necessary to consider specific plans and instructions, and identification the tasks.

Process industries are categorized as complex systems due to the hazardous materials, large number of employees and the complexity of the processes. For this reason it is necessary, it is necessary to design an appropriate risk assessment system to control and manage the risks associated with such places. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and quantitative risk analysis of the explosion using the integration of modern approaches of Bayesian Networks and fuzzy theory in a process industry.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

 In this study, compressor gas leakage was selected as the scenario to evaluate the probabilistic risk of explosion. For cause-consequence analysis of selected scenario and reduce uncertainty of the occurrence of basic events probability, Bow-Tie method and  fuzzy logic approach was used respectively.

The compressor gas leak analysis detected by using the Bow-Tie method, 24 basic events and 11 intermediate events.With regard to the performance of safety barriers, ie success and failure of these safety barriers led to the determination of 9 consequences that included a flash fire, jet fire, and the vapor cloud explosion and release of materials.

The results of this study showed that, based on fuzzy Bayesian network analysis, filtering failure was identified as the most effective basic event in the occurrence of gas compressor leakage. Therefore, in designing preventive and control strategies for the occurrence of Risk Management Accidents, attention should be paid to these root events.

Workplace safety and protecting human resources and other resources is an important concern in the industry. Workplace accidents leads to damages to employeesand affect business operations for a variety of reasons, including absenteeism, loss of productivity, and increased production costs.One of the most dangerous industries in the world is the electric power industry, and electric power has been identified as the fifth factor in terms of work accidents.The purpose of this study is to identify and classify the factors affecting safety in power distribution companies and determine the relationship between them.

Based on previous studies, 14 indicators affecting safety were identified in three dimensions: organizational, technical and human. Using the questionnaire, the rational relationship between the indicators is quantified and then by combining DEMATEL and ISM, the influencing degree, influenced degree, centrality and causality between the indicators calculated. In order to systematically analyze the relationship between the indicators, a hierarchical model was drawn using ISM method; and based on the power of influence and dependence of indicators, MICMAC diagram was drawn. According to the resultant model, relationship between indicators were analyzed systematically.

Top management commitment and safety standards, rules and regulations indicators have the most power to influence other indicators and have a causal role; risk identification and control, contractor and supplier management, incident analysis, safety audit, Personal protective equipment, control and supervision, health and first aid, emergency response, safety training, communication, understanding the needs and expectations of employees and other stakeholders, and developing a safety culture are effective indicators.

This paper in addition to introduction of theoretical basisfor safety influencing indicators in power distribution companies and investigating their relationships, has proposed practical suggestions to prevent accidents and improve safety in power distribution companies.

Studying and prioritizing the criteria to improve the safety of pedestrian traffic can help planners and decision makers to create a safe environment for pedestrians. This study was designed and carried out to identify and prioritize the safety criteria of pedestrians thoroughfares of Hamadan province based on multi-criteria decision making by fuzzy TOPSIS method.

In this study, a logical and systematic process was run using fuzzy TOPSIS method to develop an optimal model under each of the selected criteria. The study was carried out during 2018-2019. To determine the risk factors related to the modeling, first the indicators were determined by the panel of experts pannel from an extensive list of functional indicators. Then, using SMART criteria of weighting proportion and weighing indicators were used to rank the i indicators among identified indicators related to pedestrian safety.

A total of 50 people, with a mean and standard deviation of age 42.68 and 0.83 years, participated in this study. The fuzzy analysis showed that according to the view of study participants, creating uneven crossings at intersections, creating safe paths around schools, restricting pedestrian access to highways, creating controlled crossings in high-risk areas, and education and promotion of the traffic culture in the community through mass media are the most important key criteria for promoting pedestrian safety, respectively.

This study revealed that the necessary and important criteria for improving the safety of pedestrians include various areas of human, environmental, and vehicle factors.

Continuous monitoring of operator functional state is one of the most important topics and data mining methods are considered as a suitable tool for providing performance evaluation models. However, there has been no comprehensive study on the use of data mining methods in this field so far, and in so doing, the aim of the present article was to systematically review the role and importance of data mining methods to monitor the operator functional state in human-machine systems.

A total of 86 published articles evaluated operator functional state were reviewed in five databases. All articles were analyzed in four groups related to operator functional state, three critical safety systems, and three types of data mining techniques. The operator functional state was also assessed through methods of physical measurement, psychophysiological measurement, task-performance indicators, and subjective judgment.

Most of the data mining models were related to the field of road and air transportation, which are mainly focused on fatigue and task-performance indicators. Support vector machine and neural network models were the most frequently used data mining methods. The results showed that most studies were performed on fatigue models, among the functional states where mainly physical measurements were used; however, to psychophysiological measurements were the most frequently measurement method applied to mental workload models and task performance indicators.

A comprehensive evaluation of data mining methods and the parameters used in these models to assess the operator functional state will identify research gaps in this area and conduct more extensive studies to improve human performance.

risk assessment is the most important tool for identifying unacceptable risks and preventing accident from occurring. In this study, the Safety Weighted Hazard Index (SWeHI) was used for assessing the risks associated with the storage tanks of the Ilam gas refinery company.

SWeHI has two parts to be determined: the potential hazard index (B) and the hazard control index (A). B can come into two forms: the fire and explosion hazards (B1) and toxic release hazard (B2). Both these forms should be computed separately and the higher one will be considered as B. For calculating A, all protection layers in place are assessed and quantified. SWeHI is calculated by dividing B by A.

B1 values for atmospheric and spherical tanks were 347.31 and 269.16, and B2 values were 97.48 and 169.34, respectively. A value for all tanks was 84.31. Among factors affecting A, emergency management plan and the reliability of equipment were the most challenging ones. SWeHI grand scores were 3.1925 and 4.1993 for spherical and atmospheric tanks, respectively.

Compared to other similar indices, SWeHI is a more quick and straightforward technique for risk assessment and remedial measures prioritization in oil and gas industries.

The need to ensure safety and security is one of the most critical priorities for humans. Awareness of the safety status of buildings can prevent many accidents and damages. This study aimed to provide an algorithm for ranking the safety of institutional buildings to implement a tool to predict institutional buildings’ safety status in operation.

In this study a checklist was designed. In the next step, checklist items were weighted using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method. Then, the safety rating algorithm of institutional buildings was developed based on the internal relationships of criteria. In the next stage, the tools provided for the institutional building of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were used, and its level of safety was assessed.

A 42-item checklist was designed based on three main criteria. Three main criteria including the "technical-service," "architectural," and "managerial" criteria gained local weights of 0.549, 0.313, and 0.136, respectively. The ranking algorithm of building safety was based on the results of weighting criteria and decision tree. Safety score of building was calibrated in a five points level from very good to very weak level. The results of safety assessment of institutional building of university using the proposed algorithm and formula showed a safety score of 13.27 and in moderate safety level.

The importance and weight of the criteria affecting the safety of the building are not the same. The items related to emergency exits and firefighting had the most impact on the safety score of in operation building. Most of the non-compliances in building safety inspection are seen in technical-service and architectural criteria.

The staff of bank are often on the exposure of repeated movements, awkward posture and working by hand also, they encounter with psychosocial problems at workplace. Therefore, this research conducted with the aim of study of Ergonomic workstations and its relationship with prevalence of upper limbs disorders and psychosocial factors in the staff of Lorestan province banks.

This was a practical and descriptive- correlative research. The statistical population consisted of 900 employees of banks in Lorestan province, with a sample of 275 who were selected by stratified cluster sampling. Data was collected by these questionnaires: Demographic; Ergonomic Checklist of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); Nordic (Kuorinka,1987); and Psychosocial Factors (Hersey and Goldsmith 1980). To analysis of data (t-test and multiple regression) were used by SPSS23.

The highest prevalence of upper limbs disorders observed in the neck (61.5%) and the shoulder (53.8%). The mean of psychosocial factors in the staff of Lorestan province banks was found to be a little more than average. It was found to be significant difference between means of sample group in psychosocial factors with respect of their evaluation of physical and mental work condition (α ≤ 0.01). There was a significant and negative correlation between all ergonomic indexes with upper limbs disorders and psychosocial factors with these disorders(p≤0.01).

Psychosocial situation of the staff is in the average. However, managers should be aware of the needs of the staff. Furthermore, the staff need to perceive social support, motivation, and feedback from their supervisors to work efficiently.

Students studying medicine are forced to present or get some of their education and services during night time as long shift work. Shift wok can be harm to human health. The aims of this study determine the relation between shiftwork and medical student's life style as cohorts study.

This cohort study was conducted among medical students of Babol University of medical science. Medical students, who entered in 2012, completed Life Style Questionnaire (LSQ). This Questionnaire has 10 domains and is matching the Iranian culture. Sampling was performed by census. At first 92 students passing their last year of externship filled in the research questionnaire. Then after nine months (six months after internship) they were given the same questionnaire again. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 25 software.

The mean of age student was 23 ±11.14 years. Of the 92 students, 61 (67%) were girls and 31 (33%) were boys and 21 percent of students were married. The results of the study showed that shift work reduced the overall lifestyle score of medical interns of 12 point (p< 0.001). The major reduction was for physical health (p<0/001). Internship was led the reduction of sport activity, attention to the good health (p<0/001), attention to good nourishing, controlling the weight (p=0/003), and reduction of attention to prevention of disease (p<0/001) meaningfully. It was worth noting that the shift work reduced the psychological, moral and social health of the interns meaningfully (p=0/004, p=0/003, p<0/018 respectively). Also medical students have been led to use drugs (p=0/035), and intern’s attention to environmental health have been reduced meaningfully (p<0/001); but it can’t lead to increase rate of events among interns (p=0/314). In his study we weren’t found any meaningful relation between demographic variables and life style.

Shift works in medical interns associated with the reduction of mean of lifestyle scores. Therefore improving life style and teaching the medical students about effects and ways of confront shift work problems in comparing with performing true schedule of shift work pattern is recommended.

Breathing is the most common way of entering chemicals, especially detergents, into work places. Most acute and chronic pneumoconiosis can caused by inhalation of occupational pollutants. Occupational aerosol pollutants, especially gases and chemical vapors, can cause various pulmonary diseases due to individual difference. Chronic and acute poisoning by detergents is a major problem in developing countries and poisoning with some detergent compounds is common in these countries more than developed countries. The toxic effects of exposure by detergent on various organs had been studied. However the major route of exposure to these compounds is the inhalation, it have not been studied comprehensively acute and chronic respiratory effects of occupational exposure to these compounds. Or results for respiratory effects contradictory have been reported. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic and irritating liquid that has antiseptic, antiviral and antifungal properties due to oxidizing. Hydrogen peroxide used to clean packaging equipment of dairy and fruit juice. The procedure of these equipment is immersion to the hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can stimulate the respiratory system. Repeated exposure by this combination may lead to bronchitis, cough, sputum and dyspnea. Long-term exposure sometimes cause disappear pigmentation and burning sensation in skin. Higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can cause red rash and blisters. Inhalation of this substance may cause sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Hydrogen peroxide released into the environment initially vaporizes and gradually decomposes into water and oxygen. Cleaning workers at the dairy Industry use hydrogen peroxide to clean the salon. Dairy workers have reported occupational disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertensive pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and cancer. It is not found comprehensive study on effective exposure and exposure conditions, individual parameters and other confounding factors, that show what proportion of exposure can lead to respiratory disorder in exposed workers. The purpose of this study is finding amount and type of workers exposure to hydrogen peroxide, also long time effect of pollutants exposure and the adverse effects on the respiratory system of cleaning workers in the dairy industry.

Study was planned as a case-control study. Statistical population is workers in a dairy factory. 10 workers was considered as case group exposed to hydrogen peroxide and 20 workers as control group. All sample subjects had a minimum of 4 years working experience in their work places. Exclusion criteria were low work experience, smoking, respiratory disease, and age less than 30 and more than 50 years. Hydrogen peroxide was sampled by OSHA VI-6 standard methods. In this method the sample is collected using a midget fritted-glass bubbler containing 15mL TiOSO4. Used an air sampling pump at flow rate of 1.0 L/min. The pump properly calibrated so that the volume of air sampled determined accurately from the flow rate and time. After sampling for analyte extraction samples transferred to the spectrophotometer vials. Absorption measured at 410 nm by spectrophotometer. And measured using a spectrophotometer. From the calibration curve of the standard samples, the amount of contaminants in the sampled analytes determined. Demographic questionnaire used to collect information such as age, work experience, underlying disease, hereditary disease and smoking. To obtain the disorder of respiratory system used a Vitalograph Compact spirometer. All subjects evaluated by spirometric tests under the assistance of a physician. This test determined the respiratory ability of the subjects. Performance respiratory system evaluated by pulmonary volumes and capacities according to the physician opinion. The investigations performed in this study determined lung force vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory vital capacity in the first second (FEV1). The FEV1 / FVC ratio measured and determined for all subjects in case and control groups. If this ratio was above 75%, respiratory function was correct. If the ratio is less than 75% the subject had a respiratory complication. If the ratio was above 75% but FVC was less than 80 % the subject had a respiratory complication. The results of questionnaire, spirometry and medical examinations analyzed by statistical tests. Comparisons between means and nonparametric tests were performed to compare the differences between the means of the case and control groups. Oddchr('39')s ratio calculated and analyzed for both groups, respiratory health and disease in both groups to make sure the confidence interval results.

The case group mean age was 46.6±6.9 and control group 42±5. Comparison of age mean in two groups with definite variance test, it concluded that the mean age of both groups was equal (95% Confidence). Interfering factors were ineffective according to exclusion criteria, because the underlying and hereditary diseases eliminated in both case and control groups. By measuring the exposure levels, if exposure exceeds the 8-hour limit (1ppm) it was identified as exposed sample and otherwise unexposed. Spirometery test showed 6 workers of case group and 8 workers of control group had disorder. The ratio of disorder workers and without disorder in case and control group was 1.5, 0.67. By statistical analysis and calculating Odds Ratio, the chance ofcomplicating in this workplace by H2O2 exposure workers were 2.25 times greater than unexposed. Considering to confidence interval 2.12-10.76 and OR, it could be said that hydrogen peroxide exposure in the population issignificantly caused respiratory disorder (95% confidence). According to the results in the 4-13 year work experience category, the relationship between exposure and respiratory system disorder was significant and strong. In other words, more work experience would had fewer side effects. In the category 13-21 years, this relationship was not detected. There was a significant relationship in the categorization of the age group of 21 to 30 years, but due to the extent of trust gap, this result cannot be generalized to society. There is also a significant relationship between smokings in study groups, but due to the wide range of confidence intervals, this result is not generalizable to the society and only in case group as a positive factor affecting deliberate pulmonary disorder

According to the results of this study, the incidence of restricted respiratory symptoms in exposed workers has increased compared to unexposed workers. Result of this study is similar to other studies which conducted in the field of chronic respiratory symptoms. Respiratory system is primary target organism for all inhalable toxins, function of respiratory system was affected by exposure to hydrogen peroxide by inhalation. Long-term exposure to lower levels of pollutants in the workplace may result in chronic disorders such as chronic bronchitis, fibrosis, and lung cancer. Exposure to high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (7 ppm) stimulates the upper respiratory system. Other symptoms, such as headaches, nausea and diarrhea have been observed among exposed workers. No other respiratory symptoms have been studied in workers in this study. Workers exposed constantly higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in work place. The concentration of other pollutants in this plant has not been studied, but it can predicted that exposure to this substance alone in different ways will lead to respiratory disorder. The results also show that workers exposed to hydrogen peroxide are at risk of respiratory disorder. According to the findings of this study, the cause of lung function defects is unclear when exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Different studies have shown that exposure increases production of anionic superoxide in pulmonary arteries. However, it can partially stated that the lung diseases are caused by parenchymal lung disease or neuromuscular disorders. The workers in this study did not use appropriate personal protective equipment at work place. Therefore, hydrogen peroxide uptake may occur by any of the inhalation, dermal or even oral ingestion pathways, and cannot be presented the role of either of these pathways in respiratory disorder. Presence of smokers in the study, it is not possible to comment correctly on the extent to which each of these variables has an impact on development of pulmonary morbidity. One of the limitations of this study was simultaneous exposure to several factors such as hydrogen peroxide and smoking in workers, the respiratory disorder deficits cannot be attributed to exposure to one or a combination of several factors.Another limitation of the study was that the respiratory disease in workers diagnosed by spirometry. According to the studies, the last diagnosis of respiratory disorders will be made by plethysmography that was not possible in this study. It was recommended to determine respiratory disorder in exposed workers, that respiratory function tests be performed, especially when workerschr('39') respiratory disorders was increased or when expose with high concentration contamination.

Sound is one of the most influential exogenous factors affecting the processing mechanisms of the human brain that play a major role in the occurrence of human errors and occupational accidents. Low-frequency noise is one of the most important sources of noise in the environment, and even at low levels it is annoying and affects people's cognitive performance. Some of the individual differences, such as personality type, hand superiority, neuroticism, and individual sensitivity are factors that influence the effect of sound on cognitive functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality type on cognitive functioning in three situations before, during and after exposure to low frequency noise.

The present study is an empirical basic science. The study population was students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences through purposive sampling (60 extroverted and 60 introverted). All experiments were performed in the Faculty of Health of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in a room with controlled acoustic and physical conditions in March, 2016. Eiseng personality questionnaire was used to determine personality type. Simulating the real-world environment of each of the subjects in the industry were exposed to the most intense noise in the industry (50 and 70 dB) for 40 minutes. Each of the subjects underwent cognitive performance in three positions before and during and after the exposure using continuous audiovisual performance test. Environmental conditions were maintained under conditions of thermal comfort and equivalent to a humidified temperature of 18 ° C and relative humidity of 50% without disturbing airflow. Also using fluorescent lamps and halogen lamps of 500 lux with optimum luminance levels were provided and kept constant during all tests. In this study, the recording of industrial ventilation in the workplace was performed using the Cool edit Program software in the frequency band. It is a powerful software for generating sound at different frequencies, especially low frequency sound. When playing the sound, the sound pressure equivalent to the ear of the test subjects was measured and in the sitting position. The sound meter used in this study is SVANTEK Model 971 manufactured by Polish-American Company, which operates according to IEC 61672, which has the capability of analyzing 1/1 and 1/8 octaves. The speakers used in this study are spherical-shaped speakers with a SWA-100 amplifier to amplify the sound at low frequencies that produce a sound similar to the workplace. After each step, the groups were replaced to eliminate the noise exposure effect and to avoid cumulative fatigue in the second level, a 24-hour interval was considered. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and repeated measure ANOVA.

The mean age of the subjects was 23.94 with a standard deviation of 3.25. The distribution of the test subjects was gender uniform and 85% of them were single and the rest were married. Most of the participants in this study were undergraduates of health sciences and 80% of them. The results showed that the cognitive functions of extroverted and introverted individuals were different in the three situations before, during and after exposure to noise. The results indicated that introverts in the pre-exposure condition and extroverts performed better in the exposure conditions. Also, with increasing sound level from 45 to 65 dB, there was a significant difference (p <0.05) between extroverted and introverted individuals 'cognitive functions, which improves extroverted individuals' cognitive functions. The findings also showed a significant relationship between sound and sex.

The findings of the present study provide good evidence for the difference between introversion and extroversion in the tendency to environmental stimuli. The results of this study show that exposure to low frequency noise was influential in the components of participants' cognitive functions There is a significant relationship between the increase in sound level and the components of cognitive functioning with personality type. When exposed to noise, extroverts had higher cognitive performance components. The better performance of introverts in later exposure situations indicates their avoidance of stimulation and their tendency to silence a natural and genetic issue. Accordingly, the effects of personality type should be taken into account in job posts and sensitive occupational tasks that require the use of cognitive functions.