نشریه کواترنری ایران
پیاپی 22 (تابستان 1399)

The population growth, the development of cities, industry, agriculture, and improper use of resources especially non-renewable resources have led human beings to face the danger of running out of resources. In some cases, in addition to the above, irreversible environmental and geological hazards have occurred due to the overdrawn of resources. Over extraction of groundwater resources is one of the problems that, in addition to human exposure to the risk of water scarcity, also induces risks due to this over-harvesting. The phenomenon of land-subsidence is called subsidence for natural and human reasons. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is human activities, including the overextraction of groundwater resources and the water table drop. Subsidence itself results in some problems such as deep cracks in the ground, well pipes growth and collapse of buildings. One of the common subsidence damages in many plains of Iran is the creation of sinkholes. Sinkholes are deep pits that are mainly involved in the development of karst dissolution and subsequently many risks to urban and environmental areas. The areas affected by the subsidence phenomenon have been identified using the Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) method. The interferometry technique uses electromagnetic wave interference to extract information. Radar interferometry uses the phase difference of radar images with a high spatial resolution seeking to produce a digital elevation model of the region and estimate the amount of deformation and displacement of the earthchr('39')s crust. In the radar interferometry technique, complex radar images containing the phase values ​​and amplitude of the wave returning from the complication to the sensor are combined and an image called an interferogram is produced. An interferogram is an image that results from the subtraction of two images taken at two different times that are aligned on each other. An interferogram contains information of the phase difference between the two images, which indicates the difference in distance between the terrain features and the sensor in the two captured images. By having the phase difference value, various parameters such as the amount of ground displacement can be obtained. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) time series analysis method uses stable scattering pixels (pixels that have scattering patterns with a constant scattering pattern over time) to extract information and overcome the limitations of radar interferometry. In the present research, an attempt has been made to monitor the subsidence of Abarkooh using the Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry method.Abarkooh region is located in Yazd province which is an agricultural region in recent decades and the extraction of groundwater resources has been increased in it. Abarkooh city has two urban points, Abarkooh and Mehrdasht. Excess extraction of groundwater caused numerous subsidence and sinkholes, subsequently. Hydrological studies have determined the rate of groundwater level drop equal to 0.6 m/yr. In this paper, by using 55 Sentinel-1A satellite images in the period of 2017 to 2019, 54 interferograms have been used to process time series analysis based on persistent scatterer after deducting the participatory phases from the interferogram phase. Finally, the average subsidence rate map for the Abarkooh region is estimated. According to the analysis, the maximum subsidence rate of the Abarkooh region is 3 to 4 cm /yr and the maximum subsidence rate of the Mehrdasht region is 6 to 7 cm/yr. Accordingly, by considering the location of the subsidence area in the agricultural lands of the studied region and the decrease of the water table level in that region, one may conclude that the subsidence has happened due to the over-extraction of groundwater resources. In order to investigate the impact of subsidence on the environment, the soil salinity map has been calculated. In general, the salinity of the region is increasing as a factor impacting the degradation of surface soils and desertification. Well pipes growth, sanding of water wells, and reduction of well’s discharge, all are some examples of the consequences of subsidence in the destruction of wells. Other consequences of subsidence in this area include turning the plain into a desert, damaging aquifers, changing the topography of the land, and environmental pollution. Due to the un-uniform distribution of the subsidence areas in ​​the region, the damages to roads, railways, urban and industrial buildings, and energy transmission lines have been predicted. One of the most important subsidence consequences in this area is the creation of deep holes and longitudinal cracks along with the subsidence area. To evaluate the results of the interferometry technique, GNSS station data have been used. Since the data related to this area are available from 2011 until now, it is possible to obtain an accurate evaluation of the InSAR results. The results show that the displacement rate is 1 cm based on the permanent station data (GNSS) and the interferometry measurement results show a displacement rate of 0.7 cm. These values indicate the accuracy of the results of radar interferometry.

Several models of population/culture movements have been proposed based on bladelet production in Late Pleistocene of Eurasia. Narrow-faced bladelet/microblade cores, also known as "wedge shaped" cores in Central Asia and Far East studies, have been considered as a component of an inter-continent migration of people and idea which originated in Sibero-Mongolian region Upper Paleolithic and expanded to the northeast Asia, reaching to North America and Japan. there exists an extended publication which traces the diffusion of "wedge-shaped" or more precisely "narrow-faced" cores from their birthplace, supposedly at Siberia around 35,000 BP, expanding continent-wide at about 25,000-20,000 BP; such an expansion from Sibero-Mongolian region has been recorded in two directions, first to the east (Japan, Korea, Alaska, Northern America) and then to the west, to Western Central Asia. In this research narrow-faced cores are introduced from Paleolithic caves and rockshelters from southwest of Iran. Izeh Plain has been surveyed intensively, as a result of which 147 Paleolithic sites have been recorded. Chipped stones have been sampled in a controlled manner from the surface of the outer slopes of these caves and rock shelters. The chipped stone assemblage indicates a comparative chronology based on typical tools and cores which are attributed to Upper Palaeolithic (conical bladelet cores and their subtypes, carinated burins and scrapers, many bladelets, end scrapers, rare lamelle dufours), Epipalaeolithic (many bladelets, conical bladelet cores, geometric microlithis, backed bladelets, thumbnail scrapers), and Early Neolithic (pressure “Bullet Cores” and sickle blade/lets) in the Zagros region. Bladelet cores in Izeh assemblages could be classified into 8 different categories, including conical, semi-conical, flat-faced, bidirectional, multidirectional, irregular, carinated and narrow-faced cores. The latter includes 55 cores from 14 site which have been prepared in 3 different manners: 1. On natural tabular local raw material, using cortical faces as flat sides of the core; 2. Cores in which the two faces have been prepared by flaking and the platform has been shaped before the bifacial preparation; 3. A combination of the two first ones, in which one face is cortical and the other has been prepared by flaking.  The identification and classification of Narrow-faced bladelet cores from Izeh, which is a region far from the westernmost territory of Narrow-faced core models (i.e. southeast of Caspan Sea), raises questions regarding their connection to the movement paths from Central Asia to the west. The first and the easiest explanation for their presence in Izeh lithic assemblages could be in respect of the aforementioned population/culture movement patterns and the expansion of Sibero-Mongolian lithic traditions. But regarding the correlation between core forms to raw material natural forms in Izeh narrow-faced cores and the simultaneous presence of other bladelet core types, including prismatic and subtypes of prismatic cores, including conical, semi-conical and flat-faced cores, as well as carinated scrapers and burins, human population/idea movement models are not convincing enough for explaining the presence of narrow-faced core technology in Izeh Plain. Instead, local innovation and adaptation to environmental opportunities and limitations seems to be the most probable explanation based on the available evidence. Further studies on narrow-faced bladelet cores from Zagros Paleolithic assemblages could improve such a conclusion.

Bazman volcano is located in the Makran-Chaghi magmatic arc in southeastern Iran. Many studies have been done on this volcano, especially of petrology such as: Biabangard and Mollazadehbarvati, 2017; Berberian and Berberian, 1982; Mohammadi, 2005; Sahandi et al., 2010; Schmidt and Dabiri, 2019; Firoozkoohi, et al., 2017; Ghodsi et al., 2006; Glamghash et al., 2015; Karimpour et al., 2012; Stocklin, 1977; Richards et al., 2012. In this article we study the origin and tectonomagmatic environment of Bazman volcano with by geochemical data of whole rock and mineral chemistry.

We were selected 150 samples from of Bazman volcano. Then prepared 100 thin section and selected 15 samples with the least alteration for analyses. Samples were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS methods at Yamagatai University in Japan. In order to study the chemistry of minerals in Bazman volcanic rocks, 18 points of plagioclase minerals, 12 points of pyroxene minerals and 7 points of hornblende minerals were analyzed by electron microprobe.

Bazman volcano is composed of andesite, basalte, dacite and rhyodacite lavas and similar pyroclastic flows. These rocks have mainly plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, hornblende, biotite, and quartz minerals These rocks have disequilibrium textures which indicates an unstable state in the magmatic chamber.   Lavas in Bazman volcano show calc-alkaline to slightly tholeiitic trend. All rock samples of Bazman volcano have a weak negative anomaly in Eu, which is probably due to plagioclase differentiation or high oxygen fugacity. Based on Electron microprobe analyses, pyroxene, hornblende and plagioclase minerals have diopside, augite, hornbelend and Labradorite to Bytonite. Temperature-barometry based on these minerals showed that Bazman volcanic rocks were formed at 800 to 1200 ° C and a least 2 Kbar pressure and high oxygen fugacity.

Andesite rocks are one of the most common rocks in the continental margin, they are composed of plagioclase, biotite and hornbelend minerals. Unequilibrium textures such as Zoning, resorption, corrosion gulf, and sieve texture are common in these minerals. These evidences are found in the Bazman volcanic. Orogenic andesite shows enrichment of LIL elements relative to HFS elements. The pattern of normalized multi-element diagrams of Bazman rocks compared to the primary mantle has a relative enrichment of LIL elements relative to HFS elements and a negative anomaly in Ti and P elements. Also, pattern of rare earth elements normalized to Chondrite shows a relative enrichment of LRE elements relative to HRE elements with negative Eu anomaly. Thermo-barometry on minerals in Bazman andesitechr('39')s indicates that lava formed between 800 to 1200°C temperature and high fugacity. Minerals and whole rock geochemical evidences show that Bazman volcano is dependent to subduction environments and it seems formed by subduction of the Indian oceanic crust under the Iranian plate.

Bazman volcano is Stratovolcano that composed of andesite, basalt, andesite-basalt, dacite and rhyolite lavas with their pyroclastic equivalents, ignimbrite and tuff flows. The rocks of this volcano are calc-alkaline to slightly tholeiitic magmatic series and belonging to the active continental margin. These rocks have relative enrichment and negative anomalies in the elements, Nb and Ti, relative to the HFS elements. They are enriched in LRE elements relative to HRE elements and all rock samples show weak negative anomalies in Eu. Electron microprobe data on the plagioclase, pyroxene and hornblende minerals show that are labradorite to bitonite hyperstene and augite, and magnesium-chandelier, respectively. Thermo-barometry based on these minerals shows that Bazman volcanic rocks were formed between 800 and 1200 °C and least 2Kbar pressure and high oxygen fugacity. Bazman volcano was formed by subduction of the Oman oceanic crust under the central Iran.

Travertines are limestones that form where hot groundwaters rich in calcium and bicarbonate emerge at springs. Travertines cover a large area southwest of Azarshahr (East Azarbaijan province), in some parts of which active springs are currently settling travertine. One of the main questions about travertine springs is their origin, as well as the secondary processes that have changed their composition along the flow path. To study the origin and geochemical evolution of springs, different ion ratios such as Na/Cl, Br/Cl, I/Cl as well as oxygen isotopic composition and deuterium isotope are used. Hydrogeochemical and isotopic data is used to determine the hydrochemical properties, source of soluble materials, source of spring water, type of spring water, mixing of spring water and concentration of heavy metals in the water of travertine and non-travertine springs.

In this study, 16 water samples from 9 travertine and 7 non-travertine springs in Azarshahr region have been analyzed to determine the concentration of major ions using ion chromatography. 6 water samples were selected from springs in the region to determine the concentration of heavy metals and stable isotopes of oxygen 18 and deuterium. Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH of the springs was measured in place by using portable device (WP-84 conductivity-salinity EC meter TPS Company, Australia) and AZ8601 pH/mV meter. Saturation index of samples was measured by using PHREEQC software.

Hydrochemical studies have shown that in terms of acidity, spring water is in neutral; their EC value is higher than the standard drinking limit and the water type of travertine springs is bicarbonate. Due to the relationship between pH and temperature in travertine springs, with increasing temperature, the pH value also increases, which is normal. But in non-travertine springs with shallow rotation depth and also lower temperature, the range of pH changes is greater. This could be due to the occurrence of mixing between travertine and non-travertine along the depth-to-surface path. These springs have lower temperatures and more carbonate dissolution has occurred, causing the pH to rise further. The results of this study also show that the origin of the main ions in spring water is the dissolution of carbonates and to some extent evaporates. Isotopic studies of the springs indicate the primary origin of the meteoric and also show that the depth of water circulation in the Qizildaq and Taptapan travertine springs is very high and the height of the feeding area is higher than other springs.

The study of water origin and geochemical evolution of travertine and non-travertine springs in Azarshahr region using hydrogeochemical, isotopic and heavy metal data has led to the following

1) In terms of acidity, the water of the studied springs, like other karst and travertine areas, is neutral and the amount of EC in all springs in the region is higher than the standard drinking limit and is salty. The water type of travertine springs is bicarbonate and the water type of non-travertine springs is chloride.2) The study of the origin of the main ions in the spring water shows a similar trend for the springs, where the dissolution of carbonates and to some extent evaporites (gypsum and halite) are the main factors determining their chemical composition.3) Carbonate minerals such as calcite and aragonite are in saturation state in all water samples of Azarshahr travertine springs and the water of all studied springs is supersaturated compared to quartz and chalcedony minerals.4) In the study of compositional diagrams related to the main ions, it was found that the origin of calcium and salinity alone can not be due to the dissolution of carbonates, gypsum and evaporites, and other factors such as cation exchange have also been affected.5) Isotopic studies of springs in Azarshahr region indicate the meteoric origin of water in these springs. The depth of water rotation in Qizildaq and Taptapan travertine springs is very high and the height of the feeding area is higher than other springs.

Damavand volcano is situated in the central part of the Alborz mountain range along the southern margin of the Caspian Sea, North of Iran and also located about 50 km NE of Tehran. The basement of the volcano is made up of Paleozoic to Cenozoic sediments. Damavand stratovolcano consists mainly of trachyandesite-trachyte lava flows and pyroclastics formed in the past two Ma (Allenbach, 1966; Davidson et al., 2004). The erosion processes have formed valleys on the flanks of volcano like Talkhrud valley where a subvolcanic body of syenodiorite composition crops out that is considered as probably feeder dike of lateral vents. An investigation on the texture and mineral chemistry of this subvolcanic body has carried out to decipher crystallization processes and thermobarometry based on mineral-mineral equilibria, since it has been shown that minerals can record the entire range of pressure, temperature and composition of melts in which they develop during storage, ascent and emplacement. It is necessary to mention that petrography and geochemistry of the study subvolcanic body has recently been published by Aliakbari et al. (2020).

Minerals of two representative syenodiorite rock samples were analyzed on polished thin sections by electron microprobe at Oslo University in Norway, using a CAMECA SX100 instrument with analytical conditions of 15 kV accelerating voltage and 10 nA beam current. Excel and Minpet 2.02 software were used to calculate structural formulae of minerals and to plot their diagrams. A total of 66 point analyses of different minerals are used in this research.

The study subvolcanic intrusion, comprising syenodiorite, is cropped out in Talkh-rud valley located in the northeast of Damavand volcano flank. This sub-volcanic intrusion possesses porphyritic texture and consists of plagioclase, alkali feldspars, phlogopite, amphibole, clinopyroxene, apatite and titanomagnetite. Feldspars show signs of disequilibrium as coarse and fine sieve textures in their cores and rims. Mica and amphibole phenocrysts have breakdown reaction rims with opaque replacement. Amphibole crystals are highly opacitized and show replacement by brown mica. The intrusion is geochemically alkaline and shoshonitic and tectonically plots in the realm of within plate volcanics.Electron microprobe analyses show that the composition of plagioclase (An23.20- 41), is oligoclase-andesine, alkali feldspar (Or38.70-61), is sanidine, following the feldspar ternary diagram of Deer et al., (1992), brown micas K1.76 (Mg3.90 Fe1.21) [Ti0.67 Si5.58 Al2.24O20] (OH)4, on the classification diagram of Speer (1984), plot in the phlogopite field. Amphibole Ca1.79 (Mg3.21 Fe0.27 Al1.76) [Ti0.42 Al1.76 Si6.16 O22](OH)2, following the nomenclature of Leake et al., (1997) is magnesiohastingsite, and clinopyroxenes (Wo46.61-47.41 En42.38-44.79 Fs8.28-10.20), following Morimoto et al. (1988) are classified as diopside (Figures 5 to 9). Phlogopites show high TiO2 (5.9–6.3% wt) and a minor variation of MgO (16.3–19.6 wt %). In comparison with phlogopites that are in equilibrium with lower crust and mantle (Mg >5 apfu), the Talkhrud phlogopites have lower Mg (3.6–4.2 apfu). The experimental studies showed that the solubility of Ti in phlogopites increases with temperature and decreases with pressure for a given bulk TiO2 content (Tronnes et al., 1985). Magnesiohastingsite amphibole crystals are opacitized and show replacement by phlogopite. Composition of this secondary phlogopite is not different from primary ones (Table 3). The reaction rims of phlogopites and amphiboles indicate open system processes (Rutherford, 2008) and have been suggested as related to a slow ascent of magma (Rutherford and Hill, 1993).Numerous thermobarometers are employed to estimate the ranges of pressure and temperature of crystallization. Based on geothermobarometry calculations, clinopyroxene crystals formed from 1000 to 1184 0C and pressure ranges from 0.6 to 8.4 kb. Amphibole barometry shows crystallization temperature at 1000 0C and pressures ranging from 6.2 to 6.4 kb. Phlogopite also formed at 837 0C and pressures from 0.22 to 1.16 kb. Composition of phlogopite and amphibole indicate high oxygen fugacity during their crystallization. In addition, Mg number of amphiboles is higher than 0.7 indicating their mantle origin.

There are no tangible differences between chemical compositions of Talkhrud subvolcanic minerals with Damavand ones, for instance, titanium oxide values in the study amphiboles (magnesiohastingsite) are barely less than the reported amounts from volcanic amphiboles (kaersutite). In addition, subvolcanic pyroxene composition is diopside and alkali feldspar, sanidine. Furthermore, chemical compositions of amphiboles plot in within plate field of tectonic discrimination diagram of amphiboles. Hornblende-Plagioclase equilibrium temperature shows a range of 998.5 to 923.6 0C and plagioclase-alkali feldspar thermometry is in the range of 907.5 to 1018.3 0C. The presence of hydrous and anhydrous minerals, disequilibrium textures in plagioclase, reaction rim of phlogopite and amphibole may imply magmatic evolution in an open system, multistage crystallization and accumulation and storage in different levels of the crust.

 The left lateral Doruneh Fault System (DFS), is one of the longest, and most prominent, strike-slip faults in Iran, extending from the eastern border of Iran to the central Dasht-e-Kavir with a curved geometry. DFS is the response of the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates in the regional tectonic map. Regarding to scaling relationships this fault with length of >600 km has the potential to produce earthquakes with magnitudes higher than 7.5. M. It performs an important role in the regional tectonics and is certified to be active by its well-preserved geomorphological features all along its trace. However, despite clear Quaternary activity expressed in the geomorphology, has no record of historical and instrumental earthquakes of magnitudes M ≥ 6, which is in contrast to the neighbouring Dasht-e Bayaz region, which has suffered from many earthquakes recorded both instrumentally and historically. Determining whether the Doruneh fault is capable of generating large-magnitude earthquakes similar to the Dasht-e Bayaz is important due to its risk to close cities and towns. In other word, it is necessary to determine the hazard of this fault in the area. One way to conduct the Earthquake Hazard Assessment is to calculate the slip rate. The slip rate of a seismogenic fault is a crucial parameter for establishing the contribution of the fault to the seismic hazard. one method for calculating the slip rate is measuring the displacement by the fault and dividing it by the period during which this displacement has occurred. Clear scarps in alluvial fans and river terraces can be observed both in satelite imagery and in the field along the entire Doruneh fault length. The geomorphology of the fault contains numerous indications of cumulative left-lateral slip over various scales. By dating and finding the age of these offset geologic features, we can determine the average slip rate. We describe one site where Late Quaternary landforms are displaced by the fault. Two generations of alluvial fan are present on the north of Khalilabad village. There are two parallel east-west fault traces on the fan surfaces at this site, with the two traces separated from each other.

To determine the slip rate two parameters are required: the displacement and the period that has taken that the displacement occur. Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) is one of the best methods for determining sediment age in arid and semi-arid zones such as Iran. OSL enable evaluation of the time that has elapsed since quartz and feldspar, were last exposed to daylight. During exposure to light the luminescence signal within the grains is optically bleached until the signal is zeroed. Once the grains are buried and sealed from daylight, the luminescence signal being induced by naturally occurring radiation and being accumulates again. The time passed since the last daylight exposure is calculated by dividing the dose accumulated in the sample since its last exposure to light by the dose rate.The study site in this research is the eastern alluvial fan near Khalilabad, which is located in the west of Kashmar. Google earth was employed to observe and measure the apparent offset of a riser between eastern and the western fan surface, which appears to be relatively straight both upstream and downstream of the fault. The estimate is that Doruneh fault has displaced the eastern alluvial fan by about 40-60 meters. Two sediment samples were collected from this alluvial fan for luminescence dating. Potassium feldspar was then separated from them. To determine the age of potassium feldspar, two parameters of equivalent dose and annual dose are required. SAR method was used to measure the equivalent dose and analyst program was used to analyze the data. The dose rate was calculated using present-day moisture content, radioisotope concentrations and burial depths.

The last sedimentation period was determined to be 11000 – 16000 years ago. The slip rate of this part of the fault was estimated to be 2.5-5.5 mm per year by dividing the displacement rate over the displacement period.

Today, the pollution of Rangeland soils by various destructive pollutants has become one of the human-environmental problems. Lacking proper management of organic matter discharge can also increase the concentration of salts, heavy metals, and pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, to investigate and measure the concentration of toxic elements, 128 soil samples of Chadegan region were selected to distinguish the concentration extent of these metals and also high-risk and polluted areas. Based on the obtained results in the sampled points, the average soil pollution by cobalt, copper, and chromium elements was observed which its origin can be considered as pollution with a geologic origin. The other elements observed in the soil have little enrichment or no pollution.

Soil pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of synthetic chemicals or other changes in the soil environment. The heavy metal pollution of soils has been very widespread and there is a risk of transmission of these toxic and accessible metals to humans, animals, and agricultural products. Heavy metals due to their non-degradability and physiological effects on living organisms are also very important in low concentrations. The soil pollution from toxic elements is different from water or air pollution because the toxic elements remain in the soil longer than the other parts of the biosphere and are more durable in the soil. The objectives of this study are to investigate the distribution of toxic elements and to assess the environmental pollution of a part of Chadegan’s soil which has been tried to be studied by using the accumulation land indices, pollution coefficient, pollution load, enrichment coefficient, heavy metals pollution zoning, and the statistical analyses.

In order to conduct this study, in-field inspections, 128 samples from the soil of the studied area have been taken from a depth of 30cm. After doing the initial preparation process, the samples up to the dimensions of less than four millimeters were firstly crushed by using the crusher machine in the laboratory and then pulverized in the disk mill up to 75 microns size (200 meshes). To weigh the samples, Teflon pipes were used in the 4-Acids Digest method.After weighing the samples in a Teflon tube; hydrochloride, pre chloridic, nitric, and chloride acids each added up to a certain amount and then all of them were placed in the Hot Box. After performing the complete digest operation, the samples were cooled at the ambient temperature and reached to sufficient volume with distilled water, and finally, the chemical analysis performed in the ICP-MS method by using Agilent Series 4500 machine made in the United Stutes. Due to the changes in the concentration of the elements in the soil of the region; Ba, Co, Sc, Pb, Y, Cu, B, Zn, Ni, Sr, Cr metals were selected. To determine and construe the extent of pollution of the soil samples studied; the enrichment factor, the pollution load index has been used here due to the concentration of the elements. The ArcGIS software was used to prepare the spatial distribution. Because Kriging methods (normal, simple, and discrete) have high potentials for determining the spatial distribution of the heavy metals of soil; hence they have been proposed as appropriate methods for interpolation and preparing the pollutants map.

The result of calculating the accumulation land index for the soil samples taken from different station show that Igeo extent of all elements is less than one or less than one or less than zero thus have little or no pollution. The result of the pollution coefficient analysis indicates that pollution is law and soil is non-polluted in all sampled areas except for some station that has low and average pollution in terms of cobalt, copper, and chromium elements. Regarding the pollution load index and due to the standard values of P.L.I; the soil of the studied area is free of pollution. The obtained results of calculating the enrichment coefficient of the studied soil samples show that apart from cobalt, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc elements which have average enrichment and its origin can be considered as pollution with anthropogenic pollution; the rest of the present elements have low enrichment and are non-polluted. The zoning map of the concentration of the toxic elements from the area soil indicates that the elements of cobalt, nickel, copper, and strontium in the southwest of the region and also boron, barium, and yttrium elements in the southeast of the area have average to low concentration and the other elements have very low concentration. Based on histogram diagrams, the elements of boron, chromium, nickel, lead, strontium, and yttrium have symmetrical distribution and the elements of barium, cobalt, copper, and scandium have asymmetrical distribution and positive skewness.

According to the result of the accumulation land index, it was found that the studied soils have little or no pollution. The results of the pollution coefficient suggest that except for the elements of cobalt and lead which have average enrichment in some stations, the other elements have poor enrichment. The pollution load index shows that the studied samples have no pollution and also have appropriate concentration and this is while that the enrichment extent of cobalt, chromium, copper, and lead is near average and this enrichment extent can be considered as pollution with an anthropogenic origin.