فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 39 (بهار 1400)

Dehyari is the most important and the newest organization formed in the field of rural management in Iran, and a person called ‘Dehyar’ is in charge of it. This non-governmental public organization has been established with a separate legal personality and with the aim of administrating the rural affairs in every village self-sufficiently. As an administrative lever for the government, it plays an important role in administering, supervising and organizing development plans in order to access a preferable level of sustainable development in villages. This survey has been carried out with the objective of doing an analysis on the satisfaction of settled families in the villages of Agh Ghala with the performance of Dehyaris. This survey is an applied survey that uses descriptive-analytical method. Its statistical population is 346 families settled in 8 villages selected by the use of Chocran’s formula as the sample size. In order to evaluate the performance of Dehyars in the sustainable development of villages, 51 indexes were used in the economic, social, structural and environmental aspects in accordance with 48 articles of duties assigned to Dehyars in the form of Likert’s scale. The tools for data collection were researcher-made questionnaires whose content validity was approved by professors and experts and whose reliability was approved as 0.85 by Cronbach’s Alpha. In order to analyze data, Friedman inferential statistical test, Chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used in the SPSS software, and in order to prepare map, ArcGis software was used. According to the results of the research, the most important problem of the villages is the lack of funds for rural development. Also, satisfaction with the performance of the villages in the populations surveyed was much higher in the more populated villages due to the power of demanding residents than in the less populated villages. Suggestions for this research are also reviewing the tasks of the charity and implementing monetization plans in the form of Internet marketing.

Nowadays in the area of rural planning, instead focusing on rural vulnerability rather than emphasizing on their resiliency as a preventive and confrontational approach to crises. In this regard, one of the effective measures in view of the economic weaknesses and its role in the vulnerability of rural areas is the diversification of the rural economy, in order to eliminate the factors and areas of harm. To this end, in the current applied research, the role of diversification into economic areas of rural areas of Sarvabad and Marivan in Kurdistan province has been studied on improving their resiliency level. Collection of information in theoretical part is documentary and in the field surveying part is based on the distribution of questionnaires and interviews with local people. The statistical population of this study is villages of Khavemirabad and Zaryvar villages in Marivan city and Oraman and Dazli districts in the city of Sarvabad, which have diverse economic activities in the villages. The number of households’ heads in the sample villages, which determined by lottery method, was 3358. By using the Cochran formula, 260 heads of households were selected as sample size and the questionnaires were distributed randomly among them. Data analysis by using inferential statistics (Chi-square, single-sample t-test, Wilcoxon and path analysis) showed that in sum, the economic variation in the region has been able to improve, at the significant level of 0.001 and by average of 3.45, the resiliency level of the studied villages in the economic resilience with an average of 3.44, social dimension with an average of 3.45, and then environmental resiliency at an average of 3.42. Meanwhile, economic resiliency with amount of 442 has had the greatest impact on improving the resiliency level of the studied villages. Also, the average local population's vulnerability to natural and human-made crises on their livelihoods has fallen from an average 2.74, in the post-economic period, to the satisfactory average of 3.58 in the region.

One of the characteristics of human settlements is their evolvability and dynamism. This dynamism in space enables the creation of spatial flows between cities and villages in the form of urban-rural links. The urban-rural links are the result of the mutual interactions of rural settlements and urban hubs in the field of an area being created by the flows of people, commodities and information. The formation and expansion of these spatial flows at different levels (local and regional) lead to the creation of spatial organization. Accordingly, the present paper is to analyze the spatial interactions of tourist destinations destinations of Mohammad Abad-Zarrin Gol region in Aliabad Katoul city. Data have been collected through documentation and field methods. In field method, inquiry technique and questionnaire instrument were used. Of course, some secondary data were collected from information centers such as Iranian Statistical Center and some organizations like governor’s office, the office of cultural heritage, tourism and handicrafts in Aliabad Katoul city. Due to the nature of the problem, it has been used the Social Network Analysis (SNA). In the method, there are three kinds of indicators that in the present research, macro indicators (network size, network density and network centrality) have been applied. Furthermore, in the method, stream data were analyzed by Nodexl software. According to the research findings, the following results were obtained: - Although spatial interactions at the regional level have been formed on the basis of environmental structures based on agricultural activities, they are more diverse in recent decade due to the changes of social-economic contexts and environmental potential (natural landscape) based on tourism activities and indigenous investments (related to tourism);

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of place identity on the livability of Peri-urban villages in Mashhad. The population of interest in the study, according to the results of the census of 1395, is the villages of Tabadekan rural district in the central part of Mashhad city, which are divided into two axes of Siman and Kalan. According to Cochran formula, the number of samples needed to complete the questionnaire was 169 households. To analyze the data, one-sample T Test, Pearson, and Smat PLS structural equations were used and for the ranking of villages, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method, VICOR, was applied. The findings of this research indicate that the mean of place identity among the studied villages is low and the place identity dimensions, which include differentiation, continuity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, have a significant relationship with the livability variable. Therefore, the higher the place identity, the higher the livability of the villagers. The differentiation variable has a direct impact on the livability variable of .0001 This means that this variable has a direct effect on the livability structure of 10%. Also, the continuity variable has a direct and inverse relation of -0/29.7 on the livability structure. This means that with an increase in the structure of continuity, we will see a decrease in the unit of livability (by -0.297). In addition, self-esteem and self-efficacy variables have a direct effect on the viability structure with the rate of 0.31 and 0.61, respectively. As it can be seen, the self-efficacy variable as compared with other variables has a more direct effect (62.1%) on the livability.

Countries are identified by the international borders as the subsystems of the global economy-and each country has a separate economic policy and policy that adjusts its interests and interests.And on the other hand-borders can be-against programs and threats that jeopardize their economies.The main purpose of this article is to-explaining and analyzing the relationship of the border economy with the challenges of national security on the borders of Iran, especially on the borders of Iran and Turkey.The main question of this article is that-why and how does the border economy affect the challenges of national security on the borders of Iran, especially on the borders between Iran and Turkey?The hypothesis we are answering to answer the main question is that-it seams-there is a positive and significant relationship between the border economy and the national security challenges on the Iranian borders, especially on the borders of Iran and Turkey.The results of the article show that The border between Iran and Turkey has opportunities and threats for both countries.Indeed, in addition to economic opportunities, threats and tensions such as hydro-political conflicts, the Kurdish issue, the considerations arising from the strategic combination of Turkey and the United States, the ideological issues of the parties and the plurality of Turkish geopolitical views must be considered.This article is based on analytical-explanatory method using library resources and papers and documents.The data collection method is also a library and the use of scientific-research papers. The data collection tool is a snapshot and uses tables and charts as well as maps.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical approach identifying the factors and pattern of development and growth of urban areas and identifying desirable directions of physical development of Yazd city is considered as the main objective of the study. After identifying the factors affecting the development and growth of Yazd city, to analyze and identify these factors, first, four main criteria (environmental, economic, spatial-physical, government plans and policies) with 33 sub-criteria by examining internal and external resources for the city Yazd was determined and based on the results of questionnaires filled by 20 officials of relevant .organizations, were evaluated by Shannon entropy method.In the final analysis, using the Vikor technique to determine the desired directions of urban development, and finally with the weighted overlay method and the space layout technique, the analysis of development pattern and urban growth guidance, the results show that the most important factors affecting the physical development of Yazd city. Spatial-physical criteria and economic and social criteria have the least impact. The analysis of the ranking of Yazd's development potentials based on the Vikor model indicates that the best direction is in the first priority of the north one and in the second priority is the south three.The final map of the overlay and space syntax analysis showed that in the northeast and south areas as well as the proximity of the city to the development of the communication network, the rate of selection along these lines showed a tendency for continuous and clinging to the city yazd.

In today's world, the futures study of different countries, regions, and cities is thought of as regular, coherent and harmonious. They are thinking about a desirable future in a world that is increasingly moving towards becoming more complex. Futures study is a purposeful process that brings together key players in the fields of science and technology to chart a possible future and ways to achieve such a future. In essence, it is based on a descriptive-analytical approach to future research. This study, using futures study approaches and relying on planning models based on this approach, discusses the development of employment in three dimensions of the marine economy -tourism, aquaculture, and biotechnology- in the province of Bushehr. ،The Bushehr province, as one of the coastal provinces of the country, has a very high capacity to develop the maritime economy, especially in the areas highlighted in this research. This study presents the propellants of futures study for employment development in the aforementioned sectors. The data collection method was documentary, survey and Delphi group data, and data processing models were using MICMAC. The results showed that urban competitiveness, prominent areas and tourism villages, local people's investment are important investments in the tourism sectot. In addition to private sector investment, desirable and extensive coastal areas in the aquaculture sector and also, the existence of a special marine science and technology area, support for domestic production, export of biotech products in the marine biotechnology sector have the most impact on the employment development process in Bushehr province.

Understanding how tourist loyalty is formed and at what level this loyalty is, has become a principle for tourism destinations marketing management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of loyalty of cultural heritage tourists to Ramsar destination with emphasis on loyalty stages. The statistical population of the study was visitors to Ramsar cultural heritage. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384. The sampling method was non-random convenience. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.866). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software. The findings indicated that the level of loyalty was approximately equal in all four stages, but conative loyalty (Stage Three: Trust Variable) was higher than other stages. Also, the level of Attitudinal loyalty was slightly higher than behavioral loyalty. Based on these findings, conclusions were made and suggestions were made to increase the level of loyalty and bring it closer to practical loyalty. Understanding how tourist loyalty is formed and at what level this loyalty is, has become a principle for tourism destinations marketing management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of loyalty of cultural heritage tourists to Ramsar destination with emphasis on loyalty stages. The statistical population of the study was visitors to Ramsar cultural heritage. Using the Cochran formula, the sample size was estimated to be 384. The sampling method was non-random convenience. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by formal validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α = 0.866). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 25 software. The findings indicated that the level of loyalty was approximately equal in all four stages, but conative loyalty (Stage Three: Trust Variable) was higher than other stages. Also, the level of Attitudinal loyalty was slightly higher than behavioral loyalty. Based on these findings, conclusions were made and suggestions were made to increase the level of loyalty and bring it closer to practical loyalty.

Because social happiness is a very important and necessary thing to deal with people's mental and psychological problems, so it is very important to pay attention to this issue. Considering that several factors can play an important role in creating happiness among people and these reasons can have aspects of psychology and sociology, it can be said that urban environments in meeting basic needs Human beings have an important role in achieving healthy and happy cities. The review of the literature of the subject shows that, despite the various views on the role of joy in urban spaces among the experts of this knowledge globally, studies on the impact of urban planning and the role of urban design on increasing social happiness and liveliness Citizens are less well-regarded. Based on this, the present study emphasizes on a case study in the city of Hamedan and examines each of the factors that play a role in creating Happy city, and each of these factors in four areas (managerial, Physical, environmental, socioeconomic) has been analyzed. This research was descriptive-analytic and data gathering method was based on survey. The data gathering tool is based on a researcher-made survey questionnaire. The sample size is based on the population of the city of Hamedan in the last official census of the country and using the Cochran formula with a 5% error rate of 384 people. Based on the results of completed questionnaires among citizens of Hamedan, it was revealed that socioeconomic and environmental components have the most impact on the happiness of Hamedan residents.

Urban safety is one of the most basic presuppositions of the international community for human-centered planning; passive defense against the prevailing patterns of urban risk is one of the most important strategies for securing urban spaces. The occurrence of natural and human disasters causes heavy casualties in cities. This makes attention to the dimensions of vulnerability and the achievement of standards the comfort of the city in passive defense. The methodology of this research is based on developmental-purpose and based on descriptive and analytical nature used for review and analysis of Arc View and Arc Gis software. And by presenting a method of city and urban elements influential on the issue of non-operating defense are analyzed in the context of Yasuj drinking water system which seeks to reduce the potential damages caused by human and natural hazards in the city in order to identify vulnerable elements with Based on previous studies in this paper, the Delphi method was used in this paper. After identifying the criteria, it prepared a geospatial database in Arc GIS and then standardized it. Criteria (ahp) in software environment using tools Identification was assigned a specific weight for each criterion. Then, by integrating and compiling these criteria, based on (ahp model), the final map showing vulnerable and non-vulnerable areas was obtained. The study area in the map was divided into high and low vulnerability class for planning various types of non-operating defense activities. Influential urban indicators such as distance from (health centers and transportation centers, etc.) were also studied and based on them the vulnerability zoning of the city was presented.

One of the controversial and critical phenomena of today's cities is the deteriorated tissue phenomenon. The issue of environmental degradation of neighborhoods is a more comprehensive phenomenon than construction depreciation, construction of quality and instability of the building. This research is based on the theory of the balanced modernization of urban exhausted tissues and in the area of the worn out tissues of Zanjan city. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of modernization of worn out tissue in a systematic way. Research variables include the components and elements of the urban wastewort system. This research was of fundamental type and after drawing of equilibrium circles, a dynamical system model was developed. Indicators and criteria of elite opinion consensus are obtained and provided to interviewers in the form of questionnaires. For data analysis, methods and statistical techniques, Delphi technique, AHP and dynamic analysis software "Vensim" have been used.The corroded tissues of the cities of the country, which in many cases form the core of these cities, are, on the one hand, part of the cultural and historical heritage of those cities, and preservation, physical improvement and functional empowerment are inevitable, and on the other hand, most of these tissues With time and lack of attention and maintenance, they are burned out and destroyed physically and functionally. Accordingly, the most important issue in the planning of this part of the city is the attention to the human factor and its participation in the planning process (Rahnema, 2009, 12).

AbstractExistence of different economical, social and cultural facilities in cities has made many villagers to leave their hometown and to immigrate to cities. This is when the expensiveness of land and housing makes the new immigrants to build shelter for themselves and to hide it from city officials and without out permission. This causes a lot of problems for other citizens. As a result, this study tries to provide necessary and functional strategies about development of informal housing while analyzing the challenges of place development of informal housing in studying region. For achieving this goal, analytical study approach was used and needed information was gathered by documentaries and field research. The population under study was the families residing in four neighborhoods of Muziraj, eastern and western Katy, Baghabadian and Sadat mahalle (14599) in 1390 that among them and based on typical Cochran formula, 310 people were given selected questionnaires and then according to the number of households in each one of the four neighborhoods, the questionnaires were distributed based on simple randomized method. Results of hypothesis testing indicated that there is a meaningful relationship between citizen participation in informal settlement with the level of development in different neighborhoods which means that the more residents participate in various activities related to the city, more the neighborhood problems are reduced and neighborhoods become developed and vice versa. Also the hypothesis test about the relationship between economic and social challenges and underdevelopment of neighborhoods indicated that economically, the lack of investment by public and private investors were the main challenges raised by residents. Also socio-culturally, the lack of access to recreational facilities was the main challenge raised by residents and environmental-physically the main challenge was the poor goal, status and quality of the roads in neighborhoods and this challenge was bigger in eastern and western Katy neighborhood compared to others. Keywords: Challenge, strategy, informal settlement, Babol city

Nowadays tourism creates considerable subjects, economic, socio-cultural and biological advantages for rural and under-developed areas through income and infrastructural development, and on the other hand relying on its features and effects it can help in terms of movement and motion of various parts of rural economy in an effective way. Thus, the current study has been conducted with the aim of specifying the role of tourism in rural development and insisting on the impact of entrepreneurship on the villages of Amlash and Roudsar cities, so as to find the answer to this question that how rural tourism can provide the basis for the development of the rural areas? . Based on this perspective, the current study adopts descriptive approach and an analysis has been designed through gathering information to fill out a questionnaire in framework of Likert Spectrum, and the questions of the research has been provided through the SPSS and EXCEL statistical software. The statistical society of this study are 14 rural spots, among which 383 people out of the heads of rural families have been chosen as sample. The results indicate direct connection between tourism and rural development in eastern villages of Guilan province. There is also a correlation among income, creating job opportunities, cultural developments, enhancing social changes, raising environmental and biological pollutions and spatial modifications in the area of study through Sperimen correlation rate. On one side, the results of the study indicate that, the variable expressing the most variance of rural development is the economic factor.

Legibility concept added to the terminology of the spatial quality after Kavin Lynche's efforts. However, extensive research is done regarding this concept in different disciplines the legibility has less been studied as an individual subject of study. Even though legibility is introduced as a perception-related concept, the intention to define tangible measures for legibility has led to a concentration on physical characteristics. However, if we consider spectators` imagination as the criteria to assess legibility over the physical image, then other factors that affect legibility could be found. This research aims to define a comprehensive and multi-faceted indicator of legibility based on the mental imagination. The research question is, what is the perceptual process of creating a clear, coherent image of the environment in the observer's mind? This is qualitative research that uses a content analysis method to develop a conceptual framework that explains the relationship among the mental imagination criteria and utilizes logical reasoning to connect those criteria to the legibility concept. Then, evaluating it in a quantitative framework within a residential complex through survey, questionnaire, and confirmatory factor analysis in LISREL software, while elaborating its theoretical framework for the validity of legibility assessment. The results showed a correlation between the data and the validity between the components. They indicated the simultaneous effect of spatial, temporal, and emotional layers on the perception of the physical environment. Therefore, the perceived legibility of the physical environment, in addition to the creation of spatial imagination, is subject to the nature of temporal and emotional mental imagery.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT Urban roads are important elements of cities structural framework which form the urban fabric. In majority cases, most important and critical parts of city's public realm devoted to the urban roads, which are one of the main affective component in urban design and planning process. The purpose of this paper is to define impressive elements of road's typology classification based on their common characteristic. The objective is to codify urban qualitative parameters, such as their characteristic, functional role, spatial form, ect, and to develop a model which could apply these valuable and qualitative characteristic in to urban design process. Hence this procedure will prevent the gradual deterioration of valuable existing road qualities. This paper is going to study, the affective elements which impress road's typology classification, in order to develop a theoretical framework. Hence, related documentaries, previous experiences and literature, such as, typology according to the road functionality, its capacities and characteristic had been reviewed, firstly. Secondly, a case study of Farahzad neighborhood had been done through field observation. Farahzad district appears as semi-independent urban-rural zone in Tehran's North West. This paper will present various roads' typology classification criteria. In order to investigate Farahzad roads typology, the area had been studied firstly, and the impressive criterion which affects road's typology classification had been defined. Walkability, topography, functionality, connectivity and overall aspects and landscape are the affective criteria which determine the neighboring road's identity. The next step is to categorized collected data and parameters in GIS, which had been produced through integrating layers in informative environment .finally roads in Farahzads neighborhood had been classified in to several typology from A to J in order to develop perfect guidance in every different situation.