نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

  Aging is a process that occurs over time and leads to negative structural and functional changes in the body, systems, parts and tissues of the body. Whole body vibration (WBV) exercises appear to be an effective alternative to improving physical function in the elderly. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of whole body vibration exercises and rope skipping training with both high and low intensities on muscle strength and balance in elderly men.

 36 elderly men (mean age 65.83 ± 2.16 years; height 169.26 ±2.9 cm; mass 77.04 ± 2.62 kg; body mass index 26.86±0.69 kg.m2) were selected by purposive and available sampling method and matched based on the weight values of the samples and randomly divided into three groups of high intensity (N=12), low intensity (N =12), and control (N =10). Vibration exercises were performed in the high intensity group with a frequency of 40 Hz and in the low intensity group with a frequency of 25 Hz, with a range of 3 mm in both groups. Exposure was intermittent (1 min WBV: 35-40 min rest) for 30 min, three times per week for 8 weeks. In rope training, intensity was applied according to the Borg scale at levels 14 and 13 with 30-35 jumps per minute for both groups. Hand grip strength tests, 30-Second Chair Stand test and Up-and-Go test respectively to evaluate the indicators of muscle strength in the upper and lower limbs and dynamic balance it was performed in the pre-test and at the end of eight weeks. Muscle strength indices in the upper and lower limbs and dynamic balance were assessed at the pre-test and at the end of eight weeks. Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered (α=0.05).

 The muscle strength indices in the upper and lower limbs and dynamic balance in the high intensity and low intensity training groups showed a significant improvement compared to the control group (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the two training groups in any of the variables (p>0.05).

 It seems that both the intensity of the combined vibration and aerobic program have improved the muscle strength indices in the upper and lower limbs and the dynamic balance of older men. According to the mean and improved (but not significant) indicators of this study in the high intensity group, the choice of high intensity (frequency 40 Hz) will have more beneficial effects than low intensity (frequency 25 Hz).

 Acute myocardial infarction is one of the most common heart diseases. Troponin I and troponin T are biomarkers for the diagnosis of cardiac cell necrosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome.In addition to myocardial infarction, exercise and strenuous physical activity can cause acute increases in troponin I and troponin T. The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of studies on the effects of physical activity and exercise on cardiac troponins.

Search for studies on troponin I and troponin T in exercise and physical activity in the reputable databases Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID and ISC using the keyword Exercise induced troponin, Exercise-induced cardiac injury, Troponin release, Exercise and troponin, and Myocardial infarction and troponin were performed.

In a review of marathon studies showing 11 studies were reviewed, the number of athletes was 881, in 593 (67%), increase in troponin was observed, In the endurance Running competitions with the mentioned conditions, 4 articles were reviewed, The number of athletes was 118, with a 65% increase in troponin. In 5 studies related to the effect of walking on troponin, 194 athletes were studied, which in 8% of cases showed increase in troponin. In a review of three studies in the Ironman Triathlon, 58 athletes were studied, with a 69% increase in troponin. Also, in 5 studies on the effect of cycling exercise on troponin, 94 athletes were studied, As a result, increase in troponin was seen in 27% of athletes.

Troponin I and troponin T in prolonged or strenuous exercise should be monitored carefully. The more intense and time the exercise, The increase in troponin is also greater. In such cases, there is a risk of Myocardial infarction. Knowing the difference between the approximate time of increase and decrease of troponin after myocardial infarction and exercise can be helpful in diagnosing whether the increase in troponin is pathological or physiological.

The liver is one of the vital organs of the body that plays a very important role in metabolism, detoxification of drug, excretion of harmful substances from the body, and liver failure is considered as one of the serious risks to human health. Apoptosis is one of those noticeable feature of liver disease. Liver disease increasing affected by the balance between apoptotic and anti-apoptotic abilities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the selected index of apoptosis the liver tissue of male Wistar rats resulting from three exercise training protocols.

In This experimental study, Thirty-two rats )8 weeks) were divided into four groups of eight: control, Moderate Intensity Training (MIT), High Intensity training (HIT), High intensity interval training (HIIT). The training lasted eight weeks, five sessions per week. 24 hours after the last training session, liver ventricular tissue samples were extracted and stored at -80 ° C until the experiment. One-way ANOVA test was used to test the research hypotheses and Tukey post-hoc test was used for group comparison.

The results showed that compared to the control group, P21 gene expression was significantly reduced in all three groups of MIT, HIT and HIIT ( P≤0/001) So that it has decreased by 0.0018 units, 0.0017 units and 0.001 units, respectively, compared to the control group.

The results showed that the sports protocols of the current study have the same effects on reducing the expression of P21 gene in liver tissue. Therefore, it can be considered as a preventive mechanism to prevent or reduce liver apoptosis.

  Meteorin-like factor (mtrnl) is the Novel myokine involved in browning of white adipose tissue and improving insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of six week of aerobic training on levels of mtrnl, insulin, fasting glucose and insulin resistance index in overweight and obese women. Methods Twenty young overweight and obese women (mean age 31.2 4.8 years, Body Mass Index 29.89 3.05 Kg/m2) were randomly divided in to two groups of experimental and control, according to anthropometric indices. Subjects in experimental groups participated in six weeks of aerobic running training at intensity of 50-70 percentage of heart rate reserve, 30-55 min per session and 5 times per week. Blood samples were taken to assess blood factors in pre-test (after 12 hours of fasting) and post-test (48 hours after the last training session). Statistical analysis was done by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), paired t-test and Pearson correlation and P value < 0.05 was considered significant.  

 Six weeks of aerobic exercise training resulted in significant increases in mtrnl levels (P=0.018) and significant decreases in insulin levels (P=0.023) and insulin resistance index (P=0.017). Moreover, changes in levels of mtrnl (P=0.048) and insulin (P=0.049), and insulin resistance index (P=0.047) were significantly difference between groups of aerobic training and control.

 Six weeks of aerobic training probably improves insulin resistance by increasing mtrnl levels in young overweight and obese women.

  Quercetin is one of the important bioflavonoids present in more than twenty plants material and which is known as an anti-inflammatory supplement. For this reason, quercetin is considered by athletes as a natural supplement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of quercetin supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress indices in active individuals.

 In a semi-experimental study, 25 female active students aged 18-24 years voluntarily were selected and then randomly divided into two groups: active subjects receiving quercetin supplementation (AQ) and active subjects receiving placebo (AP). The AQ group received 500 mg of quercetin supplementation and the AP group received 500 mg of placebo 1.5 hours before the test. Both groups performed strenuous exercise according to the Bruce protocol before and after taking Quercetin supplementation. The levels of Interleukin8 (IL-8) and 8-Isoprostane (8-IsoP) indices were measured before and at the end of intervention. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and analysis of covariance with pretest control at a level less than 0.05.   

 After the intervention, although the levels of IL-8 and 8-IsoP decreased in the post-test compared to the pretest in the AQ group, but this decrease was only significant in the level of IL-8(p <0.05).The resultsalso showed a significant decrease in IL-8 and 8-IsoP levels of AQ group compared to AP group in post-test(p <0.05).  

 The results of this study showed that quercetin supplementation is effective in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress after strenuous exercise.

 Regular physical activity can be effective in preventing and rehabilitating cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic training and curcumin consumption on serum troponin I and creatine kinase levels in male rats treated with isopretrenol. 

40 male rats were randomized in four groups including: control, HIIT, curcumin, HIIT+curcumin. HIIT were conducted for 8 weeks (5 d/w, 60 min/session (with 4 min running at 85-90% of Vo2max and 2 min recovery at 50-60% of Vo2max intervals) and curcumin 15 mg/bw.day, were consumed orally for entire the study period.

Only curcumin and Concomitant interventions significantly reduced serum cTnI levels  (P=0.04, P=0.001) and exercise alone had no effect (P=0.44). Also, only the effect of curcumin and  Concomitant (curcumin and HIIT) caused a significant decrease in CK-MB levels (P=0.002, P=0.008). However, HIIT alone had no significant effect on serum CK-MB levels (P=0.27).

According to research, HIIT increases the markers of heart damage (troponin I and creatine kinase) and curcumin is able to reduce the markers of heart damage to some extent, However, more researches remains to be done because of the study limitations and lack of similar evidence in myocardial infarction populations.

Different components of resistance activity, including volume and intensity of activity, have different effects on the immune system. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of maximum and hypertrophic resistance activity on serum immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgG).

Thirty female students in the age range of 20-25 years, normal body mass index between 19-25 kg/m2 , and without specific diseases such as diabetes, hypertension etc were selected voluntarily. These subjects were divided into 3 groups including  maximum resistance group (n = 10), hypertrophic resistance group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Maximal resistance group performed acute exercise protocol at 100%  one repetition maximum (1RM), 15 sets, 1 repetition and hypertrophic resistance group exercised at 80% 1RM, 5 sets, 10 repititions. To measure serum immunoglobulins, blood samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise session. For statistical analysis, one-variable covariance analysis and ANOVA test were used and the significance level was considered as P

Serum levels of IgM, IgG and  IgA in the maximum (PIgM=0.08, PIgG=0.73,  PIgA = 0.75 respectively) and hypertrophic (PIgM=0.52, PIgG=0.93, PIgA=0.13 respectively) groups had no significant differnces compere to the control group.  Indeed there were no significant differences between the mean changes of IgG and IgA levels before and after the intervention (PIgA = 0.09 and PIgG= 0.98); while the mean changes of IgM decreased significantly after exercise (P = 0.04); so the reduction after acute maximum resistance exercise was significantly higher than hypertrophic one.

 Acute resistance exercise does not cause significant changes in the IgA and IgG regardless of its maximum or hypertrophic nature; but the maximum one have reduction effect on the IgM.

 The purpose of this study was to profiled the body composition, anthropometric and physical fitness qualities of Iranian National Adult indoor hockey players, and quantified relationships between these characteristics. Methods The sample of this study was 25 national adult indoor hockey players (Age: 23.54±3.485). Body composition factors: (weight, BMI, WHR, body fat percentage, muscle mass) and Anthropometric indexes: weight, BMI, sitting height, the Arms’ length were measured. Also, Physical Fitness variables: 36 meters’ shuttle run, Illinois test, 10 × 20 meter, standing long jump, bending forward, yoyo, sit and reach, and Zig Zag jumps test characteristics were measured.

 Descriptive statistics are used to describe the subjects profile and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study relationships between variables. The results showed significant relationships between some variables. Aerobic power and Anaerobic power, and body fat percentage had a significantly negative correlation and agility and speed had a significantly positive correlation (p < 0.05). Also the results showed the increase of average physical and Anthropometric variables with regard to the world’s top adult players’ average.

The data presented in this paper can be a proper model for coaches in talent identification and competent player selection, finding strengths and weaknesses of Iranian national team comparing to world levels and optimizing planning particularly in training design.

Exercise training and weight loss diet are known to be effective interventions for improving blood pressure control. However, there is no comprehensive meta-analytical study comparing the effect of exercise with weight loss diet versus weight loss diet alone on blood pressure in individual with overweight and obesity.

The PubMed and Cochrane Library Magiran, Sid and Google Scholar databases were searched until February 2016 for Persian and English articles. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effect exercise training with weight loss diet compared to weight loss diet alone. Therefore, WMD and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random or fixed effect models. Moreover, I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity and funnel plot and Egger test was used to determine publication bias.

The results of meta-analysis of 48 interventions showed that exercise training with diet has significant effects on reducing systolic blood pressure at the rate of 1.53 mm Hg compared to diet alone [-1.53, (CI:-2.44 to -0.62), p=0.001]. Also, exercise with diet leads to a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure at the rate of 1.50 mm Hg compared to diet alone [-1.50 (CI:-2.35 to -0.65), p < 0.001].

The results of the present study showed that adding exercise training to the weight loss diet could have more effects on lowering blood pressure.

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause a variety of illnesses, from the common cold to the acute respiratory distress syndrome, or SARS. The virus spread after the outbreak in China and some countries in Iran, which led to the closure of sports venues and places. This shutdown, despite its benefits to prevent the spread of the disease, on the other hand, lack of physical activity weakens the immune system and the spread of mental illness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of exercise on the Covid-19 pandemic.

In the present study, by examining the databases of Pupmed, SID, Google Scholar, Springer, studies related to the effect of exercise on the immune system and information related to coronavirus were selected. The contents of the articles were summarized and reported.

By examining the effects of exercise on the immune system, it was found that moderate-intensity exercise is the best way to increase the response of immune system factors in the Covid-19 pandemic.

According to studies, it seems that exercise is one of the ways to strengthen the immune system not only in the case of coronavirus, but also as an effective method of prevention against other diseases. Infectious and non-infectious to be used.

Environment conditions such as altitude affected on urinary system, however the effect of exercise intensity in hypoxia condition on urinary system is not well known. Thus the aim of present study was to examine the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urea in response to different intensities of aerobic exercise in hypoxia and normoxia conditions in young soccer players. 

 Ten young soccer players (age: 18.2 ± 0.5; Height 174.2 ± 4.1 cm; Weight: 64.4 ± 3.6 kg; BMI: 21.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2 mean ± SD) were participated in this study as the subject. They performed 30 min aerobic training with 55, 70 and 85% of their maximum heart rate on treadmill in normoxia condition. After 48h, the same exercises were performed in hypoxia (2500 meters higher than the sea level) condition. Before and 20 min after the each exercise, urinary sample was collected to evaluate urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urea. 

 The results indicated that sodium excretion were increased as well as exercise intensity increased in hypoxia and normoxia conditions (p < 0.05). Results demonstrated that after high intensity exercise in hypoxia and normoxia conditions and after moderate intensity exercise in hypoxia condition, potassium excretion were decreased significantly (p < 0.05). For urea excretion, no significant differences were observed after different exercise intensities in hypoxia or normoxia condition. 

 Generally, it seems that sodium excretion increased and potassium excretion decreased as well as exercise intensity increased in hypoxia and normoxia conditions and this predominate in hypoxia condition. Therefore, this is very important to electrolyte balance maintaining during high intensity exercise in hypoxia condition.

 The purpose of this study  was to investigate the response of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors to a circuit resistance training session in male athletes and non-athletes.

 This research was a semi-experimental study. 18 male athletes and non-athletes (9 athletes and 9 non-athletes) with 20 to 30 years old average age were selected by the available sampling method. After consuming a standard breakfast, the first stage of blood collection (5 ml ) was performed in the Sitting Position. Then Subjects performed a circular resistance training at 10 stations with 60% of a maximum repetition (each station consists of 12 repetitions, 30 seconds activity, and 30 seconds rest) and 3 minutes of rest between each set. Then, one hour after the end of the training protocol, the second blood sampling was performed exactly as same as the first stage. Prothrombin time and relative plasma thromboplastin time were measured by Coagulation Method. A mini-Vidas device was used to measure of D-dimer. Data were analyzed using independent-sample- T-test, paired- sample-T test, and Covariance. 

Results showed that one session resistance training did not affect plasma prothrombin time, relative plasma thromboplastin time, and plasma D-dimer level of male athletes and non-athletes (P>0.05). Also, in-group changes in Prothrombin and relative thromboplastin time and plasma D-dimer level in the non-athlete group did not change significantly (P>0.05). However, the in-group analysis showed that after one session of resistance training in the athlete group, prothrombin time and plasma thromboplastin time was significantly decreased (p < 0.05).

Regarding lack of effect one session resistance training on plasma prothrombin time, relative thromboplastin time and 
D-dimer level in male athletes and non-athletes, it can probably be said that circular strength training is safe in athletes and non-athletes. also, it does not affect coagulation markers and fibrinolysis.