نشریه مطالعات قدرت نرم
پیاپی 24 (بهار 1400)

The US foreign policy strategy in the Obama and Trump administrations has been examined from the perspective of various and sometimes conflicting theories, and the gap of comparative study based on the study of these strategies in the context of a grand strategy is quite obvious; So, the main question of the research is what are the commonalities and differences between the US foreign policy strategy under Obama and Trump? In response, the main hypothesis is that: Emphasizing the distance from the grand strategy of American foreign policy primacy between 2009 and 2020, this orientation in the Obama era in the form of "offshore balancing strategy" on the basis of insisting on soft sources of power (Alliance Building, multilateralism and international diplomacy and smart power) It was on the agenda, and in the Trump era, an "nonbalancing strategy" was considered in the context of emphasizing realism abandoned by software orientation. In this research, the combination of the concepts of strategy and change in strategy and Randall schweller's theory of balancing behavior has been used as one of the theories of the school of neoclassical realism and the research method is a comparative method.

Today, information is considered as the core and the main tool of power and competitive advantage. Meanwhile, the more efficient concept of information called intelligence has highlighted its importance and placed information. The continuous and rapid changes in the environment of organizations and governments, and the quantity and quality of the resources under their jurisdiction, as well as the interconnect of organizations and countries, give rise to increasing ambiguity in the environment. In this regard, strategic intelligence is designed to help and support them in this direction so increase its soft power.Strategic intelligence can be considered as a systematic and continuous process for generating information and strategic intelligence in order to facilitate decision-making and gaining competitive advantage and benefits as well as deterrence. So, a review of the experience gained by governments’ shows that the approach to supporting strategic decision-making and the enjoyment of soft power is emphasized and it is inextricably linked to national interests and competitive advantage.Therefore, due to the weakness of studies and internal resources and necessity also importance of improving the planning structure, decision making and strategic information, and in order to create a framework for strategic intelligence, this paper proposed. In this regard, through qualitative research methods, it is aimed at providing goals and responding to the development of strategic capabilities and decision-making using the strategic intelligence management capacity, and in the results of this research a fine definition of relevant capabilities and the use of capacity is also provided by the prospects.

The governments of the Middle East Regional Security complex owe much of their legitimacy to religion of Islam. Therefore, they are either claiming the Islamic government or they are trying to show their commitment to Islam in some way. The first case result of this factor will be a common and prominent identity in the solidarity and closeness of these countries. But with a little tolerance, it can be said that often Conflicts and violence in the Middle East - albeit ostensibly - are rooted in religious conflicts, especially religious ones.This paper seeks to examine, in a case study, the distinction between the true and potential status of religious communities in the Middle East and its current status in the context of the geocultural challenge of religions and sects in the path to regional peace and security. The question in this study is how, despite their scope of acceptance, does Islam not have the ability to prevent violence and conflict and, consequently, to establish peace and stability through the enjoyment of shared beliefs among its followers? In this regard, Copenhagen's security-oriented and regionalist approach has been used to better explain the approach.The research hypothesis is that the domination of the centralized state and the weakness and deviations of transnational religious groups have led to the instrumental and corresponding use of the Middle Eastern identity-oriented states of religious and religious identity to gain legitimacy and make others illegitimate.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of religious beliefs on the formation of values of religious democracy, which has been done as an example among students of Shiraz Azad University. In the study, the target population is the students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz University, which is 2500 people. According to Cochran's formula, 332 people were selected as the sample size by simple random sampling. Analysis of research data using SPSS statistical software is analyzed at two levels. In the first level, using descriptive statistical methods (frequency, mean and standard deviation) and in the second level, using inferential statistical methods (one-sample t-test), the data obtained from the questionnaire questions were analyzed. And research questions are answered. Research shows that religious beliefs do not conflict with democratic values. At the same time, the traditional view of religion and its imposition on members of society is not very acceptable. Rather, what is important is a particular type of religion that can both promote religious values in society and that can build people's votes and opinions on the basis of democratic form, the existence of democratic institutions, and attention to the views and opinions of the people.

Today, social capital is a major part of intangible public wealth, and the protection of public wealth requires good governance (as one of the components of soft power), a form of governance largely by the institution. International and developed countries have entered the literature of sustainable development and it has been interpreted as the proper management of a country's resources in a flexible, transparent, responsive, fair and responsive way to the needs of its citizens, which can, while protecting Social capital will increase the level of soft power. Therefore, according to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is library. The article raises the question: What is the relationship between good governance (as a component of soft power) and public wealth? In other words, how can good governance affect social capital? In response, it can be assumed that: "The relationship between good governance and social capital is an interactive and two-way relationship in which good governance can create conditions in which social capital flourishes and social capital flourishes. It paves the way for good governance and increases soft power. ”The result is that social capital has positive effects on the dimensions of good governance, including transparency, oversight, balance, democracy and solidarity, and good governance also increases and The level of social capital will rise.

The role of system leadership in efficiency public diplomacy through image managementAbstractPublic diplomacy is one of the effective factors to achieve Iran's foreign policy goals. The position and role of Imam Khomeini and the Supreme Leader in directing the public opinion of other nations in order to protect the values of Islam and the revolution is of great importance. In this article, in response to the main question, what is the role of the regime leadership in presenting a positive and favorable image of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in order to ensure national interests and Islamic interests This hypothesis was tested that according to the leadership position of the system in the political-legal structure of the country, in activating, strengthening and efficiency of public diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran through image management, establishing continuous communication with other nations and raising awareness of world public opinion. To the goals, values and ideals of Islamic Iran, it has a decisive role in the acceptability and legitimacy of Iran's image in the region and beyond. Accordingly, the definition and explanation of public diplomacy and its relationship with the system leadership, can help to identify the factors affecting public diplomacy and take more advantage of opportunities.

The end of the Cold War lifted the umbrella of the superpowers from Europe and many other regions. The pattern of influence of the superpowers changed. The regional powers took the initiative, and the literature on regional powers became popular. The Islamic Revolution, the Islamic State, Shiite ideology, and the challenge to liberal discourse, along with other components of national power such as geopolitics, established Iran as a regional power. Given the importance of this position, what scenarios for the future of Iran's regional power can be explored and evaluated. Future visualization, discovery and evaluation of possible and probable futures of regional power in Iran were followed by futures research method. Using the scenario-making method, optimistic, pessimistic and combined images of the future power of Iran's regions were drawn. By explaining the parts of the scenario and their evidences, the combined scenario; The continuation of the ideology of resistance and while emphasizing the case interaction with the West as a picture closer to the future reality of the position of power in the regions of Iran is more likely. Drawing scenarios of Iranian power in the form of a theoretical basis of a set of scenarios (relatively specific elements, driving forces and uncertainties) and a combined scenario showing the continuation of Iranian power and re-creating a revolutionary identity, adherence to resistance, fundamentalism and realistic idealism. Case interaction with the West and the continuation of the 2021 negotiations.

One of the sates concerns to increase their soft power, especially during the coronavirus outbreak in the world, has been the issue of health diplomacy. Although this concept is not new, it has not had a prominent place in the foreign policy of countries such as Iran. The main question of the study is what experiences have Cuba and Brazil as two successful and world-famous examples in the field of health diplomacy, and how can Iran use these experiences to increase its soft power in the world? The research hypothesis emphasizes that in these countries, health has spilled over from the issue of domestic policy to foreign policy. Relying on ideological and economic interests, Cuba used it to serve its soft power, and Brazil directly to pursue the political dimension (building reputation and gain prestige). The method used in this paper is a comparative-analytical method and soft power theory has been used to analyze the collected data. Findings show that Brazil's successful experiences in cooperation with the World Health Organization in the fight against AIDS and the development of international conventions can be repeated by Iran in the field of drug trafficking and its effects. Iran, like Brazil, can provide financial assistance to countries through the WHO, thereby boosting its international reputation. Also, Cuba's success in educating students from other countries in the fields of medicine, selling drugs and medical equipment, providing health services to applicant countries, participating in global vaccination programs, etc., may be repeated by Iran.

The role of cyberspace in legislation with an approach to the public sphere means how much the needs, values and norms of citizens are reflected in the legislation of laws with an approach to cyberspace. Regarding the fact that cyberspace is the place for emergence and representation of citizens' demands, how much do legislators make use of the cyberspace in order to legislate? For this purpose, the qualitative method of grounded theory was used to conduct this research. The statistical population is parliament members and according to data saturation and theoretical saturation the sample size is 45 interviews that have been analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. First, open axes were extracted from the interviews and eight intermediate indices were calculated. These indicators were categorized in the two major indexes. The index of accelerating the use of cyberspace with the axes of network awareness, information retrieval, information dissemination and coordination, and the deterrence index with the axes of lack of infrastructure, inability to use, propaganda attack and one-sided view. Due to lack of the official and interactive website of the parliament members, through new coding of the interviews, the requests of the parliament members from the Technology Center of the Parliament were re-examined to create a site for organizational communication, obtaining information on citizenship demands in the form of polls as well as communicating with citizens and elites. The result showed that, the only way to establish formal communication in cyberspace, is to have a formal cyberspace with a law-making approach.