Journal of Research and Health
Volume:11 Issue: 4, Jul-Aug 2021

We assessed knowledge, attitudes, practice, and perceptions about COVID-19 among a convenience sample of the general public in India anticipating the second wave of the pandemic.

This questionnaire-based survey was conducted among the general population quarantined at various institutional quarantine facilities in the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. The self-designed questionnaire comprised 25 questions regarding knowledge, eight for attitude, and ten for practice. Knowledge questions were responded to on a Yes/No basis with an additional ‘don’t know’ option. The true answer was given 1 point and false/I don’t know answers were given 0 point.

The majority of the participants were aware of COVID-19 (97.9%) and did not either wash or knew how to properly dispose of the used mask (88.02%). Only 10.96% of the participants agreed that they verify the social media posts shared over WhatsApp and Facebook on government authentic websites before sharing them with family and friends.

Awareness about the virus, modes of spread, good practice, and an optimistic attitude is the prime requisite to curb the spread and to avoid the impending severity anticipating the second wave of the pandemic.

“Motivation” is an influential factor in the learning process, which its absence can prevent the learner from learning. Motivation affects both new learning and performance, skills, strategies, and pre-learned behaviors. “Educational motivation” is an essential aspect of education and the learning process. Educational motivation is generally referred to as the desires, needs, and factors that cause a person to have hope and resilience in educational environments for the flow of education and obtain the necessary results from it and transactional satisfaction. The purpose of this research was to determine the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between classroom climate and students’ educational motivation.

This correlational research was done on 250 people selected by a simple multi-stage random sampling method from male and female high school students of Gonabad in 2019-2020. The measurement tools were Sinclair & McInroy Educational Motivation Scale (SIMS), Psychosocial Climate Inventory by Fraser, Giddings, and Mac Ruby (1955), The Morgan-Jinks Student Efficacy Scale (MJSES). Multiple regression was used to analyze the findings.

The results showed a significant relationship between classroom climate and educational motivation without the presence of self-efficacy (r=0.41), while there was no significant relationship between these two variables with the presence of self-efficacy (r=0.186). The findings also indicated that the classroom climate perception was a significant predictor of mediated academic motivation without self-efficiency (P=0.0346).

There was a significant relationship between classroom climate and educational motivation without the presence of self-efficacy and classroom climate perception was not an effective predictor of educational motivation with the presence of self-efficacy. Hence, it is recommended to focus on factors predicting educational motivation in future studies.

Challenge between parents and their children is a rapidly growing phenomenon in Iran. The communication challenges of adolescence with emphasis on social media in this study is a phenomenon that based on the changes and developments of adolescence, can affect the nature and quality of family relationships, question the parental authority, and cause changes in regulations. The present study explored the communication challenges of parents and adolescents with a focus on the use of the Internet and social media.

This qualitative study was performed using content analysis. The research population consisted of several parents with children (daughters) who were studying in the first secondary school in District 11 of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. The participants were 15 parents who were selected using purposive sampling and based on the theoretical saturation criterion. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were then analyzed, codified, and categorized. Finally, after the extraction of the themes, the relevant and common themes were combined in the form of secondary and main categories.

Based on the content analysis of the data collected from the interviews, 4 main categories were identified: social media opportunities, social media coping strategies, social media problems from the parents’ point of view, and communication problems with the child.

In the modern world, parent-adolescent communication challenges are intermingled with the common challenges of using social media. However, it is impossible to ignore the effective and useful presence of social media in modern life. Acquiring knowledge, training conflict resolution skills, and recognizing the factors related to conflicts between parents and adolescents can help parents and pave the way for reducing parent-adolescent conflicts and improving the quality of parent-adolescent communication concerning social media use.

Patients need peace of mind to disclose their information to medical staff and with the lack of trust or in specific health status, they may avoid providing sensitive information for their care or might change the information. This research was done to examine the impact of perceived health status and trust propensity on privacy calculus.

In this analytical research three questionnaires, namely Trust Propensity, Health Status (Goldberg and Hiller), and Privacy Calculus were used. The statistical population consisted of the patients of one of the Ahvaz hospitals. Following sample size determination using the Morgan table, 379 usable questionnaires were collected non-randomly. The majority of respondents were younger than 30 and male. After face, content, and construct validities, the reliability was examined through Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability and the hypotheses were examined by partial least square method, using SmartPLS. 

Patients’ privacy calculus was associated with trust propensity and perceived health status (P<0.05), while trust propensity had no correlation with perceived advantages and disadvantages of privacy disclosure. The relationship between perceived health status and advantages and disadvantages of information disclosure was positively significant (P<0.05).

In order to improve patients’ provision of rich information to medical staff, their trust propensity should be improved.

Health tourism uses a set of services that promote the health and spirit of individuals through medical care. Entrepreneurship is a process of exploring and using value creation opportunities in the economic, cultural, social, and health sectors. The present study was done to investigate the development of Iran’s health tourism system based on Stevenson’s entrepreneurial management model and determine entrepreneurial opportunities during the COVID-19 outbreak.

This descriptive quantitative research was conducted by the field study (survey) method, using a standardized and localized questionnaire from Stevenson’s entrepreneurial management model to examine the views of health tourism specialists as the statistical population of the study. Using the snowball sampling method, 357 health tourism specialists, university professors, and health system managers participated in this study from 2018 to 2020. The collected data were recorded in PLS Smart software and their analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The findings indicated that all six components of Stevenson’s entrepreneurial management had a significant effect on the health tourism industry’s development. Strategic orientation and commitment to opportunities (path coefficient: 0.83) had the maximum effect, while the reward philosophy (path coefficient: 0.41) had the minimum effect on developing the health tourism industry.

The average status of Stevenson’s entrepreneurial management dimensions in the health tourism industry was evaluated. Some of these factors (strategic orientation and commitment to opportunities) were obviously more favorable than others. Proper entrepreneurial strategies and the use of situations can provide good opportunities in health tourism.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is affected by cognitive and emotional factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sensitivity to anxiety and executive functions and the Quality of Life (QoL) of MS patients using path analysis.
This descriptive correlational research was done on all patients with MS in Gorgan MS Association in 2020. The sample size was considered to be 290 people according to the sample selection formula and based on the values obtained from the previous study selected by simple random sampling. To collect data, the Executive Functions Questionnaire of Nejati (2013), QoL questionnaire of McGuigan & Hutchinson (2004), and Sensitivity to Anxiety Questionnaires of Taylor and Cox (1998) were used. Path analysis with SPSS v. 18 and AMOS v. 23 software was used to analyze the data.
The results showed that the executive functions had a positive relationship with QoL in MS patients and sensitivity to anxiety had a negative relationship with QoL in MS patients. Also, mediating role of the anxiety sensitivity variable in the relationship between executive functions with QoL in MS patients was confirmed (P≤0.01).
The present study indicated the importance of cognitive factors, such as executive functions, and emotional factors, such as sensitivity to anxiety in explaining the QoL in MS patients.

Anxiety is a natural response to risks and a warning sign. Health literacy as an accessible and dynamic tool can play a crucial role in mental health. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between anxiety and health literacy in those participating in premarital counseling classes in Mashhad.

The present research was a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in 2019 on 400 individuals participating in premarital classes in comprehensive health centers in Mashhad. Of all men and women participating in premarital classes of Mashhad comprehensive health centers, 400 people were randomly selected from each center (relative to the number of people in each center in the last six months). Data collection tools were the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Beck Standard Anxiety Questionnaire, and Health Literacy Questionnaire for Iranian Adults (HELIA). Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 23 software by Man-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, correlation, and regression tests.

In this study, 38.8% of participants were male and 61.2% were female. The Mean±SD age of participants was 26.8±14.17 years, the Mean±SD age of men and women was 27.8±7.2 and 25.8±2.5 years, respectively. According to the Beck Anxiety Questionnaire, anxiety scores ranged from zero to 63 and the Mean±SD anxiety was 29.04±8.3. The Mean±SD anxiety of men was 27.7±7.8 and the Mean±SD anxiety of women was 29.8±8.5. The mean score of anxiety in women was higher than men. In general, about 35% of the participants in the study suffered from some degree of anxiety and there was a significant relationship between anxiety and health literacy of the participants (P>0.001). There was also a significant relationship between gender and anxiety, and there was a significant relationship between health literacy and education, but no significant relationship was observed in other variables.

Considering the importance of the role of health literacy in improving community health and controlling anxiety in the peace and stability of couples’ future lives, there is a need for planning to teach anxiety management in couples, especially women, given that men suffer more from anxiety than women.

Mother-child interaction and spiritual well-being can influence child behavioral disorders by affecting the mother’s mental health. The present study was done to investigate the relationship between mother-child interaction and spiritual well-being and child behavioral disorders with the mediation of mental health in mothers of children with hearing impairment.

The descriptive correlational study used a path analysis. The statistical population included 1580 mothers of children with hearing impairment in Tehran in 2019. The sample size was determined using Morgan’s sample size table. The samples were selected based on stratified random sampling. To collect the required data, 310 questionnaires based on the research variables were provided to the participants and a total of 284 questionnaires were analyzed following the elimination of incomplete questionnaires. The research instruments included the Behavior Disorders Questionnaire, the Child-Parent Interaction Questionnaire, the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire, and the Mental Health Questionnaire. The proposed model was evaluated using path analysis by AMOS v. 24 software.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between spiritual well-being and child behavioral disorders (P<0.01), mental health and child behavioral disorders (P<0.01), child-mother interaction and mental health (P<0.01), and spiritual well-being and mental health (P<0.01), but there was no a significant relationship between child-mother interaction and child behavioral disorders (P>0.05). Moreover, indirect paths of child-mother interaction and child behavioral disorders with a mediating role of mental health (P<0.01) and spiritual well-being and child behavioral disorders with a mediating role of mental health were significant (P<0.05).

According to the results of this study, the proposed model had a good fit, and is an important step in identifying the factors affecting the child behavioral disorders of children with hearing impairment.