Journal of Zoonotic Diseases
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Summer 2021

Zoonoses are considered as diseases transmissible between human and animal and can cause severe reactions in human, leading to high death. To date, significant effort has been made in prevention and treatment of zoonotic diseases. However, due to infectious nature of zoonotic diseases, their complete eradication presents a challenge. As Zoonotic infections result in a wide range of diseases and death, necropsy is an important procedure for its diagnostic investigations. This article highlights four of the most important zoonoses, Leishmaniasis, rabies, anthrax and Glander. Leishmaniasis can affect various organs of body and induces lesions and ulceration. Rabies can be transmitted by dog bites and nervous system is its main target. Anthrax has three primary forms (cutaneous, alimentary tract and inhalational) with high incidence of significant pathological lesions seen at necropsy. Sores on nasal mucosa, nodules on skin of abdomen and lower arm can be seen in Glander. The necropsy findings of aforementioned zoonotic diseases are discussed in the current review to provide scientific guidelines for their diagnosis and exerting preventive measures to control them. Keywords: Necropsy findings, Anthrax, Leishmaniasis, Rabies, Glander

Rabies is a serious zoonotic disease. Which currently no treatment method to cure and most of the infected patients die. The rabies virus invades the peripheral and central nervous system (brain), resulting in encephalitis and organ failure. But besides the nervous system, Rabies virus can also be found in other various organs such as kidneys, valves, intestines, heart, intestines, corneas, etc., with evidence through organ transplantation. The organ recipients can receive rabies and infect themselves in many countries such as the USA, China, India, France and Germany. It is also proven that the kidneys are the organs that actually accumulate rabies but not directly affected by the infection. The lesion of the kidney comes from the indirect effect of rabies encephalitis itself. As some mechanisms of the body and organs consist of pathogenesis, Immune system dodging by infectious P-protein or latent into the body''''s dendritic cells or processes Glycosylation. Which of these things makes the kidneys not directly damaged by rabies. This could be a guideline or hope in future studies of rabies treatment. And is a case study that must focus on organ transplant cases as well.

Cellular phones have become an integral part of not only modern-day life but also Veterinary Medicine. They provide clinicians with quick access to reference material, laboratory results, and patient side consults. However, these phones may also act as fomites and be a source of Hospital-acquired infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cellular phones in the dissemination of foodborne pathogens and other pathogenic organisms. Using Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus as indicator organisms for pathogenic bacteria,cellular phones belonging to students and staff at a Veterinary School and a Veterinary Teaching Hospital were assessed. Overall less than 1% (1/115) of cellular phones tested positive for E. coli. However, 21% (24/115) of the phones were contaminated with the highly pathogenic coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The majority of phones testing for positive for of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus (15/24) belonged to persons working in a clinical environment. The low contamination rate of phones with E. coli indicates phones are not a major vehicle for the dissemination of foodborne pathogens. However, the higher incidence of Staphylococcus aureus contamination should of critical concern since these phones may be acting as fomites for the dissemination of other pathogens. These results highlight the need for proper cellular phone use and disinfection protocols to be implemented in hospital settings to reduce potential transmission pathogens.

Summary Harmful pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi can cause different types of diseases in people and animals, ranging from mild to severe illness and even death. Due to the increasing frequency of antimicrobial resistance among germs causing zoonotic diseases, more studies have focused on the usage of natural agents against them. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effects of ajwain essential oil on some of the most common zoonotic bacteria. Antibacterial activity of ajwain essential oil was screened against Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia using disc diffusion method and broth microdilution assays. Ajwain essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the tested bacteria with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at a range of 2.5 to 10 µg/ml for Gram-positives and 40 to 80 µg/ml for Gram-negatives and minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) at a range of 10-40 µg/ml for Gram-positives and 80 µg/ml for Gram-positives. However, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus anthracis were the most susceptible to this essential oil, respectively. The results suggest that the activity of ajwian essential oil can be mainly attributed to the presence of phenol, benzene methyl, γ-terpinene, and thymol which appears to possess similar activities against all the tested bacteria. In conclusion, this material could be served as an important natural alternative to prevent zoonotic bacterial growth.

Escherichia coli )E. coli) is the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, although most of the strains are known not to be pathogenic. Pathogenic strains of E. coli can cause a wide variety of diseases, including urinary tract infection, intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, as well as problems in the respiratory system. In fact, 80-90 % of urinary tract infections are attributed to E. coli bacteria along with different phylogenetic groups of these bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine phylogenetic groups of E. coli isolates from fecal samples of calves affected with Bacillus in the Moghan region, northwest of Iran. Samples were taken from 60 calves (1 to 30 days old) with common basil diarrhea in a dairy farm located in the Moghan region in the northwest of Iran in 2017. Samples were cultured in E. coli culture media. Among isolated bacteria, 50 samples (83.33%) were positive for E. coli bacteria. Then the samples were coded and prepared for PCR. The phylogenetic background of the isolates was determined according to the presence of the chuA, yjaA, and TspE4.C2 markers in E. coli bacteria. The results showed that among 50 isolates, 31 were B2 group (62%), 8 were D group (16%), 3 were B1 group (6%), 1 was A group (2%), and remaining cases were 7 (14%). Obtained results clearly demonstrated that the most frequent phylogenetic group of E. coli was B2, whereas group A was the least one in the Moghan region.

Pet ownership in general and pet bird ownership, in particular, is increasing recently. However, the status of pet ownership and the demographics of owners are unclear in Iran. The current study was designed to characterize the knowledge and attitude of pet bird ownership status, factors influencing pet bird ownership in metropolitan Tehran. A questionnaire was administered to pet bird owners in Parseh Pet Clinic. The questions were related to pet bird owners towards pet bird choice, management practice, and disease control. Local bird markets were more frequently visited for providing pet birds. Most pet owners reported a low level of information on prevalent and zoonotic diseases of the pet birds; however, most owners (90%) indicated that they consider veterinarians the primary source for providing information about management and zoonosis. This study was the first to provide concise information about pet bird ownership in Tehran. Providing more information to visitors in the bird markets is recommended to preserve the visitors҆ health and to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. Strength communication between clients and veterinarians is essential to promote the health and welfare of the owners and the pet birds as well. Further research to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of owners towards pet management and health are recommended.