پژوهشنامه حقوق اسلامی
پیاپی 53 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

In this article, the effects of the "dissolution" of the contract as the origin of debt upon assignment contract have been analyzed with the aim of removing ambiguity from Article 733 civil code, emphasizing on Islamic jurisprudence. The main question here is whether with the dissolution of the contract relating to the origin of debt, the assignment contract is also dissolved or the assignment contract remains valid and the resulting obligations must be fulfilled? If either of these two solutions is accepted, what will happened to the price that the customer has paid directly or indirectly (through the third party assignee); That is, does the buyer, with the dissolution of the contract, have to recourse to the seller or to the assignee for returning the price? Also, what will be the status of the third party assignee's debt to buyer, and also what will be the status of the price received by assignee? With the method of descriptive-analytical research and with extensive study in Islamic jurisprudence and analysis of Article 733 civil code, it was concluded that the dissolution of the contract as the origin of debt does not cause the dissolution of the assignment contract, but the assignee takes the price from the third party assignee and the third party assignee has no obligation with respect to the assignor; The customer also refers to the seller fir returning the price.

In jurisprudence and law, this rule is stipulated that the plaintiff in a lawsuit against a deceased person, in addition to proving the right, is required to oath on the survival of the right. The basis of this ruling needs to be analyzed, and its scope can be discussed in several aspects; including, whether it includes objective litigation and cases of proving the right with any proof, or whether it is dedicated to claiming debt and proving debt with witness, and whether this rule is inclusive to litigation over absentee, minor and insane, and Claimant's heirs claim and their parent or executor or assign it to the lawsuit against the deceased by plaintiff , and does it apply to the case of doubt in the survival of the right, or does it also include the case of the lack of doubt in the survival of the right? In these fields, various and different views have been presented in jurisprudence and law. The legislator's statement also has inconsistencies. From a legal point of view, the rule of the necessity of taking an oath in a lawsuit against the deceased includes objective lawsuits and can be extended to lawsuits against absentee, minor and insane, and it also includes the Claimant's heirs claim against the deceased, and condition of the necessity of such an oath is doubting the survival of the right.

In Islamic jurisprudence, jurists have provided criteria and cited various legal rules and principles in order to determine the applicant. The reason for the jurists for this distinction is that they can determine the burden of proving the dispute to the recipient. However, it is not always the case that he wants to be the only active member during the proceedings. Sometimes this view is accompanied by changes such as the judge's involvement in proving the case. Because civil litigation systems are subdivided into different legal systems, the role of the court in each legal system is different. Thus, in the system of accusatory proceedings, civil litigation is the property of the litigants and the judge is merely a passive member who can have no role other than issuing a verdict based on the reasons presented by the parties. However, in the system of investigative proceedings, the role of the judge in proving the lawsuit is active and he can search for evidence to prove the lawsuit in parallel with the plaintiff. In a way, the activeness of the judge reduces the role of the plaintiff in carrying the burden of proof. In this article, the basics of the role of the judge in proving the case are evaluated.

Law has a constructed nature; the one which is distinguished from socio-empirical reality. Nevertheless, one can believe in dualism of contructionality and reality providing constructionality is independently thought to be different from reality and each of which has its distinct area. Furthermore, contract has a constructed nature. The question is whether there is an insist on its separation from reality; or what kind of effects would be followed by this independence? As long as this independence resulted in dominancy of contractual constructionality over reality, would it necessarily eventuate to have a fair contract? What are the challenges of pure dependency of contractual constructionality from reality? On the basis of this dependency, can one believe in the transformational and evolutionary function of law, particularly the contract? Denying both dominancy and pure dependency approaches, it sounds in all likelihood that it is the one and only way to keep the supremacy of will principle beside the principle of equity or the principle of the denial of distress and constriction; moreover, we should just emphasize how influenced the contractual constitutionality could be by the reality.

Benefiting from alternative measures in the criminal proceedings is something that can be used and effective in different stages of the trial and even before it. These measures are very important for certain groups, such as children and adolescents, because they are in the age range that their inclusion in the criminal justice and judicial system can have many negative effects on their individual and social personality. To this end, the benefit of alternative measures for them is included in the laws of many countries, which can provide rehabilitation and prevent the recurrence of crime. In the meantime, the juvenile police, with interactive actions as officers and the first group in contact with the delinquent child, play a key role that requires giving them broad powers to take alternative action. These measures include a wide range of activities, the most important of which are the use of non-criminal intervention, family meetings, support services, official warnings, and the use of the interactive police authority in the rehabilitation of the offender so that he can Correct understanding of your wrong behavior and accepting responsibility for the behavior you committed.

According to the Islamic Penal Code and the jurists' point of view, the penalties are divided into three categories:1. The main punishment is the punishment provided by law for any offense and must be stated in a court order.2. Supplementary punishment, which is mainly optional. In such a way that in the case of inadequacy, it will punish the offender with additional punishment.3. Subordinate punishment. These penalties are applied in accordance with the main punishment for the offender and are not stated in the lawsuit and the judge is not involved in the application of the subordinate punishment. This is the legislator who in some cases and convictions applies the subordinate punishment. From the point of view of the Islamic Penal Code for the application of the subordinate punishment, in addition to the definite criminal conviction, it is also a condition for its execution. In other words, the punishment is subordinate to the punishment after the main punishment has been committed in deliberate crime.Subsidiary punishment is derived from customary law and is not provided for in the penal jurisprudence of Islam and its criminal law as subsidiary punishment. However, in some penal jurisprudence books, in addition to the main punishment, it has also dealt with subordinate punishment, including deprivation of inheritance and deprivation of apostasy, including the importance of specific instances of subordinate punishment. Islamic jurisprudence and the penal system of Iran.

The high number of criminal dossier due to the limitations of the judiciary, both in terms of manpower and credit, and in terms of time, leads to inflation of the dossier and double pressure on judicial authorities and issuing wrong decisions, which prolongs the investigation process. Thus, in the legal systems of different countries, alternatives to criminal process have emerged over the last three decades to control the overcrowding and speed up the criminal response to petty crimes. In these alternative processes, the prosecutor enters into negotiations directly with the perpetrator, and after admitting their guilt and taking certain actions specified by the prosecutor, leads to the cessation of the public prosecution and the resolution of the case at the stage of the prosecution. In this regard, the leading research with a descriptive-analytical (critical) approach has examined the position of alternatives to public prosecution in the two legal systems of Iran and France. In the end, it was conclude that the Iranian legislature does not have a systematic and clear position on alternatives to public prosecution of natural and legal persons. According to the comparative study, it has been suggested that, considering the principle of the necessity of prosecution, more trust be placed in the prosecutors and that the mentioned alternatives be enacted in a separate chapter with the goals predetermined in the criminal code.

According to the rule of Ehsan, Mohsen's person is exempt from the guarantee due to the damage he inflicts on Mohsen Aliyeh in order to repay the loss. One of the important issues under this rule is that if Mohsen and Mohsen Aliyeh are one person, that is, a person harms another in order to avoid harm from himself or to transfer profit to himself, does the rule of Ehsan also exempt such a person from guarantee or not? In this article, by rejecting the view of the jurists who have considered Ehsan to be the guarantor of self-sufficiency, it has been proved that Ehsan on the soul is not essentially Ehsan because the origin and correctness of denying both are signs of truth and the origin of Ehsan is Ehsan on others. "On oneself" is correct, and even if we do not consider the subject of benevolence to be excluded from the scope of the rule of benevolence, because of the necessity of the present goodness for the flow of the rule of benevolence and the absence of such goodness in "benevolence" towards the victim and also because the verse "We are Ali al-Muhsinin" is gratitude and should not lead to harm.

Citation to the general policies of the government as an existing norm in Iranian legal system in the administrative justice court is possible. According to the particular features of this norm, citation to the general these policies is nearly different from citation to the laws. So, this research tries to answer this question: What's the mechanism of citation to the general policies of the government in the administrative justice court? Therefore, with descriptive-analytical method the subject has been studied. Relationship between the senior council of supervision to implementation of general policies of the government as deputy of leader and the administrative justice court in supervision to implementation of general policies is other topic that been investigated in this research. Finally, according to the authoritative opinion about quiddity of the general policies and with patterning from how to judicial citation to high level norms like constitution try to suggest a mechanism and explain way of citation to the general policies in the administrative justice court.

There has been presented a vast variety of theories upon the clarification of the Nature and Concept of the Condition, to which the acceptance of each has a direct effect on Ordinances as well as the Effects of the Condition. As one of the most prominent Works, there has been a Theory built by Seyed Mohammad Kazem Tabatabaei Yazdi and introduced as "The making & fixity".The purpose of this article is focused on the explanation and expansion of this Theory, the differences, criticisms and works that are accepted in terms of the Jurisprudence and Law. Finally, it is clear the Nature of Condition merely implies the making and Dictum the individuals tend to make to counterfeit them and the Religious Justifications certify their Validity. The aforementioned making takes on a different forms and in accordance with it the rights of the Person in whose favor a Condition is made against the Person who is responsible to perform a Condition are executed on the basis of the correct conditions and the status of the independent transaction over the corrupt condition

Citizens, regardless of their personal characteristics (such as race, gender, religion, social class, etc.) must be subject to a single legal system.modern government manages an equal society, and the members of this society must be equally obedient to universal power. Obviously, the intermediary of these relations is a law that governs the will of the public in society. The real picture of equality in the area of contract is where the equal conditions for all citizens to obtain administrative contracts are provided. Therefore, the inherent and acquired differences of citizens can not be considered an obstacle to the achievement of government contracts. In Iran, the constitution in its original principles has accepted the equality of citizens in certain ways. Therefore, the assumption of discrimination between citizens in terms of race, religion, political opinion, position, and ... is not accepted. Since this is not an area, but an allegory, this equality should be maintained in access to public services, one of the most important of which is the right to conclude and use employment contracts.The concept of equality is one of the most challenging concepts in which various definitions are given. This dichotomy and ambiguity in the concept of equality, giving a precise and balanced classification of it, also presents a problem. However, in a general division, they have divided equality into legal equality, equality of opportunity and outcome equality. the author will refer to the descriptive-analytical method to study the concept of equality in Iranian law and transnational documents.

The most important way to legally enhance brand credibility is to look at the brand as an independent entity. Under these circumstances, the brand becomes a commercial commodity that can be easily protected in various legal situations. Brand independence means that there is no need for the brand to necessarily communicate with the product or service that contains the brand. Among the problems and challenges facing the brand is that the brand may not reflect the nature and quality of the goods and services introduced. According to the studies conducted in this article, we came to the conclusion that the description of brand independence has two important effects, one of which is the ability to transfer and the second important effect of this description is related to the transfer of mobile information. It is with the brand that this effect seems to show more of the economic and marketing aspects of the brand. The description of brand independence is mentioned in paragraph 4 of Article 15 of the TRIPS Agreement and is mentioned as one of the conditions that can be upheld in this article. In addition, it should be noted that the lack of fair competition can be referred to and cited based on what is stated in the Paris Convention.