فهرست مطالب

International Journal of Plant Production
Volume:15 Issue: 1, Mar 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/05/17
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • Rare Earth Elements (REEs) Rich-Phosphate Fertilizers Used in Brazil are More Effective in Increasing Legume Crops Yield Than Their REEs-Poor Counterparts
    Paula Godinho Ribeiro, Guilherme Soares Dinali, Paulo Fernandes Boldrin, Teotonio Soares de Carvalho, Cynthia de Oliveira, Silvio Junio Ramos, José Oswaldo Siqueira, Cristiano Gonçalves Moreira, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme* Pages 1-11

    Rare earths elements (REEs) can affect plant growth positively. Besides their intentional agricultural use, REEs have also been involuntarily applied to soils through phosphate (P) fertilizers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of REEs contained in P fertilizers on increasing legume crops yield in Brazilian agroecosystems. Field experiments were conducted with Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Glycine max (L.) Merrill with four sources of P (a pure ammonium phosphate with no REEs and three single superphosphates—SSP—with varying REEs contents) applied to the soil at four P rates (0, 17.5, 35, 70 kg ha−1). Irrespectively of the rate, the SSP—Catalão (richest in total and soluble REEs among the sources tested) consistently increased the yield of common bean (~ 30%) in relation to the control (ammonium phosphate). Single superphosphate Araxá (intermediate REEs content) also increased common bean yield. For soybean, the SSP-Catalão, at the 70 kg P ha−1 rate, was superior to the control (at the same level of P) and to the treatment without P addition. Our results showed that the REEs, present as impurities in phosphate fertilizers, increase their effectiveness on legume crops yield. These findings are relevant, as producers could enhance yield with REEs-rich P-fertilizers, especially in tropical agroecosystems, where high application rates are required.

    Keywords: Crop yield, Lanthanides, Plant nutrition, Soil fertility
  • Soil drainage water and nutrient leaching in winter wheat field lysimeters under different management practices
    Fatemeh Mehrabi, AliReza Sepaskhah * Pages 13-28

    The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different irrigation strategies, planting methods and various nitrogen application rates on water and solutes transport under the root zone. Furthermore, Hydrus-1D model was used to simulate the drainage water and soil nutrient (N, K) leaching by the drainage water in the experimental treatments. Results indicated that variable alternate furrow irrigation (VAFI) decreased drainage water by a mean value of 30% compared with that obtained in full irrigation (OFI); whereas, precipitation played a significant role in increasing drainage water. About 60% and 80% of drainage water occurred due to rainfall in the full irrigation strategy in the first and second year, respectively, and most of the drainage water in VAFI strategy occurred due to precipitation as 90% for both years. Additionally, precipitation during the low growth stages of winter wheat (fall and winter) had noticeable influence on solute transport. On average, 75%, and 65% of leached nitrate, and potassium, respectively, occurred due to rainfall in OFI method; however, about 85% of leached nitrate, and potassium in VAFI strategy occurred due to rainfall events. Application of 150 kg N ha−1 decreased about 40% nitrate leaching below the root zone in comparison with that obtained in 300 kg N ha−1 without significant difference in crop yield. Hydrus-1D model reasonably simulated solute transport especially nitrate and potassium. Therefore, Hydrus-1D could be a successful tool for predicting N, and K transport and making proper management decisions to improving environmental problems.

    Keywords: Variable alternate furrow irrigation, Planting method, HYDRUS-1D, Nitrate leaching, Potassium leaching
  • Planting Density Affected Dry Matter Production, Partitioning, and Yield in Machine Harvestable Chickpea Genotypes in the Irrigated Ecosystem
    S. B. Patil*, C. P. Mansur, P. M. Gaur, S. R. Salakinkop, S. C. Alagundagi Pages 29-43

    The important causes for lack of improvement in production and low chickpea yields are inappropriate crop management, variety-based un-optimized planting density, variety not suitable for machine harvest and losses during harvesting operations. In this study, we hypothesized that increased planting density can compensate for the yield reduction in tall chickpea genotypes by accomodating more plants per unit area than existing genotypes and improving the plant architecture to facilitate mechanical harvesting. We analyzed variations among five genotypes (ICCV-11601, ICCV-11602, ICCV-11603, ICCV-11604 and JG-11) for dry matter production, partitioning, and yields in response to planting densities (33.3–46.6 plants m−2) at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India. In general, higher dry matter production and partitioning was observed in the tall/erect genotypes than semi-erect genotype. The higher dry matter was produced by genotype ICCV-11604. In the case of planting density, an increase in planting density from 33.3 to 46.6 plants m−2 decreased the dry matter production and its partitioning in different parts. The normal planting density of 33.3 plants m−2 observed higher dry matter per plant. The interaction of JG-11 × 40% higher density of 46.6 plants m−2 recorded maximum seed yield (3048 kg ha−1). However, the tall genotype ICCV-11604 × 46.6 plants m−2 interaction recorded higher seed yield (2840 kg ha−1) than JG-11 × normal density of 33.3 plants m−2 (2666 kg ha−1). The increase in planting density could compensate for the yield reduction in tall chickpea genotypes and facilitate mechanical harvesting to reduce the drudgery on scarce labour and save time and cost.

    Keywords: Tall genotypes, Harvest index, Machine harvest, Biological yield, Chickpea
  • The Impact of Climate Change on Wheat, Barley, and Maize Growth Indices in Near-Future and Far-Future Periods in Qazvin Plain, Iran
    S. Maryam Banihashemi*, Seyed Saeid Eslamian, Bijan Nazari Pages 45-60

    The current noticeable climate change that has a significant impact on the environment and agricultural systems has become a serious concern for human society. Followed by the industrial activities of the global community and increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, these changes are still considered as a threat to food safety and the environment. Changes in minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall amounts, and precipitation pattern, changes in CO2 concentrations, and complex interactions between these factors and different crops are studied in the form of different probabilistic scenarios to get a glimpse of the future cultivation situation. Agriculture in Qazvin Plain is based on the water transferred from Taleqan Dam and groundwater. Since today these resources are facing issues like restriction on transfer and draw off, which is because of growth of interest in city dwelling, inappropriate water consumption patterns and over-exploitation, agriculture is sensitive to probable changes in water requirements and it is necessary to predict these changes for better management in the future. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of climate change on growth indices for three crops including wheat, barley, and maize in Qazvin Plain with different possible climate change scenarios, in the form of five large-scale climate models and three greenhouse gas emissions scenarios in 30 years’ time from 2021 to 2050 as well as from 2051 to 2080. Results showed that biomass production, grain yield, and water use efficiency in three crops of wheat, barley, and maize have increased up to 20–40% in future periods in Qazvin region climate. Growing degree-days (GDD) of these three crops have increased by 20%. Transpiration has risen by 10% in wheat and maize; however, it was stable on average in the first period and slightly decreased in the second period in barley. The transpiration coefficient has reduced by 5% for wheat and barley and has increased by 15% for maize. Results are valid as long as the initial growing conditions of these three plants are done as before, and the irrigation scheduling is performed according to the present period in spite of climate change.

    Keywords: Climate change, Plant growth index, Biomass, Grain yield, Water use efficiency, Growing degree-days (GDD), Transpiration, Transpiration coefficient
  • Full Parameterisation Matters for the Best Performance of Crop Models: Inter-comparison of a Simple and a Detailed Maize Model
    A. M. Manschadi*, J. Eitzinger, M. Breisch, W. Fuchs, T. Neubauer, A. Soltani Pages 61-78

    Process-based crop growth models have become indispensable tools for investigating the effects of genetic, management, and environmental factors on crop productivity. One source of uncertainty in crop model predictions is model parameterization, i.e. estimating the values of model input parameters, which is carried out very differently by crop modellers. One simple (SSM-iCrop) and one detailed (APSIM) maize (Zea mays L.) model were partially or fully parameterized using observed data from a 2-year field experiment conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the UFT (Universitäts- und Forschungszentrum Tulln, BOKU) in Austria. Model initialisation was identical for both models based on field measurements. Partial parameterization (ParLevel_1) was first performed by estimating only those parameters related to crop phenology. Full parameterization (ParLevel_2) was then conducted by estimating parameters related to phenology plus those affecting dry mass production and partitioning, nitrogen uptake, and grain yield formation. With ParLevel_1, both models failed to provide accurate estimation of LAI, dry mass accumulation, nitrogen uptake and grain yield, but the performance of APSIM was generally better than SSM-iCrop. Full parameterization greatly improved the performance of both crop models, but it was more effective for the simple model, so that SSM-iCrop was equally well or even better compared to APSIM. It was concluded that full parameterization is indispensable for improving the accuracy of crop model predictions regardless whether they are simple or detailed. Simple models seem to be more vulnerable to incomplete parameterization, but they better respond to full parameterization. This needs confirmation by further research.

    Keywords: Crop model, Simulation, Parameterization, Uncertainty
  • Climate-driven Yield Variability for Winter Wheat in Henan Province, North China and its Relation to Large-scale Atmospheric Circulation Indices
    Jiadong Chen, Hongwei Tian, Jin Huang, Jinchi Zhang *, Fangmin Zhang Pages 79-91

    The responses of wheat yield to large-scale atmospheric circulation indices (LACI) were explored in Henan province, north China. With using the annual series of climate-driven yield index (CDYI) extracted from winter wheat yield collected in 17 cites and the monthly series of 15 types of LACI during 1988–2017, the main findings were as follows: (1) this province could be divided into four sub-regions (central-east, west, north, and south Henan) with different CDYI variations; (2) the CDYI in central-east, west, south Henan was dominated by a 3-year oscillation, while the CDYI in north Henan presented a notable 7.5-year oscillation; (3) among the four sub-regions, central-east Henan had the most significant CDYI-LACI relationship, and the higher Nino 1 + 2 in December were a key yield reduction signal; (4) during 2008–2017, the stronger increase of Nino1 + 2_in December had caused the yield decrease in central Henan by 6.58%. In summary, linking wheat yield to LACI anomalies should be instrumental in alleviating the adverse effects of climate change on wheat production.

    Keywords: Winter wheat, Henan, North China, Climate-driven yield index, Large-scale atmospheric circulation indices
  • Sewage Sludge Impacts on Yields, Nutrients and Heavy Metals Contents in Pearl Millet–Wheat System Grown Under Saline Environment
    Ankush*, Ram Prakash, Vikram Singh, Aniket Diwedi, Raj C. Popat, Sachin Kumari, Nirmal Kumar, Ashok Dhillon, Gourav Pages 93-105

    Salinity prompts heavy metals accumulation and adversely affects nutrient contents in soil and plants, thereby reducing crop yields. The assessment of domestic sewage sludge (SS) under saline conditions to boost crop productivity has become crucial. A field trial was conducted for two consecutive years (2017–2019) with three irrigation levels [canal water (0.35 dS m−1), I1; 8 dS m−1, I2; and 10 dS m−1 saline water, I3]; and five fertilization levels [control, F1; SS (5 t ha−1), F2; SS (5 t ha−1) + 50% RDF, F3; SS (5 t ha−1) + 75% RDF, F4; and RDF, F5]. The results revealed that treatment I3 (10 dS m−1) reduced the grain yield of pearl millet and wheat by an average of 31.2 and 32.6%, respectively, compared to I1 (0.35 dS m−1). However, among fertilizer treatments, F5 obtained significant highest grain and straw yields statistically at par with F4 treatment. Also, in the context of nutrients content in crops, a similar trend has been reported. In the addition, with the usage of saline irrigation (EC 8 and 10 dS m−1) and SS (5 t ha−1), the availability of heavy metals in crops and soil had increased (p = 0.05). The soluble ions in soil increased with increasing salinity levels of irrigation water. The extractability series of heavy metals were: Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cd. The addition of SS, however, recorded a higher concentration of DTPA-extractable metals in soil over control. The heavy metals content did not exceed toxicity levels in soil and plants. Hence, the incorporation of SS (5 t ha−1) resulted in saving 25% mineral fertilizers and, also combined use of SS with mineral fertilizers proved to be economically beneficial for crop production.

    Keywords: Sewage sludge, Salinity, Yields, Nutrient contents, Heavy metals
  • Quantification of Climate Warming and Crop Management Impacts on Phenology of Pulses-Based Cropping Systems
    Zartash Fatima, Atique ur Rehman, Ghulam Abbas, Pakeeza Iqbal, Iqra Zakir, Muhammad Azam Khan, Ghulam Mujtaba Kamal, Mukhtar Ahmed, Shakeel Ahmad* Pages 107-123

    Climate warming is impacting the phenology, growth and productivity of diverse cropping systems at local, regional and global levels. Long-term observed chickpea-mungbean system (CMS) phenological changes were used for the determination of the relationship between crop practices, climate warming and phenology for the making strategies for CMS to minimize negative climate change impacts. Observed thermal trend from sowing to maturity was ranging from 0.82 to 1.15 °C decade−1 for chickpea and 0.64 to 0.97 °C decade−1 for mungbean during 1980–2018. Observed chickpea phenology stages was earlier for mean value of 7.04 (sowing; S), 6.76 (emergence; E), 4.31 (anthesis; A), 2.15 (maturity; M) days decade−1, whereas chickpea phases were decreased averagely 2.73 (S–A), 2.16 (A–M), 4.89 (S–M) days decade−1. Mungbean, ‘S’ 6.24, ‘E’ 5.97, ‘A’ 3.76, and ‘M’ 2.01 days decade−1 were occurred earlier. Period of mungbean phenology phases were lessened with averaged 2.45 (S–A), 1.76 (S–M) and 4.23 (A–M) days decade−1, respectively. Phenological stages and phases of both crops chickpea and mungbean correlated negatively with rising temperatures at all sites studied. By using CROPGRO-Chickpea and CROPGRO-Legume models for usual chickpea and mungbean cultivars at the sites for 38 years duration indicated that model predicted phenology stages were accelerated with thermal trend more as compared with observed stages. This showed that, during last decades, growing newly evolved cultivars of pulses having more thermal time requirement have significantly offset the increased temperature induced changes in chickpea (33%) and mungbean (20%) phenology. Therefore, for the mitigation of climate warming influences, newly evolved cultivars for CMS must be familiarized that need greater demand for degree days and having higher tolerance to temperature.

    Keywords: CROPGRO-Chickpea, CROPGRO-Legume models, Climate change, Phenological phases, stages, Climate warming trends
  • Identification of Maize Yield Trend Patterns in the North China Plain
    Zemin Zhang, Changhe Lu * Pages 125-137

    Yield growth stagnation in grain crops has been reported worldwide over recent decades. To understand this recent crop yield trend and its causes in China, we conducted an analysis of maize (Zea mays L.) in the North China Plain (NCP) as a case study. First, we analyzed the change characteristics of maize yield for the whole region during 1998–2015, then identified trend patterns at county level via an approach based mainly on the Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope methods, and finally, analyzed the contribution of major causal factors to maize yield changes based on multiple linear regression (MLR) function. The results indicated that regional mean maize yield in the whole NCP increased by 0.02–2.03% per year before 2011, then declined by—0.83% during 2011–2015. Regionally, maize yield in the southern NCP did not improve greatly; in the north, it increased before 2011, then declined or stagnated thereafter. Only 40 counties showed a continuous increasing trend (IN), whereas 180 counties displayed an increasing–stagnating trend (IN-ST); 52 and 40 counties showed trend patterns of stagnating (ST) and decreasing (DE) in yield, respectively. On the whole, the maize yield in 87.8% of the counties tended to stagnate or even decrease. The reason was mainly attributed to the reduced net returns due to the quickly rising costs of labor and production material. To stimulate yield growth, it is essential to increase the profitability of maize by adopting appropriate policy measures to improve production efficiency.

    Keywords: Maize, Trend pattern, Yield stagnation, Net return, The north china plain
  • Soil and Sweet Corn Quality Responses to Tillage, Residue, and Nitrogen Management in Southern Iran
    Khadijeh Alijani, MohammadJafar Bahrani, Seyed Abdolreza Kazemeini *, Jafar Yasrebi Pages 139-150

    Conservation tillage can drastically influence the environment by conserving soil due to enhancing soil structure and quality, thereby maintaining stable crop productivity and quality. To evaluate the effects of tillage practices, wheat residue management, and rate of nitrogen fertilization on soil and sweet corn quality, a 2-year (2014–2015) field study was conducted at the School of Agriculture farm, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Treatments consisted of three tillage systems including conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no tillage (NT) as main plots, four N rates (0, 69, 138, and 207 kg N ha−1) as sub plots, and wheat residue management, removed versus retained, as sub–sub plots. Increasing N rates slightly increased ECe but not to the detrimental levels for crop or soil health. Soil pH was buffered due to the calcareous nature of the experimental soil. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were higher under RT and NT than CT, although the changes were considerably low. Soil bulk density was higher under NT treatment, which resulted in lower marketable yield after 2 years probably due to the limitations in nutrient uptake and N immobilization and applying high rates of N could reduce or eliminate N immobilization and limitations in nutrient uptake, resulted in comparable yield to CT. The higher N rates increased kernel protein content but reduced soluble solids of kernels (brix). Reduced tillage was slightly superior to the other two tillage practices in case of soil and kernel quality and marketable yield, while applying high N rate (207 kg N ha−1) to NT practice could compensate yield reduction during the transition from CT to NT practice.

    Keywords: Brix, Conservation tillage, Kernel protein content, Nitrogen rates, Soil bulk density, Soil organic carbon
  • Impacts of Critical Periods of Weed Control (CPWC) on Nitrogen Utilization and Grain Yield in Aerobic Rice Cultivation
    A. Ghosh*, A. Tiwari, O. N. Singh Pages 151-159

    The cultivation of aerobic rice appears to be a potential option while mitigating threats of looming water scarcity for sustainable rice production. Although, severe prevalence of multi-flush weed pressure inhibiting nitrogen utilization for optimum grain yield becomes the crux of the problem for up-scaling this technology. Thus, the hypothesis of the study was that critical period of weed control (CPWC) governs nitrogen accumulation in aerobic soil—plant continuum, which appears to be the major determinant of ultimate grain yield in aerobic rice cultivation. With this view, the field studies were successively conducted in two locations at Panthnagar, Uttar Pradesh during 2015 and at Cuttack, Odisha during 2016 in India. Nitrogen utilization was estimated with varying magnitude of critical period of weed prevalence at 15 days interval since sowing till 75 days of crop growth. Results recorded significantly higher nitrogen uptakes of 106.6 and 106.0 kg ha−1 while maintaining near weed-free situations during initial 75 days of crop growth at Panthnagar and Cuttack respectively, which were however comparable with similar situations maintained also at 60 and 45 days of crop growth in respective location. Consequently, stands at these situations produced comparable grain yield of 5.56 and 5.25 t ha−1, 5.40 and 5.00 t ha−1, and 5.15 and 4.70 t ha−1 at corresponding locations, which were significantly higher than those corresponding weedy stands producing 1.35 and 0.90 t ha−1, 1.48 and 1.10 t ha−1, and 2.86 and 2.45 t ha−1 grain yields in respective locations. Thus, higher nitrogen gains of 0.42 and 0.06%, and 0.31 and 0.03% were attributed to initial 75 and 60 days weed-free stands respectively at Panthnagar and Cuttack. While, nitrogen losses were maximum of 24.99 and 25.69%, and 24.26 and 24.85% at corresponding weedy crop stands; although, initial 15 day’s weedy crop stands or initial 45 days weed-free stands recorded the lowest nitrogen losses of 0.64 and 1.35%, and 1.51 and 2.16%, instead. Therefore, the study contributed above novel information explaining the dynamic correlation of nitrogen balance with prevalence and also magnitude of CPWC where N uptake culminated at 45 days weed-free situation ensuring optimum aerobic rice productivity.

    Keywords: Aerobic rice, Crop-weed competition, Nitrogen use efficiency, Weed management, Grain yield
  • Effect of Nitrogen Rates on Wheat Photosynthesis, Anatomical Parameters and Photoassimilate Partitioning in North China Plain
    Xuejiao Zheng, Zhenwen Yu, Yongli Zhang *, Yu Shi Pages 161-172

    Evaluating the effects of nitrogen (N) on photosynthesis characteristics and photoassimilate partitioning via vascular bundles (VB) under water-saving irrigation is crucial to maximum grain yield of environment-friendly wheat production in the North China Plain (NCP). Field experiments were conducted with four N application rates 0 (N0), 180 (N180), 240 (N240), and 300 (N300) kg N ha−1 under 70% and 65% relative soil water content (RSWC) at jointing and anthesis, respectively. Results showed that, compared with N0, N180 significantly improved the photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence of flag leaf after anthesis. N application improved the anatomical parameters both in the flag leaf and the stem. Total transverse area of VB in the flag leaf and in the stem internode below the ear under N180 was 17.95–23.70% and 37.91–43.90% larger than those of N0, respectively, due to the increased numbers and transverse area of VB. Furthermore, N180 had higher dry matter assimilation after anthesis (DMA) and its contribution to the grain. N180 increased grain yield by 14.23–23.24% compared with N0, and N supply exceeding 180 kg N ha−1 did not further increase yield. Moreover positively correlations were showed among photosynthesis characteristics after anthesis, total transverse area of VB in the flag leaf and in the stem internode below the ear, DMA and grain yield. In summary, the recommended N application rate was 180 kg N ha−1 under RSWC-based supplemental irrigation that can produce grain yield over 7500 kg ha−1 for at least 2 years in the NCP.

    Keywords: N application, Winter wheat, Photosynthesis, Carbon assimilate, Vascular system