فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 106 (بهار 1400)

Social pathology is a sociological term used in reference to deviant behaviors, or actions that societies have agreed are immoral or unacceptable. Émile Durkheim, a French sociologist in the nineteenth century, created the foundation for the modern sociological study of society by focusing on social facts, structures, and systems. His profound ideas generated many concepts and methods in his books especially in The Rules of Sociological ‎Method and Suicide. He applied the model ‎of modern medical thinking for studying deviant behaviors. According to modern medicine, which was formed in the ‎nineteenth century, the process of diagnosing the disease is based on "the pathological and the ‎normality". In this article, we try to show that Durkheim's "social pathology" is based on this ‎model. First we briefly describe the ‎characteristics of "the pathological and the normality" in diagnosis of disease in modern medicine. We ‎then show this medical model influences Durkheim's functionalist approach for studying deviant behaviors, or actions

The financial system consists of a three-layered reality, respectively, principles, institutions and knowledge. The half-hidden of which are principles, and institutions.
This paper proves in a library way that financial knowledge is based on certain principles and the impossibility of separating its principles makes it impossible to overshadow its nature with superstructural changes. Among the intrinsic features of common fiscal patterns and policies are: sufficient to empirical knowledge and ignorance of revelatory cognition, instrumentalist method, mathematical and statistics fact-making templates, the centrality of reason is an objective and partisan tool, neutrality and separation from value, reason is a function of desires, man's interpretation of a greedy and greedy creature, competition and herd behavior, promote gambling and interest. It was also proved that the current financial economy, despite its beautiful appearance, has caused serious damage to the economy, which is rooted in the principles and goals of capitalist economics. Falling into the trap of these patterns, has led to continuous crises in the real economy, the emergence of profit-oriented and uncontrolled anti-production patterns, moral hazards, declining social capital and lack of values in society.
Accordingly, the financial system and consequently the institutions and models derived from it, even with the appearance of sharia contracts, are not Islamic. The basic condition for the validity of Islamic financial versions is the formation based on principles, Figh and moral criteria.

Discourse theory and discourse analysis methods are rooted in an interdisciplinary approach to various sciences, including linguistics, semiotics, psychology, semantics, terminology and more.
Meaning plays an essential role in the process of discourse construction. In fact, meaning is the spirit of discourse, and the method of discourse analysis is to achieve different meanings of discourse. How meaning is formed in discourse lays the groundwork for the multifaceted domain of meaning that can bring discourse to the various stages of semantics that play a key role in understanding the process of discourse.
In this context, the Practical Discourse Analysis Method (PDAM), which is designed based on the process of semantic transformation, will be introduced.
In this method, 5 analytical levels are designed: level-level, depth-level, level-depth, depth-depth (deep), and deeper. At each stage, meaning plays an essential role in the transition from one level to another. Ultimately, what is obtained is the product of semantic interaction, semantic interdisciplinary, semantic process, semantic developments, and semantic fluidity.
An attempt was also made to provide an example of the implementation of this method in the Supreme Leader's statements on the Islamic Awakening. In this analysis, the basic signs and in fact the basic goals of these statements in the field of Islamic awakening are explained.

Human resource development theory represents organizational human development in the general mean; this theory, with an interdisciplinary approach, includes various organizational contexts. The theoretical literature indicates the gradual expansion of the theory into the organizational contexts of private business, governmental and non-profit. This article examines the development of theory into a judicial context. The purpose of this article is to achieve a theoretical framework for human resource development in the field of justice. The study method is a review of the research literature, interviews with 9 academic and judicial experts and thematic analysis of data. The results of the analysis indicate that the legal solution patterns represent the theme of the judicial profession; and includes four models of adaptive, contextual, institutional, and critical. The models of legal solution are divided into two continuum: the importance of the judicial issue (normal to important) and the continuum of the goal of resolving the judicial issue (returning to the current legal order to create a new legal order); Therefore, they are classified into four adaptive, contextual, institutional and critical categories. This classification is a guide to the theoretical framework of judicial human resource development. The theoretical framework includes stabilization judicial human, evolutionary judicial human, institutionalist judicial human, and change-oriented judicial human.

Curriculum development and design of learning systems have become a sophisticated process due to diverse set of learning needs and differences in learners' interests, contents, teaching-learning approaches and the impact of political, social and economic factors, and, hence, decision-making about this complex process and its related factors must be done scientifically. Therefore, choosing the effective approaches that lead us to make appropriate decisions is of paramount importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Analytic Network Process in decision making for the curriculum development based on philosophical method. In this paper, multi-criteria decision-making techniques, and differences between the Analytic Hierarchy Process with Analytic Network Process were analyzed. Then, the nature of the curriculum design and the complexity of decision-making in this field were discussed, and its correlation with new methods was analyzed. The findings indicated the efficiency of the Analytic Network Process in managing the challenges of curriculum implementation, recognizing the influential and complex factors in curriculum development, developing futuristic outlook toward curriculum changes, and analyzing the educational needs which are beneficial for researchers and curriculum planners.

From the viewpoint of different theories of social and human sciences, the position/role of reason in science is not the same. By considering the constituents of social and human sciences, as expressed in the theories of human sciences, and by considering the limits and realm of reason, as expressed in the theories of reason, we can evaluate the position/role of reason in each of the submited images of social and human sciences. Part of this extensive research is to assess the validity of the various images of these sciences based on the limits and realms accepted for practical reason in theories of reason. This article seeks to examine the rationality of social and human sciences using this various images presented by theories of reason. The method of this study is to analyze the theories of social and human sciences in order to assess the position/role of practical reason in each of these theories. For this purpose, using some theories of human sciences, various components involved in the realization of human sciences are identified. Then, using theories of practical reason, different probabilities of the limits and realm of practical reason are expressed. Finally, according to different probabilities concerning the limits and realm of practical reason, the position/role of practical reason in the theories of the humanities, which have been analyzed, is revealed.