نشریه معرفت فرهنگی اجتماعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 46، بهار 1400)

Social actions are influenced by the values that govern a society. Hence, the transformation of social action is a function of change in social values. Meanwhile, family is one of the important centers of changing values in society which causes in other areas of social life. Changes in family values are among the important components of the cultural system of society knowing which plays a role in identifying social changes. As an action, low rate of fertility is also affected by changes in family values. Fertility is a family issue, therefore any change in family values can change fertility. This paper seeks to investigate the role that family value changes play in reducing fertility in Iranian families. Data collection is documentary and library-based, and the descriptive- analytical method has been used for data analysis. However, to document the findings, the secondary analysis of statistics and the results of previous researches have also been used. Findings indicate that changes in family values affect fertility through the spread of individualism, devaluation of children, decreased sexual preference, weakness of religious beliefs, change in the value of marriage and increase in consumerism.

Today, the phenomenon of population aging and its relationship with fertility indices requires appropriate policies and planning to reduce this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fertility indices and population aging in Iran based on structural modeling. Using descriptive-analytical method, this applied research has followed the documentary approach for collecting data. To collect data, Iran’s statistical yearbook and the general censuses of population and housing during the years 1335 to 1395 have been used. Findings indicate that during the years 1335-1395, the variables of natural population movements (population patterns) of the whole country had a downward trend and the aging indicators had an upward trend. Also, the results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the variable of population patterns and aging in the whole country at -0.881 and with a value of 5.114 t. In general, the factors related to the demographic patterns of the whole country explain 73.9% of the variance of the dependent variable of the aging rate. Considering the aging situation of Iran’s population, the implementation of efficient and effective interventions in fertility indices is necessary to improve the status of aging indices.

The crises that occurred in postmodern era in the West and in other parts of the world have forced thinkers and intellectuals to rethink the events of the Western world and its foundations. The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a revolt of the spheres of thought, especially sociology, against the new order created by the capitalist world, which targeted the centers of power. Among these approaches is the poststructuralists' view, particularly Foucault, on the sphere of power and the resistance against power. Using the ontological view of the institution of family, this descriptive-analytical study considers this institution, which is based on an innate approach to the development of bisexuality, as having advantages that can resist as a focal point against power. The strong point of this institution is to restore the path that the power of the new order has used in the direction of subjectivity. In other words, an attempt is made to first consider the resistance function of family as one of the most stable social institutions. The mechanism of this function is that because of the existence of feelings and the non-individualistic approach in family institution, it finds the resistance power that leads to people's self-awareness, instinct guidance, benefiting from the mentality of women in family and the strength of the family in the economic field, and can disrupt the power of the new order.

In most human societies, having sex with a homosexual was a sign of deviation and disorder in one's personality and was considered one of the greatest sins under the titles of "sodomy" and "lesbianism" for centuries. But today, under the name of "homosexuality", it is moving towards normalization and is sometimes even considered as one of the rubrics of human rights. Emphasizing the subtle semantic differences between sexual behavior, sexual orientation, and sexual identity, the present paper seeks to gather evidence in a historical study to determine what changes occurred in the face of sexuality and related approaches to it, how the public sphere of modern societies shifted from considering homosexuality a sin to considering it a disease, and finally to considering it a normal and legalized and how well documented and scientific these developments were. Most of the psychological works prevalent in Iran represent the current that introduces homosexuality as a natural thing; however, citing the criticisms that have been directed at the naturalization of homosexuality in the last two decades but have not received enough attention, and also investigating homosexuality from an anthropological perspective, the present paper seeks to examine which approach is more justified: considering homosexuality as a natural condition or regarding it as a disorder and disease and failure that if left untreated will cause more damage?

The present qualitative research, which has been conducted based on grounded theory, aims to investigate and do the pathology of the effect of virtual education in coronavirus conditions on learning, the research population consisted of the graduate students of Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute. Sampling was purposive and theoretical. For data collection, in-depth interviews and participatory observation were used. To this end, 10 students were interviewed. In addition, researchers themselves were involved in e-learning, and a part of theoretical saturation resulted from their own experiences and participatory observations. In order to analyze the data, the Strauss-Corbin approach was used, based on which three stages of open, axial and selective coding were used to analyze the data. The main research finding shows the "incomplete transfer of content and the complementary educational methods’ failure in compensating for it". The causal conditions governing this phenomenon include four categories: "reduced concentration, inappropriate educational location, reduced academic motivation, and poor educational system." The mediating contexts and conditions include: "lack of sufficient skills or unfamiliarity with educational activities in cyberspace, non-institutionalization of e-learning norms, sudden coronavirus conditions, high Internet costs, inappropriate legal requirements." The strategies for dealing with this phenomenon include: "self-based study, considering virtual education desirable and sufficient, tolerance and submission", as a result of which we will witness consequences such as "individual and self-centered study, engaging in extracurricular activities and discouragement and lack of motivation".

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of communication skill dimensions on social mobility of the citizens over 25 years old in Tehran. The theoretical framework is determined by the views of theorists of the symbolic interaction view, the school of functionalism and the compositionists. In this quantitative research the survey method has been used. The statistical population included 6,076,844 people and the sample included about 400 people. The sample was selected using Cochran's formula through a multi-stage cluster sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. The results showed that the dimensions of communication skills and demographic variables with a coefficient of determination of 0.08, affected the social mobility of Tehran residents. There was no significant relationship between verbal skills and writing skills and medieval social mobility. Body language skills with a beta of 0.11 and gender variables with a beta of -0.24 were effective in social mobility of the citizens. Marriage and age variables had no effect on citizens' social mobility. In terms of gender, social mobility was more in men. The communication skills of Tehran’s residents were above average and their social mobility was declining and negative.