International Journal of Pediatrics
Volume:9 Issue: 92, Aug 2021

Thalassemia major is one of the most debilitating chronic and inherited diseases caused by impaired hemoglobin production. To improve the quality of life in the long-term treatment of thalassemia patients, it is necessary to pay special attention to sleep-related disorders such as restless legs syndrome. The present study, thus, attempts to determine the frequency of restless legs syndrome in children and adolescents with thalassemia major.
This study was performed on 302 patients with thalassemia major with an age range of 5-20 years in Ali Asghar Hospital in Zahedan in 2018. After obtaining the patients’ consent and their information including age, sex, underlying disease, history of drug use, Insomnia, splenectomy, oral and injectable iron depletion, and serum ferritin levels, as well as restless legs syndrome were recorded. Then the data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Chi-square and T-test were used to compare the data.
The results of this study revealed that the prevalence percentage of Restless Legs Syndrome in children and adolescents with thalassemia major was 17.2%. In addition, it had a direct and significant relationship with vitamin D (p-value=0.008) and calcium (p-value<0.001) intake by patients; and it was higher in patients with Insomnia (p-value=0.004). However, there was no significant relationship between this syndrome and the age, underlying disease, the use of cardiac drugs and growth hormone, splenectomy, iron depletion or serum ferritin level. (p-value>0.05)
Due to the high prevalence of RLS in patients with thalassemia major, especially in patients with a history of vitamin D and calcium intake, screening for RLS is necessary. In this way, taking medical measures can help improving the quality of life among these patients.

Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the most important causes of death. Sepsis accounts for 20% of deaths worldwide and is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with a prevalence of 23%. Sepsis-induced ARDS occurs among 10% of ICU patients. Today, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy has been studied as a new treatment in the management of sepsis and as a promising treatment for ARDS. The aim of the present study was to systematically review studies on the use of MSCs for treatment of sepsis and ARDS.

The results of the search strategy include eight studies: one meta-analysis, three systematic reviews, one clinical trial, one cohort study, one combined cohort study, and a double-blind clinical trial, and one case report with a sample size of animal models from two meta-analyzes, and one systematic review of 1266 and 1326 animal models and 1,085 patients in human studies. The results of most studies indicated a significant relationship between mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) therapy and reduced mortality of sepsis syndrome and ARDS. The results of systematic studies also supported the efficacy and health of MSCs in the treatment of sepsis and ARDS. Patients tolerated high doses of intravenous or intrathecal therapy.

Multi-potency MSCs have an extraordinary ability to respond and manage the immune system and have been studied in animal and human studies as an immune regulatory tool in improving acute disease conditions such as sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome. Results of studies showed that these stem cells can be used clinically, but the need for more extensive studies, especially human studies in the future, is still recommended.

Effects of cultural capital related to the physical education teacher, which is an important person for adolescents at school, on physical activity behavior of students is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of cultural capital related to the physical education teacher on participation of adolescents in physical activity and sport. The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 384 students (192 boys and 192 girls) aged 12 to 15 years (mean age of 13.81±0.75 years) in grades first, second, and third from regular middle schools of Saqqez city, Kurdistan province, Iran, in 2019. The dependent variables were included perceived teachers’ cultural capital, intention to physical activity, and actual physical activity which were measured by researcher-made questionnaires. Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman test, and structural equation method by using Smart-PLS software were utilized to analyze data. Results of Mann-Whitney U tests revealed boys reported significantly higher cultural capital scores than girls. Moreover, cultural capital significantly influenced intention to physical activity and actual physical activity behavior of adolescents. In addition, intention to physical activity had significant impacts on actual physical activity behavior. Finally, intention to physical activity played a mediating role in the relationship between cultural capital and physical activity behavior of adolescents (all T>1.96). These results indicate that social position of physical education teacher can be considered as an important social factor that affects the participation of adolescents in physical activity and sport.

Emotional intelligence is one of the most effective ways to reduce test scores and can be learned through education and increase success. The overall purpose of this study was to determine the effect of teaching emotional intelligence components on exam anxiety of students of medical and non-medical sciences departments of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch in the academic year of 2018-2019.

For this purpose, the quasi-experimental research method of pre-test-post-test was used that 179 people were selected from medical and non-medical students of Islamic Azad Medical Sciences of Tehran by quota method and were divided into experimental and control groups. Sarason test anxiety questionnaire was used to collect the required information. After completing 8 training sessions on emotional intelligence components, Post-test was taken from two groups. The data obtained from the study were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and appropriate inferential tests.

The results showed that the mean reduction of test scores in the experimental group in medical and non-medical students was significantly different from the control group. (P <0.05) According to the results of the present study, the training of emotional intelligence components in the form of A group used it for students, especially students with high test anxiety. Also, software and educational books in this regard should be prepared and made available to students.

The limited information processing capacity of individuals forces coaches in various sports to turn their attention to the main and important parts of the movement by providing instructions. One of the most important factors in the effectiveness of instructions is to focus on individual. It is very important to pay attention to this issue in children. By study the effects of instructions of attention on children's free-throwing learning skills, this study will help determine which type of instructions of attention are most useful for children. Tools and

In this quasi-experimental study, It is chosen 42 girl students randomly who aged 9 to 11 years old in 18 district of Tehran and divided in three groups: internal focus attention, external focus attention, and control. After introduction the primary instructions and watching instructional movie related to basketball free throw, the participates thrown five times in test way then in acquisition phase, made 100 attempts in two sessions during two sequencing days. Each session included two blocks of 10-attempts and recovery time in 2 minute among blocks. The retention test included two blocks of 10-attempt that token 48 hours after last acquisition session. It is used covariance analysis test (3(group)* 10(throw)) in acquisition phase and LSD test to analyze the data.

The result showed that the internal focus attention group performed better than the control group in acquisition phase (P = 0.012), there isn’t significant difference between external focus attention group's mean (P = 0.084). also there isn’t significant difference between internal focus attention group's mean and external one (P = 0.401). In other words, internal focus led to an improvement in basketball throwing performance in children at the acquisition stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of focus instructions on motor skills learning in children. The results of free throw performance scores did not show any significant difference between the groups during retention, but showed the advantage of using internal attention in the acquisition stage. A theoretical understanding of how different instructions  can have practical implications for teachers and educators in helping learners  for acquire skills, and changes in performance and learning processes depend on both task and performance, and no definitive conclusion can be drawn as to which The type of focus is useful for children's learning, and educators should take on the role of facilitator in guiding learners, regardless of the type of focus provided in different areas of learning.

The etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is still unknown. New evidence is increasing for the involvement of altered immune responses in the pathogenesis of ASD. This study aimed to compare the serum immunoglobulin levels in children with ASD and a group of healthy children.  

This case-control study was performed on 42 patients referred to the Psychiatric clinics of Taleghani Hospital, Gorgan, Iran in 2019-2020 (Referral center). Children were divided into two subgroups with and without autism according to the standard autism diagnosis questionnaire (MChat). After obtaining informed written consent, 5 ml of the blood sample was taken from each patient for laboratory evaluation of serum Immunoglobulins (IgM,IgG,IgA) levels; then the patients' information (Demographic, laboratory) was recorded in a checklist. Finally, the data analyzed using SPSS software version 18.0.

The results of the study showed that among 42 children participating, 21 were healthy (57.15% male) and 21 had autism (61.90% male).  There was no significant difference in the levels of immunoglobulins M and G between the autism and control groups. The serum level IgA in male in the control and autism groups was different (p = 0.001), showing low IgA levels in male children with autism.

This study showed the serum level of immunoglobulin A in patients with autism and in males was lower than in healthy children, which may be due to autoimmune disorders, immune system defects.

Today, the connection between spirituality, religion, and parenting are unquestionable. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of God's spiritual oriented multidimensional parenting and positive parenting on mothers with high stress. The present study was a quasi-experimental study. The statistical population was all mothers of 8-11-year-old boys and girls who were studying in schools of Tehran, 15th district in the academic year of 2016-2017; among the mothers of these students, 30 were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups (15 each). Subjects in the multidimensional spiritual-religious parenting experimental group (12 sessions of 120 minutes) and the positive parenting group (10 sessions of 120 minutes) were trained weekly and the control group received no training. The results were analyzed using an Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Based on the results, the mean and standard deviation of the age of mothers spiritual multidimensional parenting group (M = 34.2; SD = 3.19); the positive parenting group (M = 33.8; SD = 7.14); and the control group were equal (M = 36.3; SD = 6.16).  parental satisfaction (P <0.001, F = 10.66), parenting style (P <0.01, F = 5.19), and parental self-efficacy (P <0.05). F= 3/70), in God's spiritual oriented multidimensional parenting group is significantly higher than the scores of the positive parenting group and the control group (P <0.05). According to recent research and that achieving spiritual transformation and growth can facilitate the mental and physical health of mothers and children. The role of parents in moderating children's development, especially children's spiritual development, needs more attention.

Seizures have been prevalent among children leading to critical complications and death in some cases, investigation of the reasons for seizures is of great importance. The aim of this investigation was to assess the influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency on seizures.

This study was a case control study and carried out on 1 to 16-year-old children of Besat Hospital of Sanandaj, Kurdistan province, Iran, with the first episode of seizures (case) and children who were caming for routine laboratory checkup (control) in the year 2020.Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassays methods of blood sample for both case &control groups. The required data were collected and entered in SPSS software version 21.0 to be analyzed. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered as the significance level.

Total individuals of 120 children (72 (60%)boys) with an average age of 46.77+40.5 months were selected for the investigation.Sixty-two patients(51.7%)of the children received an appropriate vitamin D supplement, and prevalence of vitamin D supplementation use was higher in case group(P=0.011).The average serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in individuals was 31.36+19.01,and the average serum level of vitamin D in the patient group was greater than that of the control group(P=0.003).The frequency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was higher in the control group(p=0.001).

Based on the obtained results, an important conclusion can be reached that seizures in children were not effectively prevent by normal vitamin D supplements.

Acute abdomen is among the most common causes of pediatric hospitalization and ultrasound is the first diagnostic method. We aim to describe the best method of sonography to find the accurate diagnosis in the least time as possible.

Two independent researchers screened for the articles that were related with acute abdomen and method of sonography in childrens. The electronic databases that were searched including: PUBMED, SCOPUS,EMBASE and WEB OF SCIENCE up to January 2021.

We search about the common causes of acute abdomen in children that are admitted to the emergency room and we find that if we start the sonography in ileum terminal and mesenteric vessels in children, so we can diagnosis the etiology in less time and help to manage the critically ill patients in the best way .By identifying ileum terminal in RLQ, appendicitis can be find in posteroinferior of that and important diseases such as enterocolitis, tuberculosis, Crohn's disease, and lymphoma can be find easily. In epigastric area, diagnosing mal-rotation and mid-gut volvulus is crucial to save a baby's life. complete visualization of the pathway of the mesenteric vessels and visualization of other abnormalities in this area such as HPS, pancreatitis, bowel obstructions.

systematic sonographic approach in children with acute abdomen can show the main causes، by focusing on the ileum terminal and the mesenteric vessels, and many lesions are seen while trying to find these two viscera. We suggested the main gateways to start the ultrasound examination are RLQ, the terminal ileum, and epigastrium such as mesenteric vessels.

Time horizon, when considered as the basis for future planning and goals, can play a crucial role in determining people’s behavior. Such an understanding and vision of time guides our goals and motivations toward behavior and action. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the structural pattern of health-oriented behaviors based on psychological capital among students with a consideration of the mediating role of time horizon.
This study was a cross-sectional and correlational study. For this purpose, 275 students (male and female) were selected using random sampling in the academic year of 2019-2020 in Tehran, Iran. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling method. SPSS software version 25 and Lisrel 8.85 were used to analyze the research data.
Results showed that the direct paths of the psychological capital to healthy behavior variable were significant (β = 0.343, t = 3.953) and also, direct paths of the psychological capital to time horizon variable were significant (β = 0.576, t = 6.533). It was also manifested that direct paths of the time horizon to healthy behavior variable were significant (β = 0.399, t= 4.458). Moreover, the Bootstrap method determined the significant indirect effect of the latent variable of psychological capital on the healthy behavior through time horizon (β = 0.230, P <0.05).
Based on the results of this analysis, the relationship between psychological capital and the variable of healthy behavior as well as that of the variable of psychological capital and the time horizon were significant. In addition, the findings showed that the healthy behavior measure was significantly affected by the time horizon.

Numerous studies have proposed reality therapy as one of the successful approaches in addressing self-efficacy, and types of identity. So, This study try to assess effectiveness of Reality therapy on Self-efficacy and Identity Styles of Female Students
The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population included all of the second year high school female students (458) in the second district of Tehran during the academic year 2018-19, out of which 30 individuals were selected by the use of purposeful sampling method. To collect data, Self-efficacy scale and Identity styles questionnaire were used, and then the participants were randomly assigned to the two control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group received reality therapy training for ten treatment sessions (90 minutes for each session). The data were analyzed using Multivariate covariance in SPSS-23.
The Mean ± SD of the groups were as follows: reciprocal behavior, 16.93 ± 0.884; reality therapy, 16.87 ± 0.834 and the control group, 17±0.926. The findings showed that training in reality therapy was successful on self-efficacy (P < 0.05; 0.27; 2 =0.72) and sample group identity (P < 0.05; 2 = 0.059).
Psychological groups in reality therapy can be applied as an effective approach to increase self-efficacy and improve identity style and thus reduce behavioral and social damage.

The modified Fontan operation is one of the essential surgical techniques in children with congenital heart diseases. Thus, we sought to identify the characteristics as well as the early and late outcomes of patients who have undergone Fontan operation during more than 10 years.
The medical records of 52 patients who underwent modified Fontan operation from March 21th, 2006 to March 20th, 2018, at Tabriz Children's Hospital including the baseline, clinical and surgical data were extracted and reviewed. Patients were invited for follow up visits and clinical examination and echocardiographic evaluations were conducted.
The most prevalent heart anomaly was tricuspid valve disorders (28 cases, 51.9%). The majority of patients (42 cases, 80.2 %) underwent intracardiac lateral tunnel Fontan. The most prevalent complications were prolonged pleural effusion and neurologic events (each one in 10 cases, 19.2%). The in-hospital mortality rate was 15.3%. The patients were followed for a median of 7 years. The survival of those successfully followed was 75 percent. The most common valvular disorder was mitral valve regurgitation (MR), which was present in 84% of cases. The group of patients with single ventricle had a significantly higher mortality rate than the other groups (P = 0.018).
Survival rate of patients undergoing a Fontan completion is acceptable. However, patients remain at risk for morbid events. Moreover, patients with Fontan circulation should be strictly followed to investigate the development of MR and to timely repair in severe cases to prevent further deterioration. Of note, due to some limitations of our study, further multi-centric studies are required to confirm our findings.

cheating is one of the forms of abuse that has become one of the biggest concerns of educational institutions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to Provide a model for explaining the impact of achievement goals, social comparison, cognitive-emotional trust, and imbalance between effort -reward on student cheating behavior.
Structural equation modeling was the method used in this research. The statistical population of this study consisted of 384 students selected from male second- high schools in 4 districts of Tehran in the academic year 2017-2018. According to Morgan table, the sample size was specified; and cluster random sampling method was used for sample selection. Achievement Goals Questionnaire, developed by Migli et al., 2000; Social Comparison Scale by Chan and Parandrgst, 2007; Cognitive -Emotional Trust Scale by Yang and Mohsedler, 2010; Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire by Sigrist, 2010; and cheating Behavior Questionnaire by Newstead et al., 1996 were applied for collecting data. For data analysis, Pearson’s correlation with SPSS 20 and Amos 24 (α = 0.05) were used.
A significant positive correlation was found between avoidance (r=.560, P <0.01), performance (r = .329, P <0.01) and cheating behavior.Whearas, there was a significant negative correlation between avoidance subscale and cheating behavior (r =-429, p <0.01). Mreover, there was no significant relationship between imbalance effort-reward and cheating behavior. However, emotional trust (r=.391, P <0.01) and cognitive trust (r=.145, P <0.01) were positively correlated with cheating behavior.
The results obtained in this study indicated that social comparison and cognitive-emotional trust variables have the power to explain the scores of cheating behavior.  However, the other two variables of this study and model did not show a significant relationship with it..

Children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities are the most challenging groups of individuals among exceptional people. In this regard, the main responsibility lies with the parents, tutors, psychologists, and nurses. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive flexibility training on reducing cognitive problems in adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
The present quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The participants included 40 female students aged 13-18 years who attended special schools in the city of Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected using the Wisconsin Card Scoring Test (WCST) and the Test for Severe Impairment (TSI). The data were analyzed through SPSS software (version 18.0), using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of covariance analysis.
After moderating the pretest scores, cognitive flexibility training showed to have a significant effect (P<0.05) on reduction of cognitive impairment. The effect of cognitive flexibility training on reducing cognitive impairment was 70.2%. Moreover, the training used also had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reduction of motor impairment, language comprehension impairment, language processing, memory impairment, and general knowledge by 33.7%, 10.4%, 14.8%, 28.6%, and 11%, respectively. The results showed that the cognitive flexibility training did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on reduction of impairment in abstract conceptualization.
It was revealed that 13-18-year-old adolescents with intellectual disabilities who attended a total of 15 training sessions had fewer cognitive problems such as motor function, language comprehension, language processing, memory, and general knowledge.

Knowledge regarding true birth-month effect on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) risk has important effect on the adoption of preventive strategies. In this meta-analysis we assessed the Association between month of birth and MS, during 2000-2020.
In this systematic review, an extensive search was performed on the scientific databases including PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science. They were electronically searched using detailed search strategy to December 2020. Reviewing and extracting the data were done by two independent authors. I² statistics were used to assess the heterogeneity in the included studies. Depending amount of heterogeneity random or fix effect model was used to estimate the pooled OR.
In the initial search we enrolled 93 records according to search strategy. However, 15 articles, with 181602 total subjects, were finally included in the Meta-analysis. According to results from pooled meta-analysis the excess risk of MS by birth months observed in April and June was 1.03 (1.00 – 1.06), and 1.02 (1.00 – 1.05), respectively; while the lower risks of MS by birth months were attributed to January and November the expected MS birth odds ratio of which has been 0.98 (0.96 – 0.99), and 0.96 (0.93 – 1.01), respectively.
Our meta-analysis showed that Month of birth has a significant effect on subsequent MS risk. This can be due to the amount of ultraviolet light exposure in the third trimester of pregnancy. Increased vitamin D intake from supplements under conditions of limited exposure to sunlight can be effective in preventing MS.

Because of the impact of prenatal care on the health of mothers and children, improving the quality of prenatal care is necessary. Improving the quality of care is not possible without users' comments. The purpose of this study was, then, to evaluate the psychometrics of the Quality of Prenatal Care Questionnaire (QPCQ) among Iranian mothers.

The participants of this descriptive study comprised of 300 postpartum women, who were selected by convenience sampling method. After obtaining approval from the original tool designer, all of the participants were asked to complete the Persian version of QPCQ to achieve its construct validity. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was computed to determine the construct validity, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to determine the reliability and internal consistency; test-retest method was also performed to evaluate the repeatability using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).

In the CFA test, the data had an acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.048, CFI = 0.903, and IFI = 0. 904). Cronbach's alpha coefficient and ICC of the whole questionnaire were 0.883 and 0.822, respectively, which approved the reliability and stability of the Persian version of the instrument.

The study findings demonstrated that the Persian version of QPCQ enjoys satisfactory validity and reliability indices, which can be used as a suitable tool to assess and reveal the quality of prenatal care in Iran, in order to develop appropriate interventions in attenuated care.