فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 73 (بهار 1400)

In the present century the increase of population, the need for more food, increasing environmental pollution, the use of new and renewable energy, including wind more human attention. Iranchr('39')s special geographical position, take advantage of this to provide clean energy and it is economically cost effective. In the present study to determine the potential assessment, the use of wind energy in the countrychr('39')s desert areas and desert, from hourly wind speed and position data in the period 1987 until 2015. After the control of quantitative and qualitative data, maps of spatial changes of wind speed and spatial analysis using the method of including the local Moran, the potential use of wind energy in various parts of the region was classified. The results of the investigation showed that the provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan, the southern parts of South Khorasan and Yazd, including areas of the East and South are prone to install wind turbines and wind energy received. In the continuation of the investigation it was determined the maximum wind speed in the region in the early hours of the day to early afternoon (hours are 9 am-15 pm) occurs resulting in the greatest amount of energy available in the extraction interval. An important point is that during the investigation it was determined the necessity of paying attention to the potential of coastal areas in the field of wind energy supply. The special climatic and geographical characteristics of these areas has been caused at all times of the day witnessed a relatively strong winds and persistent winds from a high potential for energy supply.

The purpose this study was to evaluate the level of elementary school children environmental awareness, attitude and practice of environmental issues and the relationship between students and teachers is the level of environmental awareness. This study is applied and the method of research is descriptive-analytic. The study population included all students studying in fourth, fifth and sixth primary school and teachers respectively. Data collection tool that utilizes the experts confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient 0/7. Data analysis was performed through Spss software. The results of the statistics shows that the level of environmental awareness of students and teachers is low and the environmental awareness of students and teachers was established. Sex Factor teachers and students on knowledge, attitude and practice no significant environmental effects on students (0/05 Pvalue≥). Moreover, the impact of the level of education on environmental awareness of students, indicated that the level of education on environmental attitudes and practice of students but has no effect on their environmental knowledge is effective.

Nowadays, Considering to the role and value of land in development and space management process, observation and analysis of the causes and consequences of land use changes in rural areas, especially areas that are in high tensions with urban areas, is of paramount importance. Land use changes, for any reason, could be effective in the organizing of physical and socio-economic impacts in rural spaces. Today, using and organization of land is one of the most important principles of spatial planning, because realization of various aspects of physical compliance standards such as accessibility, proximity, the safety and space efficacy depends on proper management of land. On the other side, land use and ways of using it in public, has always been the source of conflicts and social problems and conflicts between public resources and legal rights and how to exploit it. But the land and the loss of land and construction in rural areas is a main topic that nowadays, considering to development and growth of the population and changing the currents and interaction of urban and rural areas, is highly regarded. Shandiz rural district as a part of Binalodd Township had been experimented increasing land use changes in recent years and this study tried to analyzing the reasons and result of these changes.

Shandiz district is located at a distance of 15 kilometers from the northwest side of Mashhad, and its total population contain 30981 persons, with a rural population of 20553 people. It has 27 rural areas that 7 villages (Sarasiab, Hessar Sorkh, Veirani, Abardeh Olya, Zoshk, Chah Khaseh, and Archang) with the most changes in land uses are chosen as case study area according to the formal data given by the Housing Foundation and the data is collected accordingly. The present study aims at achieving a clear picture of the effects of land use changes of Shandiz district on a conceptual basis. To achieve this, grounded theory approach is used. The grounded approach is among qualitative methods of research which is used for investigating social processes in human interactions. In this method, data collection, analysis and final theory have close relationship with each other and the author does not begin the work with the theory he/she has in his/her mind, but starts the work in the reality domain and lets it emerge through the data he/she collects.

Since the conceptual model of theoretical fundamentals has three main parts, that is, (a) causes and contributing factors; (b) process and changes; and (c) results and consequences, the questions and investigations are organized in such a way that this process is realized and the three structural components are implemented in some way.
Step 1: Causes and Factors Affecting Changes in Land Uses
In Step 1, to explain and draw theoretical and fundamental model, some questions were posed concerning the causes of changes in land uses and the villagerschr('39') tendency to such changes. As can be seen by the results of total percentages of each dimension, the most frequency of the causes and factors affecting such changes in land uses relates to social and legal dimension with a frequency of 38.5% and then, relates to economic causes with a frequency of 29.93%. Environmental and institutional-regulatory causes rank second in terms of importance.
Step 2: Types of Changes in Land Uses and the Process Required for Such

In the next section, one makes investigation into the most common types of changes in land uses among the villages of the study area. Accordingly, in most of the villages of the study area, the most common type of such change was from farmlands and orchards to residential lands and/or lands used for tourism services. Investigation into the changes in land uses and its most common types are in fact indicative of this important point that these changes can be explained in two internal and external types. In internal changes, most of the agricultural activities change from one type into another one, that, which protection of natural resources and the view of the land and village, no residential building or industrial products have been erected or manufactured which disturb the arrangement and layout.
Step 3: Effects and Consequences of Change in Land Uses
Given the results obtained, the most important consequences of change in land use in villages can first be attributed to the environment of the village and imbalance between environmental cycles of these areas so that this dimension with a cumulative frequency of 48.5% is higher than economic effects (27.28%) and social effects (24.28%). This result may be a warning for environmental crises in rural areas and, consequently, increasing relations between city and village because most of these effects are resulted from the role a village plays as a service provider to urban tourists on a direct basis.

According to the results from the study, the most important causes and factors affecting change in land use in the study area can be social-legal, economic, environmental, regulatory and institutional ones. Accordingly, failure to organize and properly supervise the price of land, decreased support of agriculture, and the problems due to market and profitability of this activity can be such causes and factors which may lead to such changes in favor of industrial constructions and/or decrease such environmental potentials as green and agricultural lands in rural areas. Accordingly, in the 1st dimension, it is recommended that in order to reduce these changes, some support policies are made by the authorities concerned in the field of agricultural production as well as some regulatory laws are strictly enforced in rural areas. Given the fact that the most changes are made for the purpose of increased human constructions and environmental degradation, with development of interactions between villages and cities in these areas, degradations due to the presence of tourists and villa construction will lead to many economic and social changes such as ecosystem imbalance, native populationchr('39')s leaving the villages and immigration to cities, and decreased agricultural productions during a long time.

One of the problems in todaychr('39')s cities is  lack of proper land use planning and the overuse of various types of motor vehicles especially private cars, which lead to traffic congestion and increased energy consumption resulting to side effects such as increased atmospheric and noise pollution, reduced health and quality degradation. The present research has been conducted to evaluate the effects of land use planning on travel generation and energy consumption in Tabriz city and is descriptive-analytical in terms of its applied and descriptive nature. With regard to three intensive cities approaches, intelligent growth and transport planning, indicators have been developed to study the impact of urban land use on travel and energy consumption. Using the radius of access in the network analysis, which is one of the tools for reviewing the range of urban services in the GIS, the indicators surveyed by the GIS show a more favorable situation of the citychr('39')s central regions than urban suburbs, and there is an appropriate infrastructure in this part of the city. This issue necessitates more attention to the planning of land use in the whole city of Tabriz, especially in the suburbs. This is because it reduces the people’s use of the suburbs in case the existing problems in the areas are eliminated and their needs are met.  A city in the city center will reduce traffic and reduce travel both in the center and in the suburbs.

Regarding to importance of Juniperus sites, it is important to estimation of tree density and spatial structure of them using Geostatic. This study was conducted in Golestan province, Chaharbagh with area of 60 ha. We refined a 15×20 grid and 300 plots (45×45 m2) were measured. The number of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) <7.5 cm were considered. The results of the variogram analysis showed that the tree density parameter had a vigorous spatial structure. First, the spherical model was fitted on the variogram. Then, the estimations and mapping were done using Kriging and IDW approaches. Cross validation results of approaches showed that the estimation of tree density was unbiased and these methods can be used for mapping spatial distribution of tree density with acceptable precision. The Kriging method with RMSE of 6.8 tree.ha-1 and 8.7% had the better performance in comparison with IDW with RMSE of 7.5 tree.ha-1 and 9.5%. So, the Kriging method is useable in ChaharBagh for tree density mapping.

Researches in recent years have shown that the implementation of watershed management projects without the participation of the public has not been successful and has led to the inefficiency of projects in watershedchr('39')s protection. In order to solve this problem, prioritizing the indexes and sub-indexes affecting the non-participation of people is a fundamental step in the watershed management cycle, so that identifying the effective factors and prioritizing them will lead to maximum participation of the watershed residents. According to this goal, in this research, prioritization of effective factors was done on non-participation in watershed management projects from the exploiters viewpoint in Chikan and Morzian Sepidan watershed located in northwest of Fars province. The statistical population of this research was 51 exploiters (stakeholders) using Cochran formula. A questionnaire consisting of four indices and twelve sub-indices with Likert scale was used for data collection. The significance of indices and sub-indices was determined by SPSS software (version 23) using t-test and the Friedman nonparametric test was used to prioritize the effective indices and sub-indices. The results showed that in the prioritization of indicators from the beneficiarychr('39')s point of view "economic", "social", "educational-promotion" and "design-executive" indices were the effective factors, respectively and in sub-index "lack of training of basin residents on related plans and objectives" and "lack of attention to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) in watershed planning", had the highest and lowest priority in non-participation in watershed planning, respectively. In order to sustainable participation of exploiters in watershed management projects, it is necessary to solve the "economic" problems of beneficiaries and develop a comprehensive program of training and promotion of practical actions.

Progressing population growth, development of economic activities and human needs for natural resources, including water resources, have created an imbalance between supply and demand, ultimately causing instability and inadequacy of these resources in most parts of the world, especially arid and semiarid regions such as our country. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate and formulate strategies for improving water resource resiliency of Yazd Ardakan Plain. In this study, in order to achieve the resiliency of Yazd Ardakan Plain water resources, theoretical foundations of the research were initially studied using documentary (library) reviews. After that, model components of the research were refined and evaluated using the Delphi technique and obtaining expert consensus through survey processes and using a questionnaire. In the next step, the SOAR model was adopted in order to analyze the information and formulate a strategy for water resource resiliency of Yazd Ardakan Plain, and describe its strengths, opportunities, ideals and results. Also, Shannonchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s Entropy Algorithm was used to weigh these strategies. Based on the findings of the SOAR model and considering the results of the establishment of water-related economic activities instead of agricultural activities in Yazd Ardakan plain, it shows that this area is in transition from a social-economic structure based solely on agricultural activity to a new water-resource dependent structure which does not fit the concept of transient resiliency. Results of this study show that in order to increase resiliency of the regionchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s water resources, the need for substitution of non-water-dependent economic activities with less pollution such as Green businesses, eco-tourism, renewable energy and low-water industries in land development and planning programs should receive more attention.

Climate design, with the aim of using renewable resources to create climate resilience, is the most efficient manufacturing engineering to reduce vulnerability and increase climate adaptation. Climatic Resilience Coastal buildings in the face of the climatic element of radiation, at important levels and shells, and with the time and depth of radiation provide daily light, thermal comfort and energy control indoors. In terms of purpose, this research is in the group of applied research and according to the data and output model, it is research in terms of implementation. The research period (1985-2019) is in the coastal area of ​​Noor, where ecotech software was used. The results show that the area has 1884 hours of radiation and a coefficient of 500 watts per square meter. The daily radiation density is 79% on the building, which is 2.5% of the direct radiation range on the building, the most suitable of which is the south, southeast and east directions and the most unsuitable   direction is the west. Temperature and ventilation compatibility for air exchange is 2.24 watts per square meter per hour. The type of climatic resilience index of the region is passive adaptation to the regression slope of 0.93, which has the ability to return. For climatic design, six passive design techniques were proposed, including: thermal mass, direct, indirect evaporative cooling, passive radiant heating, night and natural ventilation. The active technique for designing residential spaces is equipped with a sun facade and roof with a slope angle of 46 to 51 degrees to the south and southwest of the building.

One of the important issues in recent years is the drying up of Zagros oak forests and since Zagros oak forest is one of the natural resources of Ilam province, this issue needs to be evaluated. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial relationship between drought in Zagros forests and droughts in the area. For the spatial and temporal analysis of drought in Ilam province, Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) for the period 2000 to 2016 was used from the rainfall data of the province and for spatial analysis of oak forest drying relationship using spatial pattern distribution models, Moranchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s spatial autocorrelation model. A systematic random sampling of 15 m2 of dried oak trees at the surface of the area was performed using GPS and simulated using Landsat satellite images with 15 m2 resolution. The results of Moran model showed that oak drought has a cluster pattern and the Moran index with SPI coefficient was 0.914532 in positive drought zone and 0.938461 in severe drought zone and 0.985233 in relatively dry zone and 996512 in near-normal drought zone. The mean Moran index was 0.956758 with a significant level of 0.00001 indicating the effect of drought on oak dryness.