مجله مطالعات داستانی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Sociology of Literature is a new and interdisciplinary science that examines the impact of society on literature as well as the impact of literature on society.The sociological critique of the novel deals with the relationship between the novel and the society and This science examines the interaction of these two on each other.Hungarian critic György Lukács is one of the theorists who has contributed greatly to the advancement of this science Because he presented a theoretical critique of the novel and promoted this science. His theory is based on a critique of the form and theme of literary work. His theory includes realism, typical personality, causal relationship, and social content. In this study, we investigate  Ghassan Kanafanis Rijāl fī ash-Shams ( Men in the Sun)novel based on this theory.The results of the research show that Ghassan Kanafanis storyteller, researcher and theoretician of the field of literature in his novels devoted to the facts of the Palestinian community. He posed topics such as race, ethnicity, war and immigration in his works and He tried to criticize the problems and to cure the political-social problems and depict real life. Therefore, the features of György Lukács realism are clear in this novel.

One of the important issues about narration is the narrative sequence and the role of causal factors in fiction planning. The causal relationships of narrative creator, especially in our educational literature, are formed in relation to the various themes of society. In this article, we have tried to study the causal relations and dominant themes in Saadi's narrative as well as his way of solving the riddle of the anecdotes. The dominant causal relationships in Boostan's anecdotes as a teaching and ethical text were factors such as the culture and ideologies of society, ethical features, mystical discourse. Also, the presence of typographic characters in the narrative design was examined. Saadi's narrative in explaining the causal relations of his story is often the formation of a dialogue that solves the narrative's plot. The founding of the story based on these themes reflects Saadi's attention as a moral teacher to various social issues. The relationship between the structure and content for the boostan is triggered.

Our perception is usually binary opposition and prefer one over the other. In Shahnameh heaven and earth and its elements are at odds with each other. In this paper, the interaction of water gods and demon's drought in the Shahnameh. Water as the second most valuable element of fire in Iranians ancient. Positions dry ground in the territory of Iran and successive droughts have caused drought for as their greatest enemy, the evil incarnation of the charts. Water continually in conflict with the devil god's drought and rain barrier were to the ground. In ancient mythology and Apoush battle manifestation of this struggle. Battle of the two forms the basis of many epic stories of Shahnameh in the embodiment of evil and demon's drought, milk, Perry and his ruthless kings have made the charts. The most obvious aspect of this fight in the Battle of Fereydoun, Zahhäk as well as Kai and witness Afrasiab.

This paper attempts to explore the characteristics of minimalism school in the selected tales of large environment delgosha  of  obayde gakani. Due to the proximity of  principles and characteristics of minimalism school as a Western School that in the twentieth of century with in flunences from conditions political , economic and cultural in he Europe forming to the Iranian stories that  they having a long history in the trans literature of classical in format discipline and prose , and with regard to the origin of these two types of literature that were formed in different cultural contexts, investigating this topic in stories  of big environment  obayde gakani is necessary. The study was conducted by noting and analyzing the content and its aim is to provide minimalism school’s effects in selected stories obayde gakani. The most important findings of this research are as follow: 1- The similarity and high proximity the story of minimalist school’s features with Iranian stories.2- superiority of  obayde gakani story on minimalist from content aspect.3- expressing clear boundary of minimalist school with Iranian stories.

According to Jung's views on the influence of archetypes on the journey of human individuality, Ms. Carol Pearson presented twelve archetypes of personality and described this journey as three stages of the hero's journey: preparation, travel and return. It turned out that every human being can reach his true self by being on this journey and with the guidance of the twelve archetypes. One of the heartwarming stories in Persian literature is the story of Bahram Gore's behavior in the seven military bodies, which is completely consistent with the three stages of self-knowledge and individuality in Pearson's psychology, which can be introduced as a model for eliminating the contradiction of contemporary human life. Be. In this story, the hero (Bahram) prepares for a mythical journey with the guidance and evolution of archetypes (innocent, orphan, warrior, patron) and with the energy of archetypes (seeker, lover, destroyer, creator) in the utopia of the seven domes, his inner world. Explores and achieves true self, and in return, with the help of archetypes (ruler, sorcerer, sage, looter), transforms the realm of his kingdom and the outside world, and attains enlightenment and salvation

Verbal humor is a branch of discourse analysis and discourse analysis is a branch of linguistic knowledge that aims to examine the content of the word in context and examines linguistic, social, and cultural characteristics in order to explain how meaning and work evolve. The linguistics of discourse analysis can provide an appropriate application in the analysis of dramatic texts and provide a comprehensive explanation of all aspects of the structure of the language of the text and the tools that are effective in generating verbal humor. Therefore, in addition to the linguistic analysis of verbal satire, patterns can also be introduced to create humor. Since understanding and comparing the discourse of the literary works of the world and comparing them, helps us to understand human phenomena, it is therefore necessary to pay attention to the two famous comedic works of Iran and America from this perspective. For this purpose, the author sought to compare the comedy of Daiijan Napoleon by Iraj the Doctor and the Neil Simon's The Pokémon based on the discourse analysis approach. In this article, after defining verbal humor, elements such as "contradiction", "exaggeration" and "mojahedin", "word play", "repetition" and "dramatic irony" as factors in creating "verbal humor" on the story of Daei Jhan Napoleon ”and“ Pokémon ”are analyzed and presented with examples. According to the findings of this study, in Napoleon's Daiyan, all sorts of humor arise from verbal arrays, but in keywords, the author is not very careful in choosing words, and is more concerned with the content. In the semantics of language too, the irony of the contradiction in both works is high.

In this research, the issue of colonization in the twenty-first decade, the approaches and discourses that have been formed in this field and their way of representing them in selected Persian novels by descriptive analytical method have been investigated. To this end, the problem of colonialism and the presence of colonists in the twenty-first decade in Iran was investigated and then the representation of this presence in the selected Persian novels was analyzed. The results of the research show that in these novels, more attention is paid to the political and then economic impact of the colonial presence in Iran and to the less attention paid to cultural and social issues. Three discourses are featured in these novels: anti-colonialist discourse with "good" appearances and prevailing voices in these novels, and the discourse of the monarchist and colonialists, representing these two discourses, are "bad" "It has been an exponential.In the novels studied, the authors have tried to convey the issue of colonialism in the twenty-thirty decades of fiction, and by doing so, while reflecting historical events, their novels turned into a platform for awareness and the struggle against colonialism Convert

Postmodernism is a broad semantic field that was initially used to describe stories and novels in which different writing styles were combined. In this essay, the authors intend to take advantage of postmodernist techniques such as: Angle change, time and space shuffle, ambiguity, side effects, Intertextuality and Hypertextuality, Contradiction, figures of speech and poetic language, Deprivation of authority, the collapse of the grand narratives, steam of narration, collage, change the focus of narration and mythology and so on… review and analyze this novel. The purpose of this article is also to answer this question: "What are the most important postmodern components of Bijan Najdi's work?" The research method in this article is also theoretical based on the purpose of this study and from a research methodological point of view, it is a descriptive-analytical research.

The mission of structuralism in the field of literature, the analysis of writing, the separation of works and literary genres, is to examine the external factors influencing the emergence of an artistic genre. Proponents of this school have introduced rules for describing authors' work, which introduces the aesthetic aspects of a work and compares the writing to other works, while facilitating criticism and evaluation of the work, revealing the extent of its creative potential. Because of its semantic complexity, the traditional type requires more study than contemporary writings. This essay examines the four mystical authorities (in madness, in love, in travel rituals and in Sufism) according to the rules of structuralism, and concludes that the content of this literary work has always been mystical moral advice. The author has made no effort in word-making and composition, and he has completed the beginning and end of the authorities without stroke and injury. Judge Hamid al-Din has built an education in intent and has not neglected to use the form of rhetoric and eloquent Arabic and Persian rhetoric, and has shown the art of guaranteeing and inserting Persian poems and poetry.

Accounting for the association between woman and nature, ecofeminism accentuates the view that in the texts, women are equated with nature and men with culture, and denotes the dichotomy derived from the view that women betoken body and emotion and that men signify reason and logic. Accordingly, this investigation endeavors to scrutinize the novel, "Intertwined with Convoluted Time," from the perspective of ecofeminism via the qualitative content analysis with a descriptive and analytical focus. The findings elucidate that there is a reciprocal relationship between the exploitation of nature and women in this novel. Woman is the earth; by devastating or murdering a woman, the land is desiccated and prosperity is wrecked. Nature is womanly portrayed. Khan Dai's character in the novel, like the drought dragon in the folk tales, prompts death and harm to women as well as drought and destruction to the earth. Through a deconstructive viewpoint and a scrutiny from a patriarchal benchmark, the author delineates a woman as an emancipator, who vanquishes prevalent stereotypes and triumphs over the drought dragon, illustrated in the allegorical destruction of her grandmother's house.

Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics that examines the hidden power relations and ideological processes in linguistic texts to analyze the sociology of language. Marzbannameh is one of the allegorical texts of pre-Islamic Iran in which the author deals with the pathology of socio-political issues of his time or previous periods. This writing aims to analyze the critical discourse of the text of the story of "Zirak and Zarvi" from the sixth chapter of Marzbannameh based on the theoretical framework of Norman Farklaf, in three levels: description, interpretation and explanation in a descriptive-analytical way. The result is that this text, while recounting the actors' communication system based on the hierarchy of power in pre-Islamic Iranian society, plays an important role in conveying the prevailing beliefs and values in society and the discourse of the characters in the story. In order to consolidate the political thought of the author and the intellectual space and power of the possibilities available in the speech of the characters of the story, the explanation of why this text was produced according to the prevailing policy of that period.

The time element is the most important matter and is one of the integral components of narration. Ihsan Abd al Qudus (1919. 1990 AD),is one of Romanticism storyteller in the modern Arabic literaturr, writer of the novel soghubon fessoghel asvad bring up an image of African society in 1960 s. This study reviws with an dsscriptivv analysis method and whit consideration of Gerar ganete theory of narrative time, as the most complete theory of narrative time element in three stages order, duration and frequency, studies the novel of soghubon fessoghel asvad. The results were obtainet from the 19/98 of the novel were narrated by flashinh back or a time leap in the normal course of his narrative at 41 point with retrospectively, which involves 15/85 of the novel and at 44 point with reference to future that includes 4/13 of the novel. Continuance in this novel that is 259 pages and including calendar tim would be 665 days, 2/567 days evaluat for each page. The average acceleration of the novel is 10/02 days per pages wich indicates a negative rhythm of the text. In the novel was common to function various types of frequency and frequent repeats with frequent storytelling, for instance 23 events at the same time and telling them over and over again is the reason why the novel has been slow.