پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 42 (بهار 1400)

Mashhad has been of great importance as the religious center of Iran since the Safavid period. The expansion of religious science, in line with government goals, led to the construction of many schools in the Safavid period. The schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Ja'far in Mashhad, which have survived to some extent, have been decorated with significant decorations on their walls since construction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the decorations of the schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Ja'far, including their inscriptions and plant ornaments. The main question is what are the herbal decorations of the schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Ja'far, and what are the hadithic and Quranic themes and inscriptions associated with them? The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is library based and especially on field photography. The findings show that the decorations of the schools of Kheirat Khan and Mirza Jafar belong to the historical periods of the Safavid, Qajar, Pahlavi and Islamic Revolution. The technique of decoration is tiling on the porches, porches and walls, as well as plastering, painting, Mogharnas and carpentry. Contemporary principles in the contemporary work of architecture have not been observed and much has been reconstructed. The decorations are mostly Khatami and Islamic, while geometric decorations feature on the entrance hall of the Khairat Khan school. The third lines used are Kufi flower and masonry and the content of the inscriptions can be categorized into eight groups of construction and history, names of individuals, Qur'anic verses, wise advice on science, the name of Imams, Asmaa al-Hassani, martyrdom and revolutionary slogan.

The subject of the present study concerns the analysis of visual codes-- on one of the most important paintings that relates to the themes of mystical literature in the Timurid era. . This issue arises from the fact that from the middle of the ninth century AH, simultaneous with the growth and development of mysticism and Sufism, as well as the flourishing of Iranian book schools in the Timurid era, special attention was paid to the illustration of mystical texts. Among these works, Attar's Manteq al_tayr is available at the Metropolitan museum of art, which is one of the masterpieces of the Herat school paintings and also is an exquisite illustration with a mystical theme. A number if it's paintings including " the boy’ cry over his father's death" is attributed to master Kamaluddin Behzad and contains deep semantic layers . This study intends to identify and study thematic roots and pictorial codes of the mentioned painting as a selection of painting mystical themes in Herat Teymouri school..The question is: to what extent has been the artist's freedom of action in the content, application and visual codes, in the painting of" The boy’s cry over his father's desth "The result of the research demonstratd that the prevailing atmosphere and Sufi brliefs of the Timurid era have influenced to a large extent, the formation of image and the choice of symboles and rich visual codes such as color, motif, lack of cover, tomb, snake and birds sycamore tree and creek that are used in the painting. Sometimes they are rooted in religious beliefs and sometimes they're derived from culture .This research is done in an analytical historical way and the method of data collection is library information.

In designing an architectural space ،one of the most important issues is the type of perception that the designer has of the conceptual field of that space. This means what the designer has in mind for that member. Admittedly ،this area is associated with changes according to the conditions of society and over time. The purpose of this article is to identify the concepts ،so with the help of understanding the input background ،the course of changes in the input concept can be examined.To this end ،addressing the input element of schools ،the question of this research is what changes the concept of input has changed over time and how these changes can be revealed based on its embodiment in different buildings. In order to examine this issue in more detail ، the present study has limited our time period to the Timurid period so far ،which is defined in a total of five general periods ،and from each period ،a sample of schools and their entrances have been analyzed.. Based on the findings of the article in the Basics section ،in order to understand the concept of a four-dimensional architecture ،the signs ،meaning ،function and instructions for the use of space must be analyzed. The analysis of these four dimensions in the field of school entrance led to the understanding of the difference between the concept of this element and architecture during the period. Based on the results ،the concept of school entrance space in its historical course has changed from an entrance space with a specific meaning ،function ،sign and function ،and today it has become more of an influence space without its previous concepts. The space that was articulated between the people and the school is today only a day for students to enter and leave.

Museums, due to fundamental changes in a modern world, have changed from a place for just preserving and protecting treasures and charms to a place of dignity and service toward visitors. As a platform for creating meaning have always tried toidentify the perceptions of visitors in order to improve the quality of visits. The concept of the visitor's lived experience has a considerable capacity to justify the visitor's perception of the museum, and as an individual and mental issue, it takes place in the overlap of three individual, physical and socio-cultural contexts. The present study expands the knowledge in this regard by redefining and integrating the concept of the museum visitor experience in the holy place. The present study, along with identifying the efficient factors, has expanded knowledge in this regard by redefining and integrating the concept of visitors' experience in a sacred place. The aim is to reveal the nature, the way and the reading of visitors' experience in museums of Imam Reza's Holy Shrine as a symbol of a sacred place This research has an applied objective and utikizes an interpretive approach with a qualitative strategy. The research method is selected in the theoretical section of systematic review resources and in the case study section, directional qualitative content analysis has been selected. The results of the study showed that the visitors' experience in museum, because of the expanding the sacredness, is influenced by two domains of inter and intra person experience. Visitors' experience in Imam Reza's Holy Shrine's Museums along with the emphasis on the cognitive dimension of experience by the museum staff, is more religious. 

The current study entitled "Study of Entrepreneurship and Employment in the Field of Knowledge-Based Businesses Based on Endowment Capacity" addresses one of the key issues in the field of business that can play an important role in resolving social, cultural and even political crises. The issue of employment has always been one of the biggest concerns of officials in various management levels of the country. The passage of various laws, and the formation of various working groups to solve the employment problem show the importance of the issue. One of the most important issues in job creation is the issue of investment. Limitations of government resources have always been a major challenge to resolving the employment crisis. In the meantime, some semi-governmental organizations and institutions, which have financial resources due to their duties and responsibilities, can help solve the problem. The Endowment and Charity Organization is one of these organizations. The research method in terms of purpose is of the type of applied research. Also, according to the research method, the present study is a mixed type (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population in the qualitative section of the research is experts, specialists and pundits in various fields of management sciences, jurisprudence and Islamic economics and experts of the Endowment and Charity Organization in 1398 and 1399 in the country. The sampling method is purposeful and accessible. The statistical population will be in a small part to select the subjects by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The number of experts for polling in the Delphi method will be at least 20 experts, which will be done by purposeful sampling. The data collection method will be library and field using tools such as questionnaires and interviews with emphasis on the Delphi method. The technique of information analysis and modeling in this study will be Demitel, which has been used to identify the causal relationships between indicators in the subject of endowment investment in the fields of knowledge-based businesses and the production of a tangible structural model. The findings of this study show that in the test section of the model, the results show the effect of economic factors on knowledge-based businesses, especially the share and amount of non-cash income required by the business, the share and amount of cash income required by the business, the economic justification of the project, the amount of risk. The success of the project has the greatest impact on the organizational factors of knowledge-based businesses. 

Human activity are always carried out in the context of the geographical environment. On the one hand, the geographical context causes changes in human culture and action, and on the other hand, human beings make changes in the natural environment with their culture and technology in order to adapt and overcome environmental constraints. In fact, over time, human beings, by increasing their knowledge of the environment, try to establish their settlements in the places that environmental conditions are suitable and increase the productivity of its landscape. The study of the location of ancient settlements in the natural landscape leads to the discovery of environmental potentials and the way of life systems of their inhabitants. Due to the limitations and potentials of the region's ecology, we will see different spatial types of sites in the landscape. The main question of the research is about the relationship and role of environmental factors in the location of settlements pattern of Parthian sites in Khousf County in the eastern margin of Lut desert. This research have been done by descriptiveanalytical method and for data analysis and distribution pattern, GIS and SPSS software have been used with correlation and cluster analysis methods. The results show that due to the lack of permanent water resources in the region, access to sustainable water resources (Qanat) has been the most important factor in the formation of settlements in this period. After water sources, slope and soil type are other important factors in the formation of Parthian sites. Therefore, cluster analysis showed that two patterns, including a relatively large local center and a number of small villages around it, can be identified.