پژوهش نامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Classification of science has been emerged with development and extension of knowledge simultaneously and multiple researches are done in this subject.

This research intends to provide a clear image based on truth of the researches which are done in Iran. These researches are investigated in Persian language. The research method of this article is a documental-analytical review. The researches which were done in this subject including books, articles and thesis studied and compilation of websites, databases and libraries.  

Finding shows the beginning of the publication of the references related to this field referred to the 60s. Done researches in this field in terms of quantitatively and somewhat qualitatively are seemed to grow. The vector of study of previous researches in the field of classification of science reveals that the research moved towards critical, comparative studies and also lately towards the interdisciplinary approach. Mostly the maximum issued works in this field are published in papers form which have scientific credibility. Also there is some books which are written down in this field and few theses regarding this issues are done. Some articles in this issue also are compiled by librarians and experts of information published by knowledge and information science journals.

Intruduction: 

The aim is to briefly describe the pragmatist philosophy and to explore and analyze the pragmatist approach to the concept of relevance in information retrieval.

The article is a conceptual analysis that uses the Theory of Activity and literature review to explain what is happening in practice so that a person in need of information can solve his or her information needs. The theory of Activity is a comprehensive theory, by which the pragmatist approach of relevance concept is explained.

The system-oriented approach and the user-oriented approach have their origins respectively in the positivism and the hermeneutics. Only the studies on the evaluation of information retrieval (relevance) will be successful which have benefited both from the system-oriented approach and user-oriented one in studies in which all aspects of the relevance concept are considered. Pragmatists argued that a false dichotomy exists between two quantitative and qualitative approaches, and one may combine the two approaches so that the combination focuses on action. According to the pragmatic school, a document which is used is relevant. On the one hand, A can be considered relevant to task 1, only if A can help a person to achieve his/her goal and answer his/her information needs. On the other hand, that document in terms of its facial and intrinsic features should be in accordance with the need of the person who needs information, accepted by the culture of the intended community and accessible for the individual who needs information. In other words, a document that actually meets information needs is actually relevant.

Relevance is a complex concept and various factors affect its final outcome. Hence, in spite of numerous studies on the concept of relevance, further research is needed on this subject. Finally, one can say that thinking of the philosophy of science is necessary to understand the concept of relevance according to whether the purpose of science is to describe what is actually happening and is easily visible to us, or science should explain what is not readily apparent, and to determine it.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in the approach of interactive information retrieval studies from the decade 1990 to 2020 and drawing the co-word map based on the articles indexed in the Web of Science. 

The research has been done by a quantitative method, scientometric indicators and social network analysis. 10.294 sources were identified by searching the interactive information retrieval in the Web of Science database. Finally, 154 articles in the category of library and information science were analyzed. There was no specific timeframe for the search and data were retrieved from 1990 to 2020. SPSS and VOSviewer software package were used for data analysis.

The research findings indicated that since 2001, the scientific production of this field has started to grow and in 2016 reached the maximum number of articles, In fact, this growth trend peaked in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Also, Pia Borland, Iris Xie and Amanda Spink are highly-cited authors in the field of interactive information retrieval. Most of the studied literature focused on information behavior issues, attention to individual user differences, search process, search strategies, search function and information system design, query expansion and relevance. The paradigm shift of studies has from user attention, relevance feedback, and consequentialism to attention to the search process and related topics such as attention to individual differences in users, search strategies, search performance, search process, and query reformulation. In other words, focus of interactive information retrieval studies has changed from the outcome of search to search process and what happens in the search session. The findings of Ward's hierarchical clustering also resulted in the formation of three clusters, including "web search", "information seeking behavior" and "human-machine interaction". 

Investigating the content of information sources produced in the field of interactive information retrieval helps identify scientific production trends and change paradigm studies in this field.

Reflecting on the change in the world of the world through power domination, along with understanding (the relation of power-knowledge), while pointing out the sensitivity and influence (power category) to knowledge creation, storage, exchange and transfer; (knowledge strategy) and knowledge infrastructure to reach the “macro-knowledge management”; it can be a reason for the possibility change The world of knowledge and consequently (the change in the world of libraries and information centers) in history; therefore, it must "manage the vast array of subjective knowledge" from the beginning (production of knowledge) to the end (distribution) It was not far from the mind. The purpose of this study is to recognize the “macro-knowledge management” of power

This qualitative research approach and its methodology have been the underlying theory. Participants in the research included twenty faculty members in related topics of social sciences and information science and science. They were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed based on three coding methods used in grounded theory, including open source coding, axial coding and selective coding.

The results of this study showed that: The underlying theory emphasizes the likelihood of the existence of the exploitation of the world of knowledge of the world, which is shaped by its power and its impact on the processes of information management and knowledge management. Accordingly, the exploitation of the knowledge of the universe is indisputable in favor of the influence and power of the reality of reality, and this factor is a factor in the transformation of information and knowledge through the administration of knowledge.

A bi-directional management in different forms: Value management (Knowledge Management Affected by Science Classification); Cognitive Knowledge Management (Cognitive Knowledge Management); Exclusive Knowledge Management (Knowledge Management Influenced by Geopolitics of Information); Destructive Knowledge Management (Knowledge Management Affected by the Destruction of Information Resources); Infected Knowledge Management (Managing Knowledge Based on Information Pollution) can be applied.

Knowledge as a fundamental factor of competition and innovation tool in the modern economic world and the scientist has become a valuable commodity and needs proper management. Identifying the factors and obstacles for the implementation of knowledge management system and the lack of formation and implementation of knowledge management systems is one of the basic principles and prerequisites for implementing the knowledge management system in a set.

The present study is exploratory in terms of purpose. Also, this research has been done using an interpretive approach and a qualitative method of case study. The population of the present study includes all the employees of The Organization of Libraries, Museums Center of Astan Quds Razavi, which are a total of 350 people. Targeted snowball sampling was performed among experts familiar with the field of knowledge management who have previously conducted research in this regard. The number of sample people according to the theoretical saturation of the data was 7 employees. In this study, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Thematic or team-based analysis was performed to analyze the data using MAXQDA version 10 qualitative data analysis software.

After analyzing the data and coding several stages of interviews conducted by several researchers to achieve the best topics, the reasons for the lack of knowledge management system in The Organization of Libraries, Museums Center of Astan Quds Razavi in three main categories: organizational factors, human factors and technical factors were categorized. The results of the interviewees showed that two central factors have not formed the knowledge management system in the organization that the other factors have originated from these two factors, which are: (organizational factor) and (human factor).

The results of the interviewees' opinion show that the organizational factor and then the human factor have the highest frequency in terms of influencing the process of implementing the knowledge management system. It has also had less technical factor in between. "Lack of need for feeling" as a subset of the first factor (organization) was more important than all the cases according to the opinions of experts and all the interviewees emphasized on it. According to the interviewees, although the technology infrastructure is not the entire knowledge management system, it is an integral part of it. In their view, traditional knowledge cannot be used to manage growing knowledge, and new tools and technological infrastructures, including hardware and software, must be used. To reach the stage of applying knowledge, serious changes in attitudes and policies are needed, which can be achieved by training employees and managers. The role of consultants and specialists, who are the scientific and professional body of the organization, is very important for advising, justifying and convincing managers.

The field of CIB includes two important aspects, namely CIS&R, in which various topics are considerable such as recognizing, evaluating, and understanding the behavior of users with common information needs and how to divide their tasks, communication, and performance in the face of different information sources, the method of retrieving and accessing the required information is especially important in the web environment. The purpose of this research is to identify and introduce important models in the field of collaborative information seeking and retrieval and to evaluate the factors and components in each of these models.

This research is a review study in which a library method has been used to collect information. The research is conducted by reviewing the published articles and available internal and external sources in four stages (implementation of search strategy in databases, collection of articles and their initial review based on the presented model, final evaluation based on the evaluation model of the presentation model in other studies, and selection of studies and analysis of articles). In total, 374 articles were retrieved from the ISI and Scopus databases and all were reviewed. Finally, four studies containing collaborative information seeking and retrieval models were selected.

Four selected models in the present study indicate that awareness, division of labor, information use, knowledge sharing, collaboration and evaluation have been identified as the six key components in collaborative information seeking and retrieval behavior in most studies. The conceptual model resulting from the interactions of the identified components in other models presented in accordance with the findings of this study.

In addition to explaining the conceptual model of information seeking and information retrieval behavior, the results indicated other influential factors such as communication, team decision making and knowledge storage were also very important

Knowledge management models are considered as models and roadmaps for successful implementation of knowledge management in organizations. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to present a conceptual model of knowledge management for insurance organizations with the case study of Dana Insurance Company as one of active companies in Iran insurance industry.

The research method is qualitative and based on the grounded theory approach. The tool for collecting qualitative data is an interview and the sampling method is a purposeful sampling method with a theoretical approach. The semi-structured interviews were conducted to 12 executive managers of Dana Insurance Company. The criterion for analysing qualitative data is based on a systematic approach of the grounded theory. Therefore, the interviews were analysed in three stages after implementation through open, axial and selective coding methods.

In open coding, 331 codes were identified. Then the axial coding was done based on the paradigmatic approach and finally the selective coding was done, which led to 61 axial codes and 26 selective codes.

A conceptual model of knowledge management was presented for Dana Insurance Company. In this process model, effective factors and conditions such as causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences were identified. The proposed model can be used as a roadmap for the implementation of knowledge management in Dana Insurance Company and based on it, its strengths and weaknesses can be depicted.

Open science is one of the principals of the scientific community which includes any changes to the future of knowledge and dissemination. In order to provide a comprehensive scientific overview of the subject area of open science in the world, the present study aims at mapping the process of historical and thematic trends of this subject, the intellectual structure derived from the analysis of co-citation, and co-occurrence network analyses as well as the social structure of co-authorship.

The research is an applied type with using scientometrics and a quantitative approach which had investigated the status of scientific products of open science index in Scopus from the beginning until the end of 2019. For visualizing data, VOSviewer and Gephi were used.

The US and UK were the most influential countries amongst others, while no records of Iran was indexed in this subject. In addition, there was a great variety of subject areas in open science; while, both computer and social sciences were indexed the most papers with this subject.

This subject was multidisciplinary and in terms of historical trends, the growth of research in open science has increased over the years. Co-authorship network demonstrated that authors with a stronger co-authorship network were among the most prolific authors in the field, too.

Branding in organizations has key benefits in terms of counteracting negative perceptions, attracting new users and increasing service credibility. The potential advantage of branding in libraries can be attributed to the reversal of user attendance, and the weakening of library status. Branding can enable library users to have more information about the offered services and have a significant impact on promoting libraries.

The purpose of this study is to present a proposed model of branding in libraries and information centers based on previous published researches in the field of library branding. Therefore, 33 related researches were retrieved and analyzed using library method.

The findings of the present study showed that librarians, buildings and equipment, technology, and services are important determinants of branding in libraries.

The findings showed that most used models in branding are influenced by Aaker Brand Equity Model. Hence, the conceptual model of the present research is based on this model.

Some researchers argue that digital natives have natural abilities overlapping information literacy competencies. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effect of digital natives' attributes (including ICT ownership, ICT experiences, Internet selef-confidence, and ICT rich ciurses-on their information literacy levels.

The study population included all 2610 graduate students in Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran. Of them, 336 ones were selected as the sample and 255 ones completely participated in the study by completing a 75-itemed scale related to study variables. The hypotheses were tested by applying structural equation model and path analysis in SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.00.

ICT ownership /application has not any significant effect on information literacy, neither directly, nore through Internet self-confidence, but through ICT experiences. ICT-rich courses have not any significant effect on information literacy, neither through ICT experiences, nor through Internet self-confidence, but it directly has a significant effect. ICT experiences significantly influences information literacy and Internet self-confidence has direct significant effect on information literacy.

Despite confirming some aspects of variable relations, the results indicate that digital natives' attributes cannot be conceived as promotors of their information literacy levels. It is needed that information literacy is integrated with the curriculum by specialists for training the digital natives.

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of correspondence between data types of Schema.org and the representation of them in the MARC21 Genre Terms List.

This research was an applied research based on a content analysis and the research population was a variety of data entities of the Schema.org. To collect data, a checklist-based tool on MARC Genre Terms List was used to check the degree of correspondence in Schema.org, and the structured observation method was used to initially identify each of the CreativeWork and then other entities in the Scheme.org were analyzed and the types of related data entities were identified

The findings of this study showed that there are 64 source-specific terms in the MARC that have no equivalent data entity in the Schema.org, and only 36% of the MARC Genre Terms List are consistent with the Schema.org. This means that for the 100 MARC Genre Terms List, there were only 36 equivalents in the Schema.org. Twenty-four terms of the MARC Genre Terms List were consistent accurately with the CreativeWork in Schema.org, and 12 were consistent with its other data entities.

To describe and organize digital objects, both properties must be taken into account because most data entities in the web are digitized versions of physical content objects and also considering that Schema.org does not consider some of the data entities in the bibliographic context, it must design the schema to describe all terms of a particular type of cultural heritage context (including the bibliographic context) for removing knowledge gap. It is recommended that specialized refinements and vocabularies of other sections of the cultural heritage (museum and archive context) be adapted to the types of the Schema.org to provide a thorough representation of knowledge in the context of cultural heritage.

In this research, the aim was to study the components of appropriate planning for cultural activities of public libraries and to provide a model for it.

The present research is an applied survey method. A researcher-made questionnaire is selected as the tool for data collection. Factor analysis was applied SPSS software for exploratory Factor Analysis and Amos software for confirmatory factor analysis. For factor analysis of the data, was used the prencipal component method with varimax rotation.

exploratory Factor Analysis has summarized 25 items of the questionnaire in 3 factors. The three factors that have explained a total of 65% of the total variation of the 25 items of the questionnaires are: the first extracted factor was Correspond to the careful examination of the external status of public libraries and their accurate analysis; the second extracted factor was Correspond to the examination of existing resources and the internal situation Public Libraries and third exteracted factor of infrastructure: determining the infrastructure based on The needs and resources available and its operational approval.using the confirmatory factor analysis, the ranking model was constructed with standardized coefficients.according to the result of Confirmatory factor analysis the fited model was suitable.

Cunclusion: 

The most important feature of the model is community-oriented. According to this model, before planning, paying attention to the history of the population, along with the customer-centric will be at the forefront of fundamental changes in activities and services, to design a complete cultural planning. Public libraries in Iran can take advantage of the components and factors in decision-making, this model plans cultural activities with more confidence.

Librarians in public libraries are trying to effectively disseminate diverse information to a wide range of people. Since librarians interact with a large number of potential and actual members, it is more important to address the issue of communication skills. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to do a strategic analysis of effective factors and barriers in applying communication skills among managers and librarians of Khuzestan's public libraries.

The study is applied one and in terms of nature and method of data collection is a descriptive survey and was done using SWOT model. The research population consisted of 381 managers and librarians of Khuzestan's public libraries. After distributing the questionnaire, 277 items were returned. The tool used was a researcher-made questionnaire designed with a review of the literature. Different methods of descriptive statistics were used to analyze data.

The results indicated that seven dimensions of internal factors including acceptance and trust, nonverbal communication and body language, job properties, honesty, empathy and sympathy, quantity and quality of communication, complain and anger, individual effort, as strengths and weaknesses of applying skills communicational; 5 dimensions of external factors including community and environment, managerial attitudes, training and promotion system are opportunities and threats that the librarians face in applying communication skills. Out of 36 components that were evaluated as strengths and weaknesses in 7 dimensions of internal factors, 6 components of strengths and 8 components of weaknesses were identified and the remaining 22 components were in the average condition and the mean rate was 2.986 for internal factors. Also, out of the 21 factors investigated in 5 external factors, there were 2 opportunities and 15 threats and the other 4 were in average condition and the average rate was 2.29 for external factors.

The results indicated that communication skills status among managers and librarians of Khuzestan's public libraries was in a "relatively desirable" state. So, it is worthy that remove weaknesses and take advantage of opportunities to overcome threats. In this way, public library managers and planners should seek to enhance librarians' communication skills through in-person and online courses, developing continuous training programs, developing a promotion code based on communication skills, along with persuading librarians to improve their salaries and benefits. As librarians' communication skills increase, we can see the growth in the quantity and quality of public library services.

Emotions in the process of information retrieval have a special impact and importance as every human activity and behavior is under the influence of emotions. This is an issue that has received little attention in the field of information retrieval. Therefore, the present study aims to describe the role and application of emotion and emotion theories in information retrieval.

The current research has been done by library method. The necessary data were gathered through the study of printed and electronic information resources available in libraries, on the Internet and in Persian and English databases.

Emotions are an integral part of all human activities, including information retrieval activities, containing information behaviors, information searches and so on, and human interaction with the computer. Emotions play a special role in retrieving a variety of text, audio and video sources. Positive emotions facilitate successful behavior and negative emotions impede proper person's function.

Understanding the emotions in different stages of information retrieval and utilizing theories of emotion to understand the causes of emotions, factors affecting emotions and so on would be an important step in controlling emotions and increasing the positive emotions in the process of information retrieval. Also it will help designers of information systems and librarians to provide more desirable and user-friendly services.