نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 81 (بهار 1400)

Intellectual property related issues play an important role in the field of research and innovation. Especially in the case of research and projects carried out with the participation of research institutes, universities and other various parties from government and industry, it is necessary to have some special measures and methods for identifying, managing and assigning ownership of results and created innovations; In such a way that interests of all parties be served and also the highest efficiency be achieved. In this study, we attempted to investigate intellectual property issues related to publicly funded cooperative research and development projects. For this purpose, a comparative study has been conducted between two cases of ongoing worldwide programs; the EU’s Horizon 2020 program and the Australian Cooperative Research Centers program. These two programs have been selected for this study due to their long history and continuous improvement in the settings related to intellectual property and assets. All documents in these programs which are related to intellectual property have been reviewed. Based on the comparative study, the main phases, steps and issues related to intellectual property and assets in such projects have been extracted, which include three phase; before the start, implementation and end of the partnership. These phases consist of five, three, and three steps, respectively, in which the main and important issues related to intellectual property and assets are identified. These identified issues at each step can be a practical guide for managing intellectual property in collaborative R&D projects funded by public resources and budgets; In this way, all aspects related to intellectual property as well as the interests and goals of all parties are considered and adequately secured.

Innovation districts as creators and disseminators of the innovation ecosystems have been highly regarded by academics, researchers, policymakers, and businesses in recent years. This study aimed to fully understand the main approaches that create innovation districts, the concept and development timeline, and finally, an implementing model by an in-depth look at the infrastructures. Due to the multidisciplinary and multidimensional nature of the previous literature, this study used the meta-synthesis method. The need for sufficient accuracy, besides the voluminous contents of previous research, led us to use the new data mining method to extract items and check their frequency of use in the resources. In the first step, the findings reveal the indicators needed to create an innovation ecosystem. In the second step, the findings reveal the concept, nature, and development paradigms. Finally, the finding provides the innovation districts' implementing model based on upstream paradigms in the third one. The findings are essential for scientists, policymakers, and executives active in the fields of higher education, business, and technology because they reveal the roles, positions, value chains, and infrastructures of all required elements together in an integrated system to shape an innovation ecosystem.

Responsible innovation means the sense of responsibility of all stakeholders of an innovation to its social, moral and environmental effects. The rapid pace of innovation and its breadth and high rate of influence, especially in the fields of biotechnology and information and communication technologies, necessitate a responsible approach in this regard. The present article, with the aim of introducing and promoting this concept, has been compiled in a descriptive-review method and based on library studies and related literature review. This research, while accurately defining the concept of responsible innovation and examining its evolution, addresses the challenges and mechanisms of its implementation. The findings of the article indicate that in responsible innovation, orienting to innovation before its emergence (predictive approach) is of particular importance. The purpose of orientation goes beyond mitigating the harmful social, ethical, and environmental effects of innovation; it helps innovators from the beginning of the innovation process to address concerns and social acceptance issues and thus prevention of community rejection and failure of innovation. Another important point emphasized in this article is that since in responsible innovation the centralized (governmental) governing body is not the only supervisory entity but all stakeholders of that innovation are also responsible for, the transparency of the innovation process is essential for all stakeholders and consequently the existence of intellectual property laws is of particular importance. The need to establish innovation governance in responsible innovation is another point emphasized in this article, which is made possible by facilitating stakeholder participation and the application of ethical charters, standards and licenses

The main focus of open science is on transparency in data sharing, method, and finding in every single action of science, preventing prejudice, discrimination, and biases. However, stepping toward open science comprehensively may raise ethical concerns. This paper was to define open science, identify capacities and barriers while demonstrating the ethical related issues. It also provided relevant policy recommendations regarding open science ethics

This paper was a literature-based paper using an evidence-based approach. It provided ethical evidences and initiatives in open science relevant practices over the world.

Open science (OS) is a comprehensive movement that addresses all the components of scientific activity or work available to all segments of society from beginning to end. It involves the three main components of open data, open scientific communication, and open access. The broad implementation of OS requires culture-building among society, from scientists to the audiences.

Open science promotes transparency, repeatability, and increase the scope of science dissemination. Achieving these goals, it is essential to consider legal and ethical issues. Accordingly, policy recommendations have been made to move toward responsible Open Science.

It seems that researchers have not yet paid attention to the strategic energy security documents of leading countries with a comparative approach. Accordingly, The purpose of this article is a comparative study of energy security strategies and policies of selected countries to provide lessons learned for energy security in Iran. The approach of this research is comparative study and its purpose is descriptive-comparative based on articles, books and strategic report. The sample available in this study includes eight countries including leading countries in energy security indicators i, including the United States, Japan, Denmark, and some of Iran's regional competitors, including Turkey, the Israeli regime, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Qatar, have been selected. this study, after examining the research issue, the similarities and differences of the studied countries from the perspective of energy security policies have been compared. The findings of this study show that the most important lessons learned from successful countries in the field of energy security include the constant attention of governments and the understanding of the need to improve energy security in the minds of government officials; Attention of planners and policy makers to changes in the concept and dimensions of energy security and review of strategies in the energy sector according to the new conditions ahead; Paying attention to the context and capacities of each region in energy security policy; Coordination, compatibility and alignment of policies and strategies developed in the field of energy security; And specific follow-up and monitoring mechanisms to strengthen energy security.

An economy that is institutionalized in the structure of knowledge can achieve skills and expertise, creativity and innovation in accordance with the requirements of the time, and the acquisition of these characteristics will increase productivity, increase incomes and employment, economic growth and reduce unemployment. Therefore, considering the importance and efficiency of knowledge in the economic structure, the purpose of this research; The effect of the combined index of knowledge-based economy on unemployment in the provinces of Iran has been done using the data of the years 1390-1397 with the approach of panel data from the fully modified least squares method. The results show that there is a significant negative relationship between the combined index of knowledge-based economy and unemployment. In such a way that the increase of knowledge-based components in the provinces of Iran reduces unemployment in them. Also, the increase in government construction expenditures, GDP and exports will reduce the unemployment rate in the provinces and increase inequality and inflation in the country will have an adverse effect on unemployment. Put on the agenda.

Increasing evidence highlights the significance of foresight for those who are involved in the healthcare system. Lack of prospective approaches squanders countries' income and increases the chance of emergence of predicaments. Futures Studies in health by systematically studying, researching and examining the future, identifying key factors and the internal and external environment of the system and relying on the understanding of future capacities, helps in decision making.

In this paper, the authors extracted the most common approaches in foresight of health and also interviewed with Iranian experts of the field. By presenting international and domestic practices of health foresight, we compared different foresight techniques and summerized their strengths and weaknesses. Providing inclusive perception of which techniques to use and under which circumstances it is appropriate to apply foresight methods.

This paper gives a better understanding of foresight methods and how prospective approaches can be beneficial in healthcare. Therefore, decision makers and healthcare professionals can develop a preventive approach instead of a reactive approach by enhancing exploratory and strategic dimension in health policies. Undoubtedly, the position of health and the way of providing relevant services in the world of the future and even in the next decade is very different from the picture of today.