فصلنامه فرآیند و کارکرد گیاهی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 42، خرداد و تیر 1400)

Saffron (Crocus sp.), is widely used in the food industry and is used as a flavoring and natural coloring agent. A comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity in the stamen, as well as the effective and medicinal material of crocin in stigma in the agronomic species of saffron (C. sativus) in comparison with the native wild species of C. speciosus and C. caspius collected from Guilan province, were the main objectives of this study. The results of this study showed that the medicinal material of crocin in the stigma of C. speciosus and C. caspius with a significant difference was more than C. sativus, but the amount of crocin in the stamen of C. sativus with a significant difference was more than C. speciosus and C. caspius. The results of the present study also showed that the amount of total phenol and also the amount of the antioxidant activity (DPPH) in the stamen of C. sativus was significantly higher than the two species of C. speciosus and C. caspius, but the amount of flavonol in C. speciosus and C. caspius was significantly higher than C. sativus. Due to the fact that until now, the saffron stamen was considered as unusable part of saffron, according to the results of this study, the high level of antioxidant activity as well as the medicinal composition of crocin in the stamen of saffron, in addition to stigma, in the agronomic and wild species of saffron, this part of saffron has significant potential as a rich source of antioxidants, enriching peoplechr food baskets and in a variety of pharmaceutical and food programs.

An experiment with following objectives a) investigation of allometric relations between plant height and vegetative organs dry weight with leaf area, b) parameterization and allometric coefficient determination, c) leaf area and dry mater estimation and aerobic , and d) comparison of genotypes in aspect of this parameters was done in the University of Guilan in 2016. The experiment was included three cultivation condition (lowland, aerobic, and upland) and five selected genotypes (3 aerobic, 1 upland, and 1 lowland) in three replications as RCBD. Data of leaf area, dry weight of vegetative organs, and plant height were recorded each 10 days. For description of leaf area index (LAI) and dry mater two separate beta models and for allometric relationship between leaf area and plant height and vegetative organs dry weight, a segmented model were fitted. Result showed that the segmented regression model can be used for leaf area estimation from plant height and vegetative organs dry weight in rice (considering to stable allometric relationship in three cultivation system and five genotypes and low RMSE and high and significant R2). Time to maximum LAI (Tm) in lowland conditions was longer than aerobic conditions and growth rate in linear phase (cm) in lowland more than aerobic. IR 80508-B-194-4-B (AR6) as an aerobic line in aspect of phonotypical characteristics was better than other genotypes and near to ideotype. This genotype has LAI in three cultivation system in aerobic condition. Also this genotype has the lowest dry mater losses in aerobic and water stress conditions, the highest cm, and high primary establishment vigor based on allometric coefficient. Therefore, allometric coefficient resulted in this paper can be used in rice crop modelling and presented line can be used in breeding programs and other supplementary experiment.

Knowing the optimum temperature and base potential for each seed is an important step in better germination, increasing uniform emergence and chances of plant establishment. To evaluate the effects of water potential on seed germination indecies of six sesame cultivars in different temperatures and their relations with fatty acids content, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design in four replications in 2018 at the Seed Technology Laboratory of Yasouj University of Agricultural College. The first factor consisted of six sesame varieties named Halil, Darab 1, Dashtestan 2, Oltan, Yellow White and Naz Single Branch and the second factor consisted of seven water potential levels (-0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1 and -2.2 MPa), which were tested at eight temperature levels (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C). The results showed that different cultivars of the same species can exhibit different responses to environmental conditions. With decreasing water potential, seed germination indices decreased. The highest percentage and rate of germination (57.3%, 0.33 seed/day) were observed at an optimum temperature of 25 °C. Dashtestan 2 and Yellow White had the highest (65%) and the least (53%) oil content, respectivly. Oleic and linoleic fatty acids were the most unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds of all six sesame cultivars, and the relationship between germination rate and unsaturated fatty acids, showed that for oleic and linoleic acid by certain concentration (about 43%) increased the germination rate. According to the results, the cultivar Halil can be considered for warmer regions and the Naz Single Branch cultivar for cooler regions. Among cultivars, Dashtestan 2 had the best germination under stress conditions, which is a more suitable cultivar than other cultivars in hot and dry areas.

Adiquate fertilization of fruit trees after harvest will increase fruit yield and quality in coming year. To investigate the effects of potassium sulphate (0, 50, 100 and 150 g) and iron chelate (0, 10, 20 and 30 ml) on fruit quality after harvest, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design study was performed on apple ̔ Red Delicious ̓ with 3 replications and traits such as firmness, total soluble solids, titrable acidity, anthocyanin and phenole in flesh and skin, total carbohydrate, dry matter percentage, prelim index and concentration of some macro and micro elements of fruit were measured. The Results showed that trees fertilized with 50g of potassium sulphate and 30 ml iron chelate had firmer fruits and more soluble solids. Also the effect of potassium on increasing anthocyanin in fruit skin was more than iron. Despite the decreasing trend in phenol content during storage, potassium Sulphate fertilizer had the greatest effect on increasing the amont of phenol in skin and flesh and even maintaining it during storage compared to the control. On the other hand, with increasing in the amont of iron chelate, the amont of phenols in fruirs decreased. The acidity of fuits in treatments treated with different concentrations of iron was higher than control fruits. Inceasing storage time caused a significant increase in total carbohydrate. Other quality traits decreased were decreased significantly during storage. In Genral, treatment of with 50 and 100 g of potassium sulphate alone or in combination with 10 ml of irone chelate had a good effect on the studied tratis.

In order to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of jasmonic acid on the physiological changes of Thomson Navel orange under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of drought stress 100% of field capacity (as control), 75% of field capacity (mild drought stress) and 50% of field capacity (severe drought stress) and three concentrations of jasmonic acid 0, 100 and 200 µM. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced relative water content, plant water potential, leaf area index, stomatal conductance and total chlorophyll of Thomson Novel orange leaf, whereas ion leakage, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity increased under drought stress conditions. It was also found that foliar application of jasmonic acid was able to maintain the leaf water status (relative leaf water content and plant water potential), increase leaf area index, stomatal conductance, maintain cell membrane stability (by reducing ion and malondialdehyde leakage), maintain total chlorophyll at the optimal levels, increase the amount of compatible solutions (soluble sugars and proline) as well as increase the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase, therefore, reduce the negative effects of drought stress. Overall, the foliar application of jasmonic acid, especially at 100 μM concentration, is recommended to reduce the negative effects of drought stress on Thomson Novel oranges.

Drought stress is the most important factor of yield reduction in sugar beet. Therefore, adopting effective strategies for diminish of the drought adverse effects in sugar beet is necessary. This field experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of foliar application of potassium (K) and boron (B) on morpho-physiological responses, quality and root yields of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, using a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in Shahrekord University, in 2019. The main plots were allocated to irrigation treatments including: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm (I1, I2 and I3, respectively) cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and the sub plots were allocated to fertilizer treatments in the form of foliar spraying including: control (no fertilizer application), K, B and B + K. Results showed that the effect of irrigation, foliar spraying and interaction of irrigation × foliar spraying treatments was significant regarding to leaf area index (LAI), leaf proline content, relative water content (RWC), extractable sugar, sodium and potassium content of sugar beet. The highest value of LAI and RWC was related to interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K spraying treatments. The highest value of leaf proline content was obtained by interaction of I3 irrigation and K spraying treatments. The highest percentage of extractable sugar was observed in interaction of I2 irrigation and B treatments. In other words, I2 irrigation treatment slightly increased the percentage of extractable sugar, which did not have significant difference with I1 irrigation treatment. The lowest amount of root sodium and potassium content was obtained under interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K treatments. The effect of irrigation and foliar application treatments on total plant dry weight, chlorophyll index, extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS), sugar and root yield was significant, as the highest amount of mentioned traits were recorded in B + K and I1 irrigation treatments. Interaction of irrigation×foliar spraying did not have a significant effect on these traits. Alkalinity coefficient was only affected by foliar spraying treatments and the highest amount of alkalinity coefficient was observed in K fertilizer treatment. Generally foliar application of B and K significantly improved the morpho-physiological, quantitative and qualitative properties of sugar beet and reduced the adverse effectss of drought stress, probably due to the important role of these elements in the osmotic adjustment and other plant physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, in sugar beet cultivation especially under drought stress conditions, spraying of B and K is recommended.Drought stress is the most important factor of yield reduction in sugar beet. Therefore, adopting effective strategies for diminish of the drought adverse effects in sugar beet is necessary. This field experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of foliar application of potassium (K) and boron (B) on morpho-physiological responses, quality and root yields of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under drought stress conditions, using a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in Shahrekord University, in 2019. The main plots were allocated to irrigation treatments including: irrigation after 70, 100 and 130 mm (I1, I2 and I3, respectively) cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and the sub plots were allocated to fertilizer treatments in the form of foliar spraying including: control (no fertilizer application), K, B and B + K. Results showed that the effect of irrigation, foliar spraying and interaction of irrigation × foliar spraying treatments was significant regarding to leaf area index (LAI), leaf proline content, relative water content (RWC), extractable sugar, sodium and potassium content of sugar beet. The highest value of LAI and RWC was related to interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K spraying treatments. The highest value of leaf proline content was obtained by interaction of I3 irrigation and K spraying treatments. The highest percentage of extractable sugar was observed in interaction of I2 irrigation and B treatments. In other words, I2 irrigation treatment slightly increased the percentage of extractable sugar, which did not have significant difference with I1 irrigation treatment. The lowest amount of root sodium and potassium content was obtained under interaction of I1 irrigation and B + K treatments. The effect of irrigation and foliar application treatments on total plant dry weight, chlorophyll index, extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS), sugar and root yield was significant, as the highest amount of mentioned traits were recorded in B + K and I1 irrigation treatments. Interaction of irrigation×foliar spraying did not have a significant effect on these traits. Alkalinity coefficient was only affected by foliar spraying treatments and the highest amount of alkalinity coefficient was observed in K fertilizer treatment. Generally foliar application of B and K significantly improved the morpho-physiological, quantitative and qualitative properties of sugar beet and reduced the adverse effectss of drought stress, probably due to the important role of these elements in the osmotic adjustment and other plant physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, in sugar beet cultivation especially under drought stress conditions, spraying of B and K is recommended.

Traffic noise pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in today societies, especially in populated cities around the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traffic noise on physiological traits of Salvia splendens. Plants were divided into two equal groups (control and treatment) and each group was grown in two separate growth rooms for two months under the same controlled conditions. Traffic noise was recorded during peak traffic hours in the city. Frequency analysis was performed on the samples during the recording process. Plants in the exposed group were exposed to traffic noise for 15 days and 16 hours a day, while the plants in the control group were placed in complete silence. Exposure to traffic noise led to an increase in calcium content, hydrogen peroxide content, followed by the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase compared to the control group. On the other hand, traffic noise significantly decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content and increased the content of Absisic acid (ABA). According to the results of this study, traffic noise by creating oxidative damage and interfere with hormonal balance can have a negative impact on the growth and physiology of Salvia splendens.

In order to study the morphology and biochemistry characteristics of endemic accessions “Hamedan”, “prickly”, “Varamin broadleaf” and “advanced prickly”, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in spring conditions of Isfahan, 2018, and the best accessions were examined in terms of quality, functionality and nutritional traits. The results showed that except "Hamedan" accession, all of shape and form of plant accession are suitable for mechanical harvesting. The highest yield belonged to “Varamin broadleaf” (52.6 kg/ha) and then “prickly” accessions (30.8 kg/ha), had the highest performance. The study did not show significant differences in chlorophyll, carotenoid, phenol, protein, nitrate, nitro reductase, and potassium. The “Varamin broadleaf” accession had a significant advantage in antioxidant and fiber compounds. The “advanced prickly” accession was more desirable than others in vitamins and minerals. Oxalic acid, which is considered a negative point for nutrition, was the highest in the “Hamedan” and the lowest in the “prickly” and “Varamin broadleaf” accessions. So, “Hamedan” accession was not given priority due to its lower nutritional value, biochemical and morphological traits. In general, the accessions of “Varamin broadleaf”, “advanced prickly” and “prickly” due to desirable morphological characteristics such as plant height, fresh and dry weigh, yield and biochemical componds such as antioxidant, phenolic, vitamin, fiber and mineral are recommended. According to results of qualitative and PCA analysis characteristics “Varamin broadleaf” and “advanced prickly” are generally superior to others and can be used in breeding and farming future.

Broomrapes are one of the plant parasites limiting the growth and crop production yield. The present research aimed to assess the potential of gallic acid in preventing the tomato plant host from interaction with this parasite. The soil medium was supplemented with three gallic acid concentrations (0, 1 and 3 mM) at three time intervals (20, 25 and 30 days) after planting the tomato seedlings. This experimental design was done in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the roots and shoots as well as the leaf phenol and anthocyanin contents were determined by spectroscopy techniques. The broomrape growth was significantly deceased upon treatment with 3 mM gallic acid at 25 and 30 days. The 1 mM gallic acid at 25 d increased the protein contents and catalase activity in the leaves and decreased the protein contents and the catalase activities in the roots. The 3 mM gallic acid at 30 d increased the leaf and root ascorbate peroxidase activities as well as the phenol and anthocyanin contents of the leaves. This treatment significantly reduced the broomrapes association with tomato plants. These findings propose gallic acid as one of the key phenolic compounds in controlling the germination or blossom connections.

On metal contaminated soils, ectomycorrhizal( ECM) fungi may improve plant growth through an enhanced nutrition or by alleviation toxicity of the metals. In order to evaluation of alleviating effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization on Mn toxicity, a study was performed using pistachio plants and Agaricus bisporus  fungus as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment included two factors: mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) pistachio plants and five levels of the Mn concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 μm) in 3 replicates. In this study experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of ectomycorrhizal colonization in the alleviation of oxidative stress and improvements of the antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and metal accumulation in pistachio trees (Fandoghi cultivar).The results showed that the increase of  Manganese concentration caused an increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA), and induction in antioxidative enzymes activity in the leaves of the M and NM plants, but it was dramatically more in M plants. A decrease of ascorbate (ASA) content was induced by increasing the zinc concentration where it was higher in M plants but all metal treatments increased dehydroascorbate (DHA) contents in both M and NM plants. The results showed that the Mn translocated from root to shoot in M plants was lower than NM plants. The amelioration of Mn toxicity by A.bisporus may be a result of improving ‌the antioxidant defense system and prevent the absorption of heavy metals.

Teucrium polium L. is one of the valuable medicinal plants which belonging to the Lamiaceae family where grows wild from plains and lowlands to mountain heights in throughout Iran. In the present study, 30 plants in full flowering stage were randomly prepared from Jiroft region of Kerman province and divided into three groups of 10 and then flowers, leaves and stems of each group were isolated for testing. Essential oil was extracted from each organ with three replications and in each repetition 200 g of plant material was done by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and they were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS techniques, to check for chemical variability. The essential oil contents of flower, leaf and stalk were 1.25, 0.93 and 0.14 % (w/w), respectively. The total number of compounds identified and quantified were 59 in flower, 56 in leaf and 61 in stalk. Results of essential oil compound analysis demonstrated that torreyol, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, dl-limonene, elemol and caryophyllene were the major compounds in flower and leaf. However, the major compounds of stalk essential oil were torreyol, elemol, agarospirol, caryophyllene, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide. Results showed that stalk essential oils of the plant characterized with high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were rich in flower and leaf. The main and common volatile compound identified in the organs of this species was torreyol which was the highest in the essential oil of the stalk and the lowest in the flower. The content of essential oil in the flower was higher than that in the leave and stalk. Chemical variation of the essential oil of T. polium plant parts can be considered by medicinal plants physiologists and breeders and pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries for breeding and processing uses.

Recently, plant-derived smoke has been included in the group of growth phytohormones due to its bioactive compounds on biological and biochemical processes. In order to evaluate the phytohormones-like effects of Papaver rhoeas L. smoke derived on some biochemical characteristics of medicinal plant basil an experiment was conducted with repeated measurements in research greenhouse of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Razi University in 2017. The Experimental treatments included eight levels of leaf foliar application (control, Smoke-water in 100, 5000, 1000 and 5000 dilutions accompanying with cytokinin, auxin and gibberellic acid (each of them with concentration 50 µM)) with 3 replications and 2 harvest stages. The results indicated that application of smoke-water (1:500 and 1:100 (v/v)) improved gas exchange status and also increased chlorophyll content, without significant difference with cytokinin. All chlorophyll fluorescence parameters also increased significantly under the application of phytohormones and smoke-water. Levels of foliar (especially SW: 1:500 and 1:100 (v/v)) reduced electrolyte leakage of plasma membrane and content of soluble carbohydrates. The highest total phenolic and anthocyanins content was obtained from leaf foliar in the smoke-water of 1:100 and 1:500 (v/v), respectively. Smoke-water at concentration 1:100 (v/v) without significant difference with phytohormones auxin and gibberellic acid significantly increased the activity of peroxidase. In general, it can be concluded that aqueous extracts of plants-smoke derived (especially SW 1:100 (v/v)) without significant differences with synthetic phytohormones have the ability to reduce the biochemical limitations of basil and can improve its growth conditions.

Salinity is one of the environmental factors limiting cultivation of ornamental violet (Viola wittrickiana cv. Queen Yellow Bee). This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications at Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch in 2019. Studied factors were sodium selenate (0, 0.002, 0.004 and 0.008 mg/L), sodium selenate application (foliar application and soil application) and salinity stress (0 (control), 3 and 6 dS/m). The results showed that salinity significantly reduced flower height, flower number, stem diameter, flower diameter, fresh and dry flower weight, fresh and dry root weight, chlorophyll a and b. At salinity of 6 dS / m, the application of sodium selenate in soil increased the fresh and dry weight of flower by 11.34% and 10.39%, respectively, while the foliar application of sodium selenate increased fresh and dry weight of viola flowers by 25.10% and 25.41%, respectively. Chlorophyll a increased by 12.93%. in salinity of 6 dS / m with application of sodium selenate at 0.008 mg / l compared to control. In salinity stress of 6 dS / m superoxide dismutase enzyme reduced by 26.13%. when sodium selenate was used at 0.008 mg / l in comparison with control. Salinity stress increased the amount of chlorine and sodium in shoots and roots and decreased potassium. Foliar application of sodium selenate  at 0.008 mg / L improved the growth of ornamental violet.

Salinity resistance is one of the main concerns in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, the effect of acetic acid pretreatment in salinity stress was investigated on parameters such as relative water content, electrolyte leakage, proline, malondialdehyde, phenolic compounds, protein and photosynthetic pigments content, phenylalanine ammonialyase enzyme activity and expression of important enzymes in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonialyase and rosmarinic acid synthase) in hydroponic culture of Melissa officinalis L. The seedlings were grown in Hoagland’s solution were pre-treated with acetic acid (10 µM) and then salinity stress was done with NaCl (35 mM) for 11 days. The results indicated that electrolyte leakage percent and malondialdehyde content were decreased, whereas, proline and phenol content were increased in acetic acid pretreated plants in salinity stress. Also, photosynthetic pigments content showed less reduction in acid acetic pretreated plants compared to the control plants. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity and gene expression increased in salinity stress. Increasing in rosmarinic acid synthase gene expression resulted in increasing rosmarinic acid content. Also, the amount of rosmarinic acid had a positive and significant relationship with the activity and expression of key genes in its biosynthesis. The results suggest that the use of acetic acid pretreatment, by initiating support mechanisms such as decreasing in peroxidation of membrane lipids, increasing in proline, phenolic compound, activity and expression of genes involved in phenolic compound and photosynthetic pigments played an important role in salinity stress modulation.

In this study we aimed to investigate the symbiotic effects of a fungal (Penicillium chrysogenum) and bacterial (Exigubacterium aurantiacum) endophytes and their interaction on some growth and physiological traits of tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivar 8320. To this end, tomato seeds were inoculated by the studied endophytes P. chrysogenum and bacterial E. aurantiacum and transplanted in seedling trays in the greenhouse of Hormozgan University  in 2019. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications  with inoculation of fungal endophytes and bacterial endophytes in which some traits such as fresh and dry weight aerial organs, leaf length and width, number of leaves, stem height and diameter, chlorophyll content (SPAD), fluorescence chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, antioxidant activity and total phenol content were measured. The results showed that the interaction of P. chrysogenum and E. aurantiacum significantly increased fresh and dry weight aerial organs, stem height and diameter, leaf number, chlorophyll content (SPAD), chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of the tomato plants. However, both endophytes significantly reduced leaf length and width of the plants compared to symbiotic-free ones. The results showed that the simultaneous application of both endophytes had a significant synergistic effect on the mentioned traits in tomato plants compared to their separate application. In general, it can be concluded that the symbiosis of endophytes in a bio-rational combination with the tomato plant Improving growth traits will have significant positive effects. Therefore, the simultaneous application of P. chrysogenum and E. aurantiacum endophytes is strongly recommended to improve the growth traits of tomato plants.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg / l in distilled water) on total phenolics and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, hydrogen peroxide content, anthocyanin, and also activity of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol-oxidase, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and tyrosine ammonia-lyase in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications.Activated carbon treatment was used to investigate the effects of carbon nanotubes and compare them with the usual form of carbon in this study. The results of data analysis showed that by increasing the concentration of carbon nanotubes, the content of hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capacity increased compared to the control and activated carbon treatments. The highest flavonoid content was observed at concentrations of 50 and 150 mg / l carbon nanotubes (0.001088 and 0.001045 µg / g fresh weight, respectively). The activity of the L-Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase enzyme also showed a slight increase with the increasing concentration of carbon nanotubes. Among the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and peroxidase increased their activity by increasing the concentration of carbon nanotubes. In this study, the activated carbon treatment showed the same behavior as the control. In general, the results of this study indicate that the use of carbon nanotubes as an elicitor has increased the antioxidant capacity of basil and on the other hand has increased the content of phenolic compounds.

Approprate application of nutrients especially as organic and Nano-fertilizers has an important role in increasing the quantity and quality of crops. Nano-fertilizers can be substituted for conventional fertilizers. The application of nano fertilizers, especially specialized nano fertilizers, for different plant groups is increasing. The deformation of nanoscale materials changes their physical, chemical, biological, and catalytic activities. The special surface area of most nanoscale materials including nano fertilizers, enhances their chemical and biological activity. This experiment was carried out in Amirkala to evaluate the effect of Fe and Zn Nano-fertilizers on some traits of Saintpaulia ionatha in 2016. The plantlets were cultivated in the bed containing cocopeat, perlite, jungle humus and sieved tea soil (in ratio of 1:2:3:2). Fe and Zn Nano-fertilizers were used in concentrations of 0.00, 1.00 and 2.00 g/1000. Irrigation (containing Nano-fertilizers) was done using a 10 ml syringe and directly on the pot surface soil. The effect of these Nano-fertilizers was significant at 0.05 probably level on all traits. Results showed that the highest plant height, pedicle length and diameter, also maximum leaf number, pedicle number and floret number and the highest content of Fe were obtained in plants treated with 2 g/l of Zn Nano-chelate together with the combination of 1 g of Fe and Zn Nano-chelates. Increasing trend in fresh and dry weight parameters was not observed under all concentrations of nano chelates of zinc, iron and control. The highest fresh weight (22 g) and dry weight (5.1 g) were obtained in plants treated with 1 g/l Zn nanochlorate (21%). Finally, the highest amount of iron (306 ppm) was obtained from the leaves treated with 2 grams per liter of nanochelate (21%) with the combination of 1 g/l of nanochelate Zn and iron. The flowers in the plants treated with 2 g/l of zinc nano chelate with the combination of 1 g of zinc nano chelate and iron were clearly fresher, fuller, and harder. The results of present study recommend the use of 2 g/l of zinc nano chelate (21%) combined with 1 g/l zinc and iron nano chelate to enhance morphological and biochemical parameters of African violet. In this treatment, flowering time (floral period) was faster than the other treatments and flowering duration was longer than the other treatments.

To evaluate biochemically in different time course in rice mutants (M9) (seedling stage) under NaCl stress, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the greenhouse of Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), during 2019. The main factor included sampling time (3, 6 and 9 days after stress) and sub-factors included salinity stress in three levels of NaCl (0, 4 and 8 ds/m (saline water + paddy soil)) and rice genotypes (14 mutants (M9), 2 susceptible controls of Sepidrood, IR29 and 2 controls tolerant of Dailamani, Nonabokra). Then, the yield per plant and STI index were evaluated as factorial. Analysis of variance showed that the main and the interaction effects were significant for all traits at 1% probability level. At the time of sampling (9 days after stress) and salinity of 8ds/m, proline concentration in tolerant genotypes increased and malondialdehyde content in tolerant genotypes decreased. Four genotypes at salinity 8ds/m had higher yield than Dailamani. In these genotypes, increasing proline and decreasing malondialdehyde at higher times increased yield. 4 genotypes showed higher stress tolerance index and 3 genotypes showed lower yield loss than Dailamani. Considering the biochemical properties effective in salinity stress, it is possible to suggest these genotypes (G1, G4 and G8) which at 8ds/m  with yield of 2.36, 2.36 and 2.41 (gr) respectively, compared to Dailamani (1/54 gr) They had higher yields and can be used as promising saline-tolerant lines in saline fields.

Drought is a serious problem for production of crops such as bean which is sensitive to this stress. Therefore use of management methods to reduce the effects of drought is very important. To evaluate the effects of foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) and gibberellic acid (GA) on qualitative and quantitative characteristics under drought stress conditions, a factorial split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during the 2018 crop year. Experimental factors included irrigation regimes (50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) in main plots and glycine betaine (no foliar application, 50 and 100 mM) and gibberellic acid (no foliar application, 60 and 120 ppm) were in factorial form in sub plots. Data were collected on proline, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glycine betaine, gebberellic acid, protein content and protein yield. The results of ANOVA indicated that the effects of irrigation regime, glycine betaine and gibberellic acid were significant for all the studied characteristics. The results of comparison of means showed that by increasing drought stress the gebberellic acid value, protein content and protein yield decreased but the proline, malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glycine betaine significantly increased. The exogenous application of glycine betaine and gebberellic acid at all levels of drought stress decreased malondialdehyde, catalase, superoxide dismutase, guiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and increased the proline, glycine betaine, gebberellic acid, protein content and protein yield. Generally, the results of this study showed that the exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid improved the growth of cowpea by reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. Therefore, exogenous application of glycine betaine and gibberellic acid can be used as a useful method for improving drought tolerance in cowpea. Also, the results showed that concentrations of 100 mM glycine betaine and 120 ppm gibberellic acid were more effective than other levels and induces more water stress tolerance in cowpea.