جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 16 (تابستان 1400)

The main issue in discourse analysis is the transition from explaining linguistic data to effective processes in discourse formation. The effort is on to investigate the characteristics and protest aspects of two contemporary poets, Shamlou and Kasraei, based on the descriptive-analytical approach and based on the model of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis. As a poet, Shamlou does not accept the established social order, His political and social goals gradually lead to a simple philosophical and revolutionary worldview. However, Kasraei is not as disappointed with social change as poets like the Third Brotherhood, nor is he as pleased with philosophical and social propositions as Shamlou, but he is a committed poet in every sense of the word.Based on the elements involved in Laclau and Moffe's discourse theory, it can be said that Shamlou was inherently a poet incompatible with the spirit of his time. Shamlou's poetry considered all the vital elements of society to be a distorted construction of the ideological realms of political sovereignty, Therefore, protest in such a society is considered a sacred movement. On the other hand, Kasraei's allegorical and symbolic initial approach, and finally his revolutionary and guerrilla poetry, made him a supporter and encourager of a socialist and popular revolution. Based on this, the present study tries to study of Laclau and Mouffe's analysis discourse, namely articulation, identity, conflict and alienation, hegemony and mythology in the poems of these two important poets of contemporary Iranian history.

Childhood and childhood language are so valuable and reflective, and by proving that poetry is a kind of return to childhood, poets are trying to identify some aspects of poetry. This, of course, is regarded only as an approach or approach to poetry, not as the only approach to poetry.the childish viewof the world goes back to the essence of art and causes the artist to discover the universe moment by moment. In this study, the return of the poet to childhood in Sohrab Sepehri's poetry is examined based on some of Piaget's views, the famous Swiss psychologist, who is a poet of a kind back to childhood, and after expressing and elaborating on the stages of the child's cognitive development and describing the main features of his thinking and behavior. Examples of Sohrab Sepehri's poetry that have the characteristics of childlike thinking are discussed. The results show that different effects are seen from the child's point the results show that various manifestation from a chldish perspective such as introspection, realism of words,question and answer, ect, wich are discussed in piagets theory of grown, can be seen in Sohrab Sepehri's poems.

The concept of suffering is intertwined with human life and is an integral part of the material world. Every human being somehow tastes the bitter taste of pain and suffering destined for him. Understanding what suffering is and what it means is at the heart of the research in the thought of Victor Frankl, the founder of the theory of meaning therapy, and Rumi, a seventh-century mystic. By enduring suffering in Nazi concentration camps, Dr. Frankel made a meaningful view of suffering one of the cornerstones of meaning therapy. He believes that one of the ways to give meaning to life is to understand the meaning of inevitable suffering and believes that attitudinal values make it easier to accept and endure suffering. Rumi is also a mystic who is aware of the psychological realm of human existence. He faces many sufferings in life and expresses the meanings of destined suffering and sorrow with an existential and philosophical worldview. According to him, existence is mixed with inevitable sufferings, but with a closer look, one can understand the esoteric meaning of sufferings. If a person understands this meaning, he will accept the sufferings and will not be impatient. Findings show that both thinkers have the same developmental view of suffering and consider human suffering to include concepts and meanings, but in the works of Rumi there are more components of meaningful suffering and allegorical meanings for the meanings of suffering. More has been said.

Mourning is different in Minab and Muscat, on the shores of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman. It is obvious that Ashura poems in "Minab" and "Muscat" are very different in various aspects, including "literature" (language, dialect, dialect).In Minab, most people speak Persian. Therefore; Most of the poems in this region are in Persian, which is sometimes recited in the Minabi dialect. There is a great variety of Minabi laments in terms of weight. Minab Ashura poems have been composed in the form of Masnavi, Mustazad, Tarji Band, Ode, Ghazal, Bahr Tavil, etc., which causes a variety of themes and weights. In Muscat, the capital of Oman, the common language is Arabic. Therefore, the lamentations of this region are in Arabic. In Minab, Ashura ceremonies, whether Ashura poetry night or Ashura ceremonies, are held in the form of non-governmental organizations and the majority of people are interested in this ceremony, but in Oman and this issue, it is different in Muscat. The predominant religion in Muscat is Sunni. Therefore; These ceremonies are also held at the Iranian embassy, ​​which can be used by the Shiites of this region. In the end, it is concluded that although the lament in Minab is different from the lament in Muscat in terms of language, but it has commonalities such as the use of literary arrays, content, and so on.The necessity of conducting this research is determined by the position and importance of Ashura among Muslims.

Sialkoti Mel Varasteh is one of the Persian poets and writers of the subcontinent in the twelfth century AH. Informed Al-Saadin is one of the pious works on the subject of rhetoric. In this work, he has expressed the relevant points in detail and his accuracy and detail in writing Al-Saadin is remarkable and important. In this work, he has referred to rhetorical books and the opinions of contemporary and earlier thinkers and has provided opinions about them as for or against. One of the people who is mentioned a lot in this work is Sirajuddin Arezoo. Arezoo has been a literary critic and has works criticizing the poems of others. Of course, it has also been criticized by some people. Varasteh always calls him good and with titles such as Siraj Al-Muhaqiqin and Siraj Al-Mudaqiqin; In some cases, however, he وی rejects his views.. In this article, we will look at some examples. The independence of opinion, وسی extensive knowledge and extensive pious study ‌, is clearly evident in his critical views on the rhetorical works before him, as well as in the views of great thinkers such as Sirajuddin Arezoo.

One of the issues that the mysticism of all nations revolves around is the issue of discovery and intuition. In general, mystical revelations in the Divan of Ala al-Dawla Biyabanki can be divided into two categories: formal and spiritual discovery and intuition, and each of them has its types. These formal and spiritual revelations in some respects with the theory of W.T. Stacey is applicable to discovery and intuition. In this research, the revelations of Ala al-Dawlah based on formal and spiritual conditions have been studied and then their common features such as feeling of trust, objectivity, happiness, etc. have been explained. Of course, in some of these cases, Stacey's view differs or is not compatible with some of the characteristics of Islamic revelation. In addition, the specific characteristics of formal and spiritual states have been studied, and we have finally come to the conclusion that the revelations of Ala 'al-Dawlah, in addition to conforming to some patterns of Western mysticism, are unique in their kind and in some ways superior to Western mysticism. In this research, the author also tries to answer the question of descriptive-analytical method and library method whether the poems of Ala Al-Dawlah, in spite of their abundance, expressions related to discovery and intuition, adaptability and classification in the field of literary type "Literature" Does it have "prophecies and revelations" or not?

Abnormality is one of the practical methods in composing poetry and conveying the concepts hidden in it, and many poets have used this method to convey their intentions. The norm-breaking poet succeeds in creating artistic pleasure with the aim of literary resurrection in poetry. Examining the degree of abnormality in the poetry of contemporary poets shows the extent of their ability to highlight words. Since one of the most important factors in the transmission of culture is language, the type of use of language is one of the most important characteristics of poets. In this article, by reviewing the concepts related to linguistic aberration from Leach's perspective, different manifestations of linguistic abnormality in the poems of "Rahi Moayeri" and "Mehrdad Avesta" have been studied. The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of linguistic aberrations based on Leach theory in the poems of these two poets. This research was conducted with a library method and with a descriptive-analytical approach. Convey your wishes to the reader.

In this article, we have described the characteristics of a healthy personality by studying the perspective of Victor Frankl, the founder of the school of “logotherapy”, and adapting it to four Tolstoy novels. Just like Frankl, Tolstoy seeks to define and explain a kind of self-awareness by depicting one's relationship to himself in the first place, and then to determine a healthy personality in the school of psychotherapy. In progressive research, we have achieved a literary expression of the effect of the value of life on a healthy personality by analyzing the behaviors and actions of the main characters of the novels and adapting them to the characteristics that Frankel had mentioned about the value of life (work, love, suffering, guilt, morbidity, and religion). To answer the question of what specific features are present in the main characters of Tolstoy's novels that are compatible and overlap with the main features of Frankl's intended healthy human being, we have found out that the threefold values are more manifested in the characters of Anna Karenina, than in the other novels. In Resurrection, Sergei's father and the Death of Ivan Illich, attitude values ​​are more prominent, and despite the occurrence of sequential events, some dynamic characters become better characters with healthy personalities over time. Accordingly, and with regard to the fundamental issue in progressive research, the characteristics of the novel's protagonists seem to be consistent with what Frankel has defined.