فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 45 (پاییز 1400)

Critical discourse analysis is one of the approaches of modern linguistic studies. Critical discourse is based on social constructivism and analyzes structures and meanings that have an ideological burden. The Dutch linguist Theon Wendijk (1943) examines the cognitive-social approach in the context of critical discourse analysis and makes connections between textual, cognitive and social structures. Ideology plays a fundamental role in the model of critical and individual discourse and creates schemas of the existing relationships between ideology, society, cognition and discourse, and this social interaction is crystallized in the form of text or discourse. Tahir Watar, a prominent Algerian novelist (1936), has written the novel Al-Laz, examining the political, social and cultural currents of Algeria and depicting the colonized Algerian society. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been tried to first take a brief look at the novel "Allaz" and the theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis and then to examine the discourse of this novel based on the method of critical discourse and Vandik. The critical discourse approach is the most specific linguistic tool for telling the story of Ellaz.

The communicative theory is one of the subjects discussed in the language pragmatics that language and its applied methods in the communication process are investigated. In this process, there are six-part elements, of which the two elements, the addresser or the composer, as well as the addressee, are key elements, without which communication is meaningless. The addresser uses common codes between himself/herself and the addressee to transpose a message about something beyond the context and through a specific communicative circuit to the addressee. A message whose function in the context is measured according to the intention of the user of the language, namely the addresser. In Jakobson's view, the role and function of language will be different if the message, as the center of gravity, is addressed to each of the elements involved in the communication process. By adapting this diagram to Nahj al-Balaghah's letters, in addition to determining the linguistic functions in different contexts, the present study tries to investigate the effect of the addresser's intention and the type of message addressee on the language function. For this purpose, four letters that were sent in different contextual situations, and addressed to different receivers were selected by descriptive-analytical and statistical methods compared to their linguistic functions. The result of this comparison signifies although specifying linguistic functions in context clarifies the addresser of the message, it does not present a thorough analysis of the text.

Efforts to understand the miracles of the Qur'an have long been of interest to Muslim scholars and have played an important role in spreading the knowledge of rhetoric. The actual beginning of this knowledge dates back to the middle of the third century AH. The difference in the views of Muslim thinkers in the field of rhetoric has led theorists to define the categories of rhetoric with their different approaches. The context and consequences of some of these approaches in Arabic rhetoric are undeniable by separating rhetoric from literary taste and adopting a rationalist approach. . In the light of the importance of the issue, the present article tries to compare and critique the views of Abdul Qahir Jorjani (471 AH) and Fakhr Razi (606 AH) on the subject of descriptive-analytical method and relying on theological-philosophical approach to presenting and criticizing the subject Emphasizing negation of inclusion and inclusion of negation. The results of the study indicate that the two rhetoricians did not offer the same opinion in the definition of public denial and the same definition in inclusion of negation; In general, it can be said that Fakhr Razi's inference from Jorjani's statement is distorted, and the reason is the contradictions that he requires in defining of Mandatory signification, and on the other hand, there are Quranic verses that They do not agree with Jorjani's view in negation of inclusion.

As an inspiring case, history has always played a great role in improvement of imagination of authors. In the meantime, sometimes the past is not only a remnant of history and its adaptive role, but it has come to life again and so interchanged into present so that it is very difficult to separate its borders.Current authors have realized that today events are reflections of past events which despite their actors must be seen as events which are flowing. Hallaj and his well-known story is among the stories which inspired Maqbul-al-Alavi, a great Arab author, to review this event through the lens of a recurring flow and thought. Thus, he used nonfiction and chronicle for the event of Hallaj and combines that with a contemporary story through nested stories and using his unique technical strategies. He intends to release Hallaj and his event from a historical character and generalize it in a continuous current stature. Therefore, in this study, we intend to assess the success of the author in defining this historical event in a descriptive method based on the mentioned model of narration.The obtained results suggest that using non-fiction and combining that with another fiction which has been nested, have met the goals of author in combining past to the present and also releasing the character from the history and mainstreaming of that.

Locality or place is a social origin and a bedrock for the structure ‎of culture and the interaction of individuals.And in accordance ‎with the attitude and ideology of the society, various cultural ‎features and functions are manifested in its body.In recent years, ‎the struggle of Arab women for independent identity in the ‎traditional society has been the main topic of novels by women ‎writers in this society.The place in these works finds an identity ‎and emotional function in the discourse of female characters.The ‎place in these works finds an identity and emotional function in ‎the discourse of female characters. Egyptian feminist novelist ‎Miral al-Tahawi is one of the authors whose works pay special ‎attention to the place in order to represent the identity of the Arab ‎woman and her unfavorable situation in the shadow of the ‎dominant discourse.This research aims to answer the question of ‎how Al-Tahawi has used the category of place in the service of ‎representing the culture and situation of women in society in a ‎descriptive and imaginative way, relying on Brooklyn Heights, Al-‎Badzanjana Al-Zarqa and Al-Khaba.The constant transition of the ‎female protagonist through the fences and the attempt to ‎experience different places, her hatred of the prison of the ‎defective body and body in the three mentioned novels shows how ‎she has established a two-way relationship between woman and ‎place.

Linguistic perspectives have provided new tools for the study of language. One of these approaches is corpus linguistics which studies language with utilizes enormous amount of linguistic data. Scrutinizing the collocation of words in a large body of natural language data provides a broader horizon for examining synonymy. In the present study, five categories of synonymous words have been selected, including: (کتم, ستر), (اعطی, منح), (ترک, غادر), (طرد, نبذ, دحر) and (شرب, ارتشف). The research approach was synchronic and synonymous words were searched in arTenTen2012 corpus using Sketch engine tool. Then, collocations with higher frequencies were extracted. Since all verbs were chosen from among several types with a focus on left-hand collocations which are considered as object verbs or quasi-verbs. Common and distinct levels of each synonym are presented in the form of statistical tables. Results of the study demonstrated that “طرد”, “نبذ” and “دحر” collocate with persons, reprehensible attributes and suppression of seditions and diseases, respectively. Verbs which mean “ترک” and “غادر” only have meaning in common with places. However, “غادر” has the highest frequency with places where the person doesn’t normally return to them. In contrast, “ترک” has been used exclusively for religious duties and signs. It is noteworthy that “غادر” is not used in these contexts. The verb “اعطی” deals with cases in which bestowal does not occur physically. But objects which collocate with “منح” are of physical type or items that are provided as evidence and permission.