فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 60 (بهار 1400)

The Azerbaijan State Association, which was initially established solely for supervising the elections of the National Parliament, gradually got such an influence that became the sole authority of litigation of the Azerbaijan people, and because people referred to it directly in every affair, It was accepted by different groups of people. The association was largely subject to the opinions and demands of the people and tended to involve the people in the work and inform them of the decisions made. Accordingly, he took steps to eliminate the abusive customs and establish a schools with new meditation and establish a municipality and order, supervise government affairs and the like. In fact, the members of the Azerbaijan State Association were responsibly accountable to the people who, with the establishment of constitutionalism and given their prominent role in it, demanded fundamental changes and considered themselves entitled to be present and observer in various currents.

One of the principles of Ahl-e-Haqq belif is the belief in consecutive lives-Doonadoon this principel has aspecial place to the view point of Maktabion- that is branch of Shah Hayasiś families from the view point of Ahl-e-Haqq and Maktabion‚the true essence of every creature is the soul of that creature and the body is only aspace for soul .After the seperation of the soul from the body‚the body is gone and the soul remains‚ and it will continue to live and it will grow its perfection. Despit to belief in divine monotheism and the resurrection‚Ahl-e-Haqq and Maktabion believ that the soul should be in a faily long cycle- Hezar Doon- for reaching to perfaction in order to attain perfection. Againts of the other families of Ahl-e-Haqq‚Maktabion have explained all types of perfaction and how to do it more specifically. The main question in this article is how and description of Doonadoon from the view point of Maktabion. The method of this research is descriptive- analytical and based on library study.the research hypothesis is that Doonadoon is based on continuing of life after the death and in the direction of the perfection of the soul‚ one of the reasons for this is the limited consecutive life cycles. The researeach finding indicate that Doonadoon is a particular belive that has existed between Maktabion‚and it has certain characteristics including.Perspective of evolution of the soul and varieties.

The sunnis believe that the prophet Mohammad ordered the prohibition of transcribing the hadith. They have cited the prophet’s speech in this regard in some of their sources. However, they are unaware of the fact that these narrations have no basis. This article investigated the prohibition of transcribing the hadith after the demise of Prophet Mohammad. The followings can be counted as the effects of the prohibition of transcribing the hadith: the easiness of forging the hadith, the spread of lies and forgetfulness of the prophet’s lifestyle,the ruin of large number of prophet’s hadiths, the release of the Israelis and distorting the truth of the religion, the arbitrary interpretation and disagreement among Muslims, and the seclusion of prophet’s households. The effects of Jewish scholars on the caliph, and their religious and political beliefs can be the other reasons for the prohibition of transcribing the hadith. The prohibition of transcribing the hadith also created the ground for forging the hadith and spreading lies in the name of the Prophet.

The intellectual dough of Asid Mohammad Kasravi was formed during the constitutional movement and under the influence of its ideals. A person who dresses as a clergyman in the first stage of his life, but due to the formation of a series of intellectual events, distances himself from this stage of his life. He experienced two world wars, the constitutional movement and the dictatorship of Reza Shah. His intellectual and research background also made him comment on various issues and think on various issues. Kasravi was one of the intellectuals of the constitutional movement and its ideals, but this movement quickly became authoritarian. Kasravi, who had experienced both spaces, discussed them in his works. The important point is that Kasravi, unlike many critics of Reza Shah, in spite of some negligible criticisms, strongly defended Reza Shah's actions. Subjugation within social institutions provided for personal domination and submission. Kasravi's goal was to validate the nationalist values ​​he sought, which in some of Kasravi's works in this regard followed his unifying nationalism. And it has no territorial integrity, and local power is a rebellious power.

The constant and difficult promotion of Islam in Mecca by the Prophet of Islam (PBUH); and migration to Medina, deployment of army for Badr and Ahzab wars, conquering of Mecca, fight against the Roman Empire in the form of the battles of Mote and Tabuk, and some other things gradually guided the near and far tribes of the peninsula to adopt positions towards Islam and each of them somehow realized the power of Islam. These ups and downs and factors caused various tribes, including Banū Thaqīf, Banū Tamīm, Bani Assad and other tribes, which are also mentioned up to one hundred tribes, to go to Medina to reconcile and understand the emerging power of Islam. The present article aims to explicate the following cases under the title of the process of Sanah Al-Wofūd’s formation and its outcomes: A) Although the rapid flow of ambassadors from different tribes in Medina is related to the consequences of the fall of Mecca in the eighth year of AH and the campaign of Tabuk, its preparations were made at least from the fifth year of AH with the arrival of the ambassadors of Bani Assad. B) Generally, the Islamization of different tribes through the presence of ambassadors and their elders in Medina had benefits such as recognizing some property, ensuring the security of these tribes against hostile tribes, and establishing the leadership of the chiefs of these tribes.

The Battle of Salamis took place in 480, near Athens, between the Persians and the Greeks and permanently blocked the Persian’ advance westward. Herodotus' account of this battle has caused much controversy. This article intends to analyze Herodotus' account of the Battle of Salamis using the method of narrative analysis? The findings of this study show that Herodotus, the most important narrator of this battle, has made the Salamis a catastrophic defeat among the Persian’s defeats. To convey the message to its addressees that the Persians had been claiming to occupy Greece since entering Asia Minor, and that only the victories of the Greeks in Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea had blocked their advance forever. In his account of the Battle of Salamis, he refrains from addressing the principle of battle, instead focusing on reporting issues before and after the war. From Herodotus’ point of view, Salamis was the end point of the Persian Wars, which was rooted in the defeat the Marathon, and the defeat of Xerxes brought freedom and liberation from slavery to the Greeks.

Using descriptive-analytical research method and with the help of reliable historical sources, this research has raised the question: to what extent and how were the Qarmatians able to establish social equality among the masses? In answer to this question, it should be said that the ideological approach of some scholars and the neglect of the various dimensions of the Qaramat movement have led to the ignorance of the fact that only in a part of the Qarmatians' activity did egalitarian thought come to the fore in a limited way. And the extremism and secondary inefficiency of Qaramata and the destruction of their image in the Islamic world prevented the implementation of a policy of social equality on a large scale. In fact, the misconceptions of Islam scholars about the democratizing aspect of the Qarmatian society are based on the notion that it has raised the issue of taste and assimilation and, in general, a lack of sufficient and deep understanding of the Qaramteh dissident movement.

Oral history as an interdisciplinary field has made the pragmatics and theoretical functions of other disciplines ‎of humanities, particularly social sciences, being noted in this kind of historiography. There are several approaches ‎for sociological studies; such as linguistics and anthropology. These days linguistics is a totally apprehensive ‎discipline that is in search of constructing and finding deeper signs, meanings and concepts of human, and the ‎thought, behavior, act and sensation of his/her. A human with his unknown labyrinth that anthropology might ‎reveal some (a bit) knowledge of his/her inner and outer world. ‎Oral history as a phenomenon related to human, about human and his/her world; is about to find a way to ‎transfer his/her messages, concepts and narratives that pass through the language. Human owns the language and ‎language as a thought plays its role in the structure of society and human institutions. Human is surrounded by ‎his/her believes, costumes, folklores and the sociocultural institutions. Identifying this human needs a language, ‎meanings, signs and symbols that can attained to some degree through linguistic and anthropological studies. ‎Studying some functions and linguistic concepts beside anthropological ideas and theories can reveal more aspects ‎of oral history. This paper tries represent a way for hesitation on unknown aspects of oral history based on ‎perceptive and explanatory methodology and presenting introductory discussions on linguistics and anthropology. ‎

AbstractIn explaining the components of economic behavior, the actions and conscious actions of the umayyads to achieve the selected goals are analyzed. In economic behaviorism, economic man and his behavioral characteristics are considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explain the components of Umayyad economic behavior in khorasan and Transoxiana, which was one of the important areas of the Islamic Caliphate. The findings of the present study, which are descriptive_ analytical, show that Umayyads aimed to maximize financial benefits and quickly seize the economice resources of the region. Their economic activities ranged from violence to reformism. Along with aggression and looting, collective action, exploitation of available financial resources were some of the main components of the Umayyad economic behavior in khorasan and transoxiana. Corrective actions are seen to reduce public discontent and riots. The Umayyad economic behavior was the result of deviating from Islamic values, changing financial rules, and applying customary, traditional, and tribal practices.

Social functions of the family with emphasis on the role of womenin the Safavid era The family, as the smallest and most important social institution, has various functions in the economic, social and cultural fields. Meanwhile, women have played a different role in these areas. In the Safavid period, following the historiographical approaches, there was a patriarchal attitude to historical and social developments. Therefore, the present study aims to show that women have had an effective presence in the historical events of the Safavid era, but following the approach of historiography, this presence has not been drawn in accordance with reality. The main research question is the approach of Safavid historical sources to the role of women in society? is. The findings of this research, which was done by descriptive-analytical method, show that, contrary to the general approach of historical sources, women had influential social roles, but due to the predominance of male-centered view in traditional historiography, they have received less attention.

The people of the port of Bushehr suffered from a wide range of infectious diseases during the turbulent days of the constitution. The prevalence of these diseases was one of the social realities of the Qajar era. In contrast to the existing traditional infrastructure, little effective treatment had little effect on reducing mortality. This article shows the prevalence of these diseases in Bushehr port based on the contents of press, archival documents and historical sources using the method of historical research based on description and analysis. The present study aims to investigate the types of infectious diseases and the factors affecting its prevalence in Bushehr. This study seeks to answer the question that the prevalence of various infectious diseases in Bandar Bushehr has been influenced by what factors? Numerous factors such as lack of attention of port people to personal and social health, lack of safe drinking water, improper burial of patients and improper performance of government officials in the face of diseases, are important factors in the prevalence of infectious diseases in this it is closed.

The Buyid dynasty, an Iranian dynasty of race and Shi'a religion, was attributed to Abu Sjaha, who ruled a large part of Iraq (Ajam and Arab), the island, the Levant and various parts of Iran, including Jabal, between 322-488 AH. The Jabal region has long been the source of important developments in Iran's history in terms of geographical and historical location. This region in the 4th century AH, during the rule of a branch of the Buyids, found a special manifestation in the field of political, cultural and social developments. The hypothesis is that in the shadow of the relative tranquility provided by the Buyeo government, grounds for social prosperity were provided. However, social inequalities continued to dominate the region. Based on the findings of this study, which has been conducted by descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies, this region actually contains a kind of total number of anxies or even historical paradoxes within itself. Because despite the fact that this region is not politically stable in this century, socially, the long traditions of Iranian history have persisted in this region. On the other hand, the peaceful approach of Shiites in social interactions with other religions and sects in Jabal allowed them to have the opportunity to emerge and act, and on the other hand, the role of the Buyian government and its support for The Shiites was another important factor in this development.