نشریه پایداری، توسعه و محیط زیست
سال دوم شماره 5 (بهار 1400)

In this study, the amount of exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons) from the exhaust of Peykan and Zamyad cars in Shiraz in the years between 2003-2011 was investigated and was compared with the standard environment.

In this research, using systematic random sampling data from the 320 vehicles referring to Valiasr Technical Examination Center of Shiraz during 5 months was done. Measurement of exhaust outlet parameters was done by Gasoline Pollution Control Device and also Data analysis was done using SPSS software and independent t-test at 5% confidence level and then charts were drawn in Microsoft Excel software.

The results showed that in most cases, with updating cars model, the amount of HC and CO were decreased and the amount of these pollutants is at the standard level of the environment. So that the amount of carbon monoxide in Zamyad from 4.27 to 0.35 and in Peykan from 6.28 to 2.96 the volume percentages reached from 2003 to 2011 years. Also, the amount of unburned hydrocarbons decreased from 644 ppm to 78 ppm in the Zamyad and from 571 ppm to 298 ppm for Peykan in the period 2003 to 2011 And in both cars, emissions have been downward.

In general, the amount of exhaust pollutants from both cars will not have a disturbing effect on the health of residents in Shiraz. Therefore, it is hoped that with measures such as paying attention to environmental standards to eliminate air pollution, adjust and timely service of car engines and accessories to prevent the spread of air pollutants, prevent the traffic of high-pollution cars and timeworn cars can be taken an effective step to reduce air pollution in cities.

One of the problems caused by the use of stabilized sewage sludge as fertilizer is the uptake of heavy metals by the plant. In the present study, the accumulation of heavy metals of lead and cadmium in the mint and spinach plant species treated with sewage sludge was investigated.

By designing the pilots as control and treated with sludge, plant species of mint and spinach were grown in them. 30 samples were considered from both plants and the concentrations of heavy metals lead and cadmium were measured after harvesting by atomic absorption spectrometry.

The average lead concentration in mint was 0/98 under sludge treatment and 0/043 in control sample, the spinach under sludge treatment was 0/82 and in the spinach control, 0/063. The average concentration of cadmium in mint was 0/58 and in control sample 0/073, in spinach under sludge treatment 2/68 in spinach control sample 0/067 mg /kg.

Comparison of the results with the standards shows that the amount of lead in both plants and in all treatments is lower than the standard value, but the uptake of cadmium in the sludge treatments is higher than the standard. This can be due to the similarity of cadmium to calcium and its greater absorption by the plant. Statistical analysis also showed with 0.99 confidence that there is a significant difference between spinach and mint grown in sludge treatment and control treatment in terms of lead and cadmium concentrations.

Nowadays, tourism development causes environmental and physical changes in rural areas. Accordingly, this study analyzes the impacts of tourism services on environmental-physical changes in the villages of Torghabeh County. Data collection was based on the documentary and survey methods. The information about the independent variable (the development of tourism services) and dependent variable (environmental-physical impacts) were collected by Vikor method and the questionnaires, respectively. Then, they were analyzed by linear regression test in SPSS software in order to determine the impact of tourism services development on environmental-physical instability in Torghabeh County. In addition, the Landsat satellite images were used for the assessment of land use changes. In the first hypothesis, the correlation coefficient (0.86) demonstrates that there is a strong, direct and positive correlation relationship between two variables of tourism development and environmental instability and there is a significant linear relationship between these variables (Significance level=0.002). Also, in the second hypothesis, the correlation coefficient (0.92) explains that there is a direct, strong and positive relationship between two variables of tourism development and physical instability, and the relationship between these variables is also significant (Significance level=0.04). Based on the results, the area of agricultural land and rangelands has been decreasing between 1987 and 2016.  In 1987, the square of agricultural land and rangelands were 3031.3 and 5765.52 hectares, respectively. However, in 2016, these areas had fallen to 2346.2 and 550.98 hectares, respectively. According to the adjusted coefficient of determination, 83% of the environmental instability and 89% of the physical instability in the sample villages are dependent on the development of tourism services.

From the beginning of human creation, the need for security has been always as one of the basic needs of human and providing this was as one of the most important issues in human societies. On the other hand, urban parks are one of the most principal areas in urban environment that their security issue is very crucial. The purpose of this study is to investigate the CPTED approach to promote environmental security in urban parks, however, today it is neglected the security improvement necessity and potential capacity of urban parks in decreasing or preventing crimes. The study is a descriptive-analytical research and the study area is ​​Islamabad neighborhood located in 2nd region of Tehran metropolitan’s municipality, which is an old neighborhood with unsuitable physical structure, low permeability and high rate of crime occurrence, at the same time with convenient accessibility to different point of the city. Using field studies, the present status of this neighborhood has been investigated and then using questionnaire which according to Cochran Formula had 400 participants among the park’s users, are collected their views about environmental security indicators. Finally, the collected data are analyzed using correlation analysis method, t-statistical analysis and also SWOT analysis, and then security enhancement strategies in urban parks, are presented. The results show that the present situation in this area in terms of security, is an improper condition, which the research emphasize the necessity of an urban park development with utilization of crime prevention through environmental design solutions and finally according to the proposed approaches, a strategic plan have been presented in order to develop and design the urban park.

The outbreak of Corona virus has led to instability in the global economy, especially in the oil and gas industry, and has boosted volatility in financial markets. The reaction to the price of oil for the virus was gradually accepted until March 9, 2020 and international prices fell by more than 20 percent in one day. Increase in the number of patients and the strengthening of financial market volatility have a long-term negative impact on the recent dynamics of crude oil and gas prices. Due to the recession in 2020 and the re-growth projected in 2021, the annual growth of global oil demand will increase. Between 2019 and 2025, global oil demand is expected to grow at an average annual rate of under 1 million barrels per day, and demand will increase by 5.7 million barrels per day over the entire period. Given the current situation, the trend of demand for oil and gas will continue to decline, which will lead to an increase in global demand for renewable energy and its replacement in the world. This article examines the effects of the spread of the virus on prices, supply, demand, exports and imports of crude oil and gas in the world and the factors that can calm this economic chaos. Its results include reducing OPEC production and preventing price failures that weaken the global economy, or maintaining sustainable production and accepting the risk of price failure. At the end, several solutions are presented for quick use of the opportunity in the crisis of the Corona outbreak and separation of the country's economy from fossil fuels and move towards clean and sustainable energy, which leads to reducing environmental pollution.

In the process of financial development, the mobilization and allocation of funds are done with higher quality and efficiency. Meanwhile, the financing of various projects including environmental projects is possible with greater ease and lower cost. Financial development provides the possibility of attracting foreign investments coupled with lower pollution by providing financial resources required to perform advanced and equipped research and development units as well as the access to more efficient and eco-friendly technologies that require more financial resources. On the other hand, developed countries tend to implement their polluting industries to countries which have lower environmental standards. This direct foreign investment results in enhancement of pollution level in developing countries. In this regard, the main objective of this article is to investigate the effect of financial markets on air pollution as an indicator of the quality of the environment in the group of selected middle income countries.

The present study is an applied, causal and deductive research. Data and information collection methods include documents review, digital information and note-taking system.

In this regard, the main aim of this study is effectiveness of financial markets on environmental quality in middle income countries. The results were obtained from the estimate model by using the fixed effects method in selected countries within the time period 2000-2015. Domestic credit granted to the private sector (% of GDP) as an indicator of the money market and the ratio of traded shares to the stock market trading volume as an indicator of the capital market have a positive and meaningful impact on co2 emission in middle-income countries. The effectiveness of domestic credit granted to the private sector (% of GDP) on co2 emission is higher than the ratio of traded shares to the stock market trading volume in middle-income countries.