مجله زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

Religious pathology is important because it diagnoses and investigates the factors causing to damage of the most beautiful aspect of the God blessing (religion). The factors cause to damage of religious beliefs, knowledge and awareness and religious epistemology in a religious society. Identification of these damages facilitates religious health. Persian literary texts are full with pessimistic attitudes towards beliefs, moralities and behaviors of the religious people. The poems of Sanaei Ghaznavi, the mystic’s poet of sixth century of hegira are outstanding representatives of ode in Persian language that criticizes the society, piety mysticism and ethics and pathology of religious behavior and unhealthy beliefs. In this article religious beliefs pathology has been studied in Saanei divan and the descriptive and analytical results have been represented in the four categories of verbal, irreligiousness, naturalism, externalization of religion and ignorance. The results of this research showed that Sanaei challenges on the poet’s beliefs in theology, monotheisms, imamates, justice, kindness and observing of God and introduces inefficient the apologetics way to theology. He equals naturalism to irreligion and in contrary belief in supernatural and spiritual world equal to spirituality. According to his poetry, unfaithfulness and lack of religious pain and eagerness move religion out of the religious man mind and prevent it from using in rituals and pretention and misuse. Sanaei believes that ignorance causes to heresy and reluctance towards religious affairs and he counts numerous damages on religiosity.

Taboos, meant as the sacred bans, are the primary human laws which later became the roots for ethical and religious bans. Fictional texts are one of the contexts of recognition and investigation of the taboos. Fictional literature is based on the various factors including personal experiences and subjectivity and social realities and the taboos of a society are rooted and being affected by these factors. Moniro Ravanipour is one of the contemporary writers that has referred to common taboos in Iranian society as a woman by studying her society culture, customs and traditions. In this article, at first, taboo has been explained and then its objective examples in the fictional texts have been studied and mentioned. The results showed that the taboo of woman is divided into various indicators including adultery, remarriage, virginity, divorce and traditional marriage that infertility is one of the broad taboos of Iranian society in Ravanipour point of view.

Eloquence in the aesthetics of poetry and literary language opens new windows to the audience. Ricoeur believes that the three categories of comparison, poetic imagery, and semantic iconicity interact under the theory of substitution and the two issues of interpretation in the field of polysemy and reference for the metaphor to reveal its secondary sentential meaning, which invigorates the metaphor. Accordingly, the word is always forming and developing through the dialectics of innovation and sedimentation. The metaphor contributes not only to the interpretation of beauty, but also to the deep affective expression and our further understanding of the meaning. The design of this research follows a library-descriptive and inductive method. It was found in Nezami’s Khosrow and Shirin that the metaphor, while paving the way for imagination, effects the iconicity of meaning as well and suspends the reality. Single explicit metaphor has a higher frequency, as compared with different types of metaphors. Some of them, written in accordance with the logical progression of the story, have been utilized to describe Shirin’s personality and have been composed in a romantic atmosphere. Nezami’s Khosrow and Shirin is a collection of metaphorical tools and metaphorization which imposes temporal and spatial relationships on objects and events and expresses the naked realities of life in a poetic and erotic way in a naked but hidden way and reflects a certain reality in everyday relationships.

The various themes of the song, due to the wide audience, have an undeniable effect on the minds and literary knowledge of the general public, and these themes have found functions such as information, education and propaganda due to their great capacity for designing various themes. This article aims to represent the themes used in the songs and by studying the main sources and analyzing the data and the themes of the song and composition are classified in terms of application and content. Iranian composition and music is one of the most prominent elements shaping contemporary culture. The research findings show that the types of songs are categorized in terms of themes into twelve sections, which include themes of love, happiness, children, mourning, work, mysticism, religion, customs, politics, entertainment, propaganda and sports. Romance themes are the highest paid in songs, and songs with entertainment themes are less common than other themes. In modern contemporary songs, there are new themes of advertising and sports that have not been seen before, and in the same period, due to the industrialization, composing work songs has decreased.

The most important main and basis of each story that has important role in transference of plan and them is character. the story is relyon, and doesn't form any story without it. bijan Najdi is a well known and a great ones of the contemporary novelists that his novel, cheetahs that have run with me", is a celebrated and monumental novel which has written in eloquence and rhetoric in Persian literature. the purpose of the research is the scrutiny of different aspects of character and characterization element to slow how these tow elements use. In this descriptive – analytic research is analysed, different types of characters from structure view, characterization manners, point of view, time and inside and outside of characters.The conclusion of this research displays that the novel is a character – driven novel, and emphasizes on main characters of the stories more.In term of the characterization style, the writer has used of indirect method. most of the main characters of the novel, are static characters.

Allegory is one of the most important literary tools that has a special reflection in the Persian literature in terms of its structure and content. This amount of flexibility has led to the survival of the role of analogy in the field of literature. One of the mystic poets who purposely used allegory in his poems to explain and describe his purpose is Baba Afzal Kashani. In this article, based on library resources and research papers, as well as descriptive-analytical method, the fields of application of allegory in the Divan Baba Afzal have been studied. The results of the research show that the fields of application of allegory in Kashani are: "Challenging unacceptable behaviors; changing ethical codes and providing alternative models; creating powerful associations in the minds and objectification of content; indirect education; ethical points of view; simplifying concepts; Complex and change the semantic framework of a concept"