نشریه فناوری و گیاهان دارویی ایران
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Evening primrose is an ornamental plant with medicinal properties that almost all organs of this plant, including its roots, leaves, buds, flowers, buds and seeds are edible and used. Evening primrose seeds contain beneficial fatty acids and phenolic compounds that are effective in human health. Numerous factors are involved in the amount and composition of active ingredients in the grain. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different culture media, organic fertilizers and drought stress on fatty acids and phenolic content of evening primrose seeds. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in 9 treatments with three replications in two years in the greenhouse. Plant seeds were sown in substrates with different compositions of coco peat, perlite, compost, cow manure, vermicompost and farmyard soil under two conditions of drought stress or complete irrigation. The results of analysis of variance showed that the type of substrate used and also the different composition ratios used had a significant effect (P <0.01) on the amount of fatty acids in seed oil except palmitic acid, but on the acid content. Palmitic had little effect. The results showed that the content of phenolic compounds and gammalinoleic acid in the seeds of plants grown in soil was higher than the seeds of plants grown in other substrates. Drought stress also had no significant effect on the content of phenolic compounds in seeds.

Iran is one of the richest sources of medicinal plants in the world due to its high climatic diversity. Cumin is one of the most important and economical medicinal plants of the Umbelliferae family, which has a high distribution in different parts of the country and is one of the most important export plants of Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the quantitative and qualitative diversity of cumin essential oil in Khorasan Razavi province in 2018-2019. For this purpose, seeds were collected from farms in 6 different regions of the province at the harvest time. Seeds were extracted by water distillation for 2 hours. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS) devices were used to identify the essential oil compounds and determine their percentage. Nine compounds in the essential oils of Gonabad (N1), Neishabour (N2), Taybad (N3) and Khoshab (N4), 15 compounds in the essential oils of plants in Fariman region (N5) and finally 13 compounds in the essential oils of Dargaz region (N6) were identified. In total, 9 compounds; gamma-terpinene-7-al, cuminaldehyde, terpinene-4-ol, gamma-terpinene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, sabinene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene were common in cumin essential oil extracted from 6 regions of Khorasan Razavi province. The two compounds cis-dihydrocarvone and (E) -Caryophyllene were identified exclusively in region (N5) with of 0.45% and 0.19%, respectively. α-thujene, α-terpinene, limonene and 1,8-cineol were obtained only from essential oils of (N5) and (N6).

Agriculture is one of the important and essential sectors for the development of each province. This sector is very important in Khorasan Razavi province due to its significant share of production in the country's products. The agricultural sector of Khorasan Razavi province, as well as other provinces of the country, faces various problems, including the existence of additional intermediaries in the marketing process of their products. Due to the need to pay attention to this, the research seeks to feasibility and provides solutions to reduce Intermediation, strengthening and promoting the role of the market maker. Accordingly, garden products, saffron, pistachio, and apple are selected because of the importance of production and the role that mediators play in the marketing process of these products. The marketing paths of each product were identified and the most efficient route was selected using the combined index of Subbarao. The results of the Sabbarao index showed that in the product of saffron and pistachio, the export routes and in the apple, the internal routes are more effective than other paths. Also, identifying and enhancing export-led export channels and expanding the cooperation of exporters with the beneficiaries using the AHP method was introduced as the most important strategy to reduce the intermediation and strengthen the producer role in saffron product.

This study was performed to evaluate salinity stress on some physiological parameters in Peganum harmala L. For this purpose, the effect of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 and MgSO4 with three concentrations of 0, 200, 250 and 300 mM on Peganum in a randomized complete block design was performed with three replications. The results of this study showed that the amount of leaf area, fresh weight of shoot and dry weight of shoot decreased under treatment of all four salts. Relative water content increased significantly with NaCl 250mM (27%), Na2SO4 300mM (32%) and in three concentrations of MgSO4 increased significantly (20%, 19% and 16%). Phenol content increased under treatment with three concentrations of NaCl (13%, 18% and 23%) and Na2SO4 250 and 300mM increased 2%. Total alkaloid increased in treatment with all three salts from 4% to 49%. PAL activity increased under treatment with three concentrations of NaCl (91%, 74% and 48%) and with 200 and 250 mM Na2SO4 72% and 30% and 300mM MgCl2 20%. Chlorophyll a to b ratio increased in 300mM of the NaCl, Na2SO4 and MgSO4 salts 80%, 250% , 240%. Salinity stress increased total alkaloid, chlorophyll a to b ratio and total phenol content in Peganum harmala. In this way, it was able to tolarance the conditions of salinity stress.

One of the important characteristics of medicinal plants is their trade. The diversity of species and export products of these plants makes income and it possible to gain new markets. supply network of these products can be examined by survy their value chain. In this study, cumin has been selected in Khorasan Razavi province. Data were collected and documented from each of the actors in the Value Chain in 2019 as well as the leading producers in the first five cities producing cumin, and were analyzed using SWOT technique. The results show; Cumin reaches the consumer in three different ways from the producer and as a result, three channels for its value chain have been drawn in the present study. The results also showed in order to improve the value chain of cumin in the province, the establishment of conversion industries is the first priority, because with the help of technology, production surplus is added to the value added and will increase farmers' incomes anf it will be prevented of "Leaving cumin from the province without processing, buying cumin by intermediaries and not benefiting farmers from the benefits of the post-production stages, to export of the product abroad at low prices." The expansion of conversion industries (such as cumin essential oil, cumin herbal medicine, and cumin tea ...) can create a chain of ancillary industries (packaging, transportation, etc.) in creating jobs and reducing unemployment in rural areas, in this regard, some suggestions have been made in the present study.

Regarding to the adverse side effects of chemical pesticides to the environment and human health, use of plant extracts has considerable significance for synthesis of bio-antimicrobial compounds. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and pomegranate peel was investigated on Bacillus cereus and some important pathogenic bacteria of agricultural crops, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and Pseudomonas tolaasii. The extraction was performed by maceration method. Antibacterial effect of extracts was evaluated using agar well diffusion method at four concentrations. Distilled water and Gentamycin disc were used as negative and positive control groups, respectively. The experiment was set up as factorial in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications and mean comparison was performed by LSD at the probability level of 5%. Mean comparison of the growth inhibition zone diameter in different treatments reveled that both extracts had considerable inhibitory activity against B. cereus and A. tumefaciens. On P. tolaasii, the extract of yarrow showed antibacterial activity and its inhibitory activity was improved with an increase in its concentration. None of the extracts at tested concentrations showed antibacterial activity against X. citri subsp. citri. According to the results, the aqueous extracts of yarrow and pomegranate peel have the potential to be used in control of A. tumefaciens and B. cereus. Consequently, they are good candidates for further assays in order to synthesis safe antibacterial compounds or natural food preservative.

Two medicinal plants Damask Rose and Cumin are in priority for extensive cultivation in Khorasan Razavi province due to their low input, especially in water consumption. In this study, the export market of these two medicinal plants has been studied with the help of documentary data during the years 2000-2018. The research method is analytical and descriptive and to examine the competitive advantage, comparative advantage and market structure have been used respectively ; Revealed Competitive Advantage index (RCA), Internal Resource Cost index (DRC) and Herfindahl index (HI). The results showed Cumin and Damask Rose products have a DRC index of less than one and both of them have a comparative advantage. Competitive advantage analysis showed that in Cumin, RCA index is greater than one in all years, but in Damask Rose RCA index is between zero and one, so Cumin has a competitive advantage and Damask Rose has no competitive advantage. Examination of the market structure showed that in cumin "in contrast to Herfindahl index" (HI / 1) has the number 3.33 and in Damask Rose has the number 4.55 and these numbers are between 3 and 6. Therefore, the conditions of multilateral monopoly are located in this market. It can be concluded that both products have a comparative advantage in the province and there is a possibility of their extensive cultivation. Also, the extensive cultivation of these products requires the acquisition of new markets with the help of the improvment of processing of these two plants in the province.