مجله مدیریت آب و آبیاری
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

In order to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels under pulsed and continuous management on the biological yield and water productivity of silage maize, an experiment in the form of split plot in completely randomized block design with three replications was performed in Varamin. The main factors included four irrigation levels of applying 120 Percent, 100 Percent, 80 Percent and 60 Percent (I_2, I_1, I_3 and I_4, respectively) of maize water requirement and the sub-main factors included two pulsed (p) and continuous (c) irrigation management strategies. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the highest biological and fresh yields were obtained in PI_2 treatment equal to 26 and 86.67 (ton/ha) and the highest water productivity was obtained in PI_3 treatment equal to 6.72 kg / m^3. According to the results, in regions faced with water scarcity, application of deficit irrigation treatment with pulsed management (PI3) is recommended to save 20 Percent of water consumption. If there is no restriction in water availability, over-irrigation treatment under pulsed management (PI2) can be recommended to increase maize yield.

To investigate the effects of furrow irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of Quinoa, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Treatments included three irrigation methods (furrow irrigation (FI), fixed alternate furrow irrigation (FAFI), and variable alternate furrow irrigation (VAFI)) and three-level of nitrogen fertilizing (50, 100, and 200 Kg/ha). The yield of quinoa was increased +62.5 and +70.8 percent under the use of 100 and 200 Kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (compared to 50 Kg/ha using nitrogen fertilizer). The plant height was decreased -9.8 and -9.3 percent under using FAFI and VAFI, respectively. The result showed that the lowest and the highest of grain yield with 14.3 g and 33.4 g in FAFI50 and VAFI200, respectively. Generally, the use of variable alternative furrow irrigation + 200 Kg/ha nitrogen (VAFI200) was decreased irrigation water consumption and increasing water use efficiency, therefore with this treatment in Mashhad climatic conditions can be produced a reliable yield.

Utilization of appropriate methods for localizing and performing land suitability assessment to optimize human activities is very important issue. Using fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods, this study intends to evaluate the criteria and determine suitable locations for water extraction from air through condensing systems in Hormozgan province. To this end, first air humidity and temperature related data were collected using satellite photos and the soil type, soil temperature (at 50 cm depth) and wind velocity data were collected using ground datasets. At the next stage, they were prioritized in terms of significance through hierarchical analysis method. Then, fuzzy linear functions were applied to data layers which, later on, were combined using fuzzy gamma function. The suitability of Hormozgan province for water extraction using condensing system was ranked at five categories of very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor and its zonation map was prepared. The results of land suitability assessment indicate that 9.75% of the studied area (about 6613.61 km2) falls in very good class, 18.57% (equal to 12606.85 km2) in good class, 27.39% (18597.95 km2) in moderate class, 25.90% (17589.55 km2) in poor and finally 18.41% (equal to 12498.29 km2) in very poor class.

Density current is one of the most important factors in the sedimentation process of dams. Because this current is one of the important factors affecting the reduction of life efficiency of large dams, so understanding sedimentation patterns to manage the reservoir of dams is very effective. Accordingly, in this study, the reduction percentage of the density current head flux under the influence of trapezoidal permeable barriers (filled with sand grains with a diameter of 0.5 cm) is investigated also variable parameters effect such as discharge, slope, concentration and height of obstacles on density current control is examined experimentally, based on the results, the reduction percentage of the density current head flux was modeled using the artificial neural network feed-forward method and the classical multivariable regression method, and the performance of these two methods was compared. The results showed that the intelligent method of feed-forward artificial neural network has a significant advantage over the multivariable regression method in modeling the reduction percentage of the density current head flux.

Selection of appropriate water delivery method is one of the most important parameters in irrigation networks that plays an effective role in determining flexibility and improving water productivity. Depending on the management of delivery parameters, water delivery systems can be classified into three main types of, Rotational, on-request (arranged), and on-demand methods. Among main delivery systems, on request system is proposed to increase flexibility. This method, while doesn’t need high cost automatic systems, could be applied on existing irrigation networks with minor changes, and manual operation. Depending on the range of delivery parameters variation, limitation on requests, and method of reaching an agreement between managers and farmers, several on request methods could be defined. Each one of the defined methods has direct impact on management of the network, which requires their appropriate classification in order to facilitate operation planning. So far no basis for classification of on request method is introduced. In this research, data are collected from previous researchers and field investigation from some national and international networks, which are operated using on-request delivery methods. Analyzing the collected data, the basis for classification of on request delivery systems is developed. The on-request delivery method of the studied network are classified. Regarding variation range of delivery parameters, and method of reaching agreement, on request method is classified in to 3 categories with maximum, medium, and minimum flexibility.

Manning roughness coefficient is a complex and effective parameter in furrow irrigation, and its exact determination is complicated due to spatial and temporal changes of soil characteristics and hydraulic parameters of the flow. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the Manning roughness coefficient in the advance and storage phases and in the first to third irrigation events. In this study, Manning roughness in furrow irrigation in the advance and storage phases was determined using the SIPAR_ID model and the Manning equation, respectively. For this purpose, the value of Manning roughness coefficient for two inflow treatments (an average of 0.27 and 0.53 L/S), two irrigation cycle treatments (5 and 10 days), and two different fields (E and F) was examined in the first to third irrigation events and in three replications. The results showed that the value of Manning roughness coefficient in the advance and storage phases of three irrigation events (first to third irrigation) was between 0.017 to 0.636 and 0.015 to 0.317, respectively. Also, it was found that the average roughness coefficient in the advance phase was more than the one in storage phase (0.083 and 0.054, respectively). In addition, the roughness coefficient in the two phases reduced by increasing irrigation events. In field F, due to the heavier soil texture, the difference in Manning roughness coefficient in both phases in the first and second irrigation was lower than the ones in field E. The results also indicated that the roughness coefficient had an inverse and poor relationship with the initial soil moisture and inflow. However, the inflow was more effective than the initial moisture.

Drought is one of the most important and damaging natural disasters in the field of water resources that occurs in all climatic regimes of the country. Therefore, predicting and dealing with it is very important. In the present study, 79 synoptic stations in Iran were selected as the study. Three meta-heuristic optimization algorithms TLBO, IWO, PSO and the conventional Levenberg-Marquadt algorithm were used to train the multilayer artificial neural network to predict the SPEI12 drought index for the next one to three months. Due to the large number of synoptic stations, the stations were divided into five clusters C1 to C5 according to the time series of the drought using the K-means method. The results were compared with respect to the location of the stations in the clusters and the accuracy of the models was evaluated based on the RMSE and R2 indices of the test data. Showed that in all three prediction models, the accuracy of the models decreased with increasing prediction time. Comparison between the three optimization algorithms mentioned and Levenberg-Marquadt algorithm as a widely used algorithm in optimizing neural network weights, showed the better performance of meta-heuristic algorithms. The comparison between the three TLBO, IWO and PSO algorithms showed that the TLBO algorithm performed slightly better than the other algorithms and provided more accurate results. R2 was observed in cluster one (eastern regions, southern strip and southeastern regions of Iran) and the highest RMSE values and the lowest accuracy of the models were observed in cluster five (northern strip strip of the country).

To protect aquifers, it is necessary to assess their current and future stresses. For this purpose, in this paper, the indicators of groundwater resources sustainability in three dimensions of quantity, quality, and environment in the Varamin aquifer have been used to evaluate the spatial sustainability of different parts of this aquifer. In this study, a quantitative hydrogeological index; two qualitative hydrogeological indicators and two environmental indicators, and a total of 5 sustainability indicators have been used to study the spatial sustainability of the Varamin aquifer. The overall sustainability of the aquifer has been evaluated by AHP weight averaging and entropy methods from different dimensions of sustainability assessment indicators with the opinions of experts. The final results of the spatial sustainability assessment of the Varamin aquifer show that the eastern part of the aquifer is more stable than the western part of the aquifer. The low stability of the aquifer in the western parts between zero and 25 indicates the urgent need to implement aquifer sustainability management plans. The hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical status of the aquifer confirms the results obtained from the spatial sustainability of the aquifer. Hydrogeologically, the northern and eastern parts of the aquifer are very thick and have high transmissivity, while in the west the thickness decreases sharply and the alluvium is granular with low transmissivity. Also, the presence of the saline river in the western part of the aquifer, which is the passage of sewage, has reduced the quality stability and increased the vulnerability of the aquifer in the western part of the aquifer.

Precipitation information plays an important role in calculating aquifer nutrition using mathematical models. In recent years, with the availability of satellite precipitation data, especially TRMM and GPM satellites, new and innovative methods have been developed to overcome the lack of access to precipitation data. However, barriers such as data uncertainty also limit these methods. In this study, after correcting the satellite data error, this information was used as a feed parameter to MODFLOW code, and the groundwater level uncertainty was calculated by different Coppola functions. Examination of groundwater model outputs showed a 50% reduction in root mean square error index (RMSE). It is worth noting that about 90% of the aquifer had a difference of less than 10%, about 8% had a difference of 20 to 30% and about 2% of the aquifer had an approximate difference of 80% of the observational data ratio. The mentioned results show the proper performance and with a reliability coefficient of over 90% of the Coppola functions in calculating the groundwater level uncertainty using satellite precipitation data as the feeding parameter.

The current study is aimed to zoning flood probability map in the Saliantapeh catchment is located in the Golestan Province. To this aim, two well-known data mining models namely Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied due to their robust computational algorithm. Flood inventories were gathered through several field surveys using, local information and available organizational resources and corresponding map was created in the geographic information system. Reviewing several worldwide studies, 13 predisposing variables including proximity to stream, soil texture, lithological units, land use/cover, slope percent, elevation/DEM, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, stream power index and topographic wetness index were chosen and the corresponding maps were generated in the geographic information system. In this study, after preparing the predictor maps, SPSS software was used to analyze this data and testing Multi-collinearity. In order to evaluate models’ results the area under the receiver operating were used. Three different sample data sets (s1, s2, s3) including 70% for training and 30% for validation were randomly gathered to evaluate the robustness of the applied models. Results showed that the RF model with the area under curve value of 0.96 and robustness of 0,001 in validation step had better performance on flood probability zonation over the study area.

In this study, the effect of climate change on future temperature (2021-2040) in Iran has been investigated. For this purpose, the results of three general circulation models (GCM) named GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES and IPSL-CM5A-LR were analyzed for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. CCT model and minimum and maximum daily temperature (1986-1986) were used for downscaling and bias correction. The weighted average annual temperature did not decrease in the studied scenarios. The highest increase in weighted average annual is equal to 3.1 °C, and the highest increment in seasonal temperature is related to summer (8.5°C) due to the RCP8.5 scenario in the HadGEM2-ES model. Also, the maximum temperature decrease occurred in winter (1.2°C) under the conditions of the RCP2.6 scenario and GFDL-ESM2M model. Due to the climate of Iran, most of which is arid, following this increase in temperature, even in optimistic conditions (RCP2.6), the country needs an integrated water resources management program and long-term vision of relevant managers and officials. Rising temperatures pose challenges in various fields such as agriculture, food security, social, economic, cultural, political, international, and so on.

Hamoun international wetlands possess social, economic, cultural, protective, and ecological values. As the common heritage of mankind and according to the rules of international environmental customary law, these wetlands have an undeniable right from the Helmand River Basin water resources. Due to the vital values of Hamun wetlands, this paper aims to interpret the 1973 Helmand Treaty in order to find out what is the Hamoun wetlands water right in the 1973 treaty. Accordingly, the 1973 Helmand Treaty is interpreted based on the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969). Results reveal that the environmental demands of the Hamoun wetlands have not been considered in the subject and context of the treaty. It is necessary to provide the Hamoun wetlands water rights, which has been neglected in Iran and Afghanistan hydropolitical interaction for more than 115 years. Therefore, it must be paid attention to that the riparian states which have a customary commitment to supply the environmental demands shall provide guaranteed environmental water rights for the Hamouns wetlands.

Due to the severe water scarcity in Iran, using treated wastewater for irrigation purposes is an effective method to meet the water requirement of plants. One of the methods is phytoremediation. In this field, Vetiver Grass has received growing attention. The aim of the present study is to improve the quality of municipal wastewater by hydroponic Vetiver grass, for applying in irrigation. This research was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Fiberglass tanks with a volume of 1000 liters were prepared, and then filled separately with two types of raw and treated wastewater. Treatments included 4 and 8 plant densities, control, aerated and non-aerated wastewater. Retention times of 3, 7 and 14 days were used. The results showed that the optimal density in the treatment of municipal wastewater by Vetiver grass is a density of 4. Moreover, the aeration and non-aeration process of the treatments does not have much effect on the measured parameters. It should be noted the retention time of 7 days (except for BOD5) had the best performance with no significant difference with 14 days. The results indicated that BOD5, COD, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and potassium were reduced by 42, 55, 91, 66, 89 and 97 per cent, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the main options for adaptation to climate change in the Zayandeh-Roud Basin based on the passive defense approach. Therefore, in the first stage, the temperature and precipitation changes in the basin during future 20-years (2021-2040) were estimated using the weighted combination of the GCM models of the fifth IPCC assessment report. In the next stage, using the comments of various experts and researchers on water resources management and passive defense, the main criteria and options were identified for adaptation to climate change in the Zayandeh-Roud Basin. Based on the scores provided by the experts, pairwise comparisons were performed based on Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that on average, the temperature of basin will increase by about 0.9 °C during the next 20-years and the precipitation of the basin will decrease by about 13.3%. Among the criteria selected for adaptation to climate change based on the passive defense approach, the criterion of "no damage to farmers' livelihood" had the highest score. Also, among the options for adapting to climate change, "water demand management", "increase water supply" and "reduce water supply" received the highest scores for adapt the basin to climate change, respectively. In general, the results showed that supply-side water policies as well as water rationing policies can not be good policies for reduce risks and conflicts in water management, and if water demand management policies are implemented properly, future threats to water resources management (with a passive defense approach), can be reduced.

Water resources management is one of the most important issues that are considered by experts in this field due to the reduction of rainfall and the reduction of groundwater levels. In this study, to reduce pipe fractures and water loss in Salehabad city (Comparison of water production and customer consumption data showed that there is more than 60 percent water loss in this network) field studies, pressure gauges, leak detection, and hydraulic analysis were performed by combining AutoCAD, WaterGEMS and GIS software. Points of the water distribution network that had more than 50 mH2o pressure were identified and then by field studies and using the method of closing the gate valves as a step by step, 6 points were identified as high-risk points of leakage. Therefore, with the check of the areas by the leak detector, 3 cases of pipe fractures were found and the remeasurement showed that the repair of these pipe fractures had reduced water loss by 20 percent. Depending on the urban texture and topography of the area, it was suggested to reduce the network pressure to 16 to 30 mH2o by installing a pressure relief valve in critical points of the network.

Water crisis is one of the most important problems in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran. Also, in these areas indiscriminate use of nitrogen fertilizer have had severe environmental consequences. Thus, assessment of plant responses to water stress, the amount of nitrogen and, estimation of production function for determining optimal use of water and fertilizer is inevitable. The objective of this study was to investigate the interrelations of yield, irrigation depth and, applied nitrogen fertilizer of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.). For this purpose, the study was conducted in the College of Aburaihan (Southeast Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran) in 2020. Experiment was arranged based on randomized complete block design with two treatments of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation water depths with three replications. In this study the Levels of irrigation depth were 120% (I1), 100%(I2), 80%(I3) and 60%(I4) of irrigation requirement the levels of applied nitrogen fertilizer were 120%(N1), 100%(N2), 80%(N3) and, 60%(N4) of nitrogen use requirement. In this study four equations of of linear, Cobb-Douglas, quadratic and transcendental were used to determine the water-nitrogen production function production. The results showed that the quadratic equation simulates the dry yield of radish with a higher accuracy. The results showed also, the I3 (142 mm) and N2 nitrogen (150 Kg per hectare) treatments, were yielded the highest yield and irrigation water use efficiency.

The identification of potential pollution sources and their continuous monitoring is one of the most important measures in the quality management of groundwater and surface water resources. Since the relation between these two systems and the injected pollution pattern at the source is not easily discernible, inverse methods are recommended. In this paper, the inverse solution of the ADE equation is conducted using the simulation-optimization approach to identify the characteristics of a pollution source that is released in a confined aquifer and reaches a river, then moves along the stream to a monitoring cross-section where it is detected. The proposed case studies were not investigated before. The inverse method combines the forward model and an optimization algorithm. To speed up the computation, the transfer function theory is applied to create a surrogate transport forward model. The two approaches are compared in terms of accuracy and speed of solution for two hypothetical cases (The second example, considering the geometric dimensions of the Karun River in Iran). The result show transfer function methodology used to create a surrogate transport model is convenient, very fast compared to other existing approaches, and more accurate in the reconstruction of source characteristics even in presence of noise on observations. Moreover, each application of the transfer function to surrogate the transport process requires only 0.56 percent of the computation time of the complete simulation model. So due to its effect on significantly increasing the reverse resolution speed, it can be used for real scenarios of pollutant transport problems that generally face time constraints.

Food production and consumption is one of the important dimensions of agriculture's impact on water resources. Therefore, changing the household food basket can directly affect the status of water resources. In this study, water and carbon footprint indices were used to determine the desirability of two Vegan and common food baskets in the community. The results showed that although the United Nations Water Crisis Index (UN/WCI) still shows a severe water crisis by changing the common food basket to a vegan food basket, the promotion and selection of vegan food baskets can reduce the pressure on Iran's water resources and environment. Vegan and common food baskets result in a water footprint of 56.3 and 62.7 BCM, respectively. With a production of 205.5 million tons of CO2 per year, the vegan food basket produces about 3.9 million tons less CO2 than the common food basket. In general, vegan food basket causes a 10% reduction in water consumption and about 2% reduction in carbon footprint compared to the common food basket. In the study of the share of the vegan food groups in water footprint, the group of legumes and nuts (38%) and in terms of produced carbon footprint, the group of vegetables (27%) have the greatest impact on water resources. The results of this study suggest that by changing the common food basket to a vegan food basket, fruit and vegetable food groups should have a greater share in meals. Instead, the consumption of meats, breads and cereals (especially rice) should be reduced.

Nowadays, one of the solutions to meet the growing water needs and achieve regional balance is inter-basin water transfer projects. This study examines eight scenarios in order to evaluate eight scenarios of inter-basin water transfer from great Karun watersheds to the central plateau of Iran with the aim of supplying drinking water. Prioritization and evaluation of these scenarios were performed using four important and effective criteria (social and political risk, environmental and water resources risk, technical risk and economic risk) in inter-basin water transfer according to UNESCO criteria. Then, with the help of these criteria, ten effective basic events in inter-basin water transfer projects. Then, using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA) models, the failure probability of top event "failure of water transfer projects" for all eight scenarios were calculated. The results showed that water transfer from Behesht-Abad basin through Pumping and short tunnel from Behesht-Abad base flow for Isfahan province and khersaan basin - khersaan dam to Yazd and Kerman provinces with crisp and fuzzy failure probability of 0.65 and 0.61 as the eighth scenario, is the superior scenario. Due to the high probability of failure and in order to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of this failure, the basic events were ranked based on their effect in the failure of the top event using two indicators of BI and FIM. The results indicate the greater importance of socio-political and Environment criteria in the failure of inter-basin water transfer projects.

The matter of excessive withdrawal of groundwater resources as a common problem in arid and semi-arid regions of the world has caused depletion in the quantity and quality of groundwater in many plains of Iran, such as Qanavat district in Qom, and the stakeholders of these resources have confronted serious challenges. This research aims to evaluate farmers' adaptive capacity to the quantitative and qualitative decline of groundwater resources. In this regard, first, the content, structure and relative importance of the dimensions of adaptation capacity have been measured using the self-assessment method and psychometric approach. Then, in order to study and compare the adaptation of different villages, the adaptive capacity index has presented and calculated by measuring the relationship between the dimensions of adaptive capacity and individual and technical characteristics of farmers. findings of this research indicate that the most important dimensions influencing adaptive capacity are innovation and risk behavior with highest factor loadings (0.91 and 0.85, respectively), whereas governance and trust in government with lowest factor loadings (0.42 and 0.38, respectively) has not found to be significant dimensions. This finding illustrates the low confidence of farmers in government executive policies on agriculture and groundwater management in this region. Calculating the adaptive capacity index for different villages, it was found that Dolatabad, Momenabad, Seraje and Abdullahabad vllages with more than 0.58 have the highest adaptation in this region. contrarily, due to the multiplicity of smallholders and unwillingness to plant new crops, Valijard and Morad Abad have the lowest adaptation.