مجله شهرسازی ایران
پیاپی 6 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The staggering growth of the world's population over the past few decades and the unsustainable development of urban communities have led to blatant encroachments on valuable land and suburban ecosystems. Wetlands are the most important of these ecosystems, which in recent centuries have been completely swallowed up and destroyed by the unbalanced development of cities. The change of perspective in the process of urban development from undesirable forms and patterns of structures to environmentally friendly development has led to the formation of a new concept called ecological cities. In these cities, efforts are made to reflect and update the intrinsic values of the environment in urban management decisions and development planning. In this way, by creating a constructive interaction between the environment, economy, politics and socio-cultural factors, cities will flourish and develop in harmony with nature. Attention to the role of wetlands in the improvement of urban spaces, due to the constant fear of humans from the unfamiliar effects of these environments on human safety and health has been associated with historical delays. Only in recent years, and from an environmental point of view, the World Wetlands Conservation Convention, known as the Ramsar Convention, has proposed the idea of wetland cities to protect wetlands in and around cities. In this study, by explaining the concept of wetland cities, water hygiene, which is the most important challenge in the direct operation of wetlands, is examined and tested by examining a case study in the city of Babel.

Urban cultural area either in strengthening the position of cultural cities (providing a credible international image and providing a suitable space for promoting urban competitiveness and establishing activities related to these cities) or in helping non-cultural cities to move towards the status of cultural city They have a significant role and importance. The concept and semantic scope of the city center is more concerned with its functional and functional aspects than its spatial and geometric dimensions and examining the extent and impact of the cultural area on urban development in terms of functional and spatial areas. And identifying and determining physical and symbolic functions in urban areas and introducing the benefits and added value resulting from it. To address these questions, how can the formation of a central cultural area lead to urban development? How are the functional and spatial areas of culture in the central urban area determined? Cultural area of Shiraz city using a questionnaire identified in the analysis and evaluation stage to achieve this purpose, people from the study community and the desired characteristics have been evaluated and evaluated. And the article has two theoretical and practical (applied) dimensions and in terms of the nature of research (addressing the category of culture), it is a quantitative method that in its place and due to the structure of the research, the quantitative method will be used. Finally, it is important to mention that there is no activity in the area under study that can attract citizens during the day and night, and from the last hours of the night on wards, almost no activities are carried out in this area, except for passing through. Non-cultural barriers may also create an unfavorable situation in the cultural area of the city compared to other parts of the city. These barriers should be considered in planning for the whole city with special emphasis on the specific conditions of the city's cultural boundaries.

Rapaport is one of the culturalists who has done extensive research in the field of culture in the field of architecture and urban studies and has devoted a large part of his research life to behavior-environment studies. Therefore, it is very important to study the evolution of his ideas in this field. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine Rapaport's line of thought in the field of culture and behavior-environment studies, especially in the last two decades, and to identify his latest theories. This research is a descriptive review in which the documentary method and the study of authoritative articles and books have been used. As a result, by moving from the artistic paradigm in architecture to the scientific paradigm in the field of cultural studies in architecture and urban planning, Rapaport has achieved important achievements, especially in the field of behavior-environment studies. In the last two decades, he has sought to develop scientific theories that can help operationalize the category of culture. According to Rapaport, all of his research has been a preliminary step towards his descriptive theory, which indicates the continuity and continuity of Rapaport's reading process; It is as if each piece is added to the previous pieces. Despite some criticisms of Rapaport's behavior-environment studies approach, it can still be said that this approach is still a major breakthrough in design.

U theory seeks guidance from the most probable future. An activity can lead to completely different results depending on the structure of the attention from which a particular activity is performed. In this article, we try to study this theory, which does not last long, and in the field of urban planning, which has its roots in the social sciences, and how it enters the field of urban planning in Iran. The question we are looking for an answer to is whether U theory can be present in the field of urban planning in Iran? How? This question somehow forms the main basis of the present article. For research, the interpretive-explanatory method, which is a subset of qualitative research method, has been used. The resources used in advancing the article have been obtained through extensive library studies, both in the field of theory and in the field of city theory. These sources are then used based on interpretive-analytical method. The results indicate that the managers and mayors of the country's cities, who are also considered as city leaders, should avoid superficiality, arbitration and prejudice within the city and stop it. These leaders must be immersed in themselves so that they can identify the blind spots of their leadership and work to eliminate them by exposing them. Then, with an open-minded, open-hearted and open-minded presence, make decisions and make fundamental changes in leadership.

Today, much attention has been paid to the discussion of learning in architecture in order to increase the performance of architects. Because art disciplines require creativity and innovation, the importance of learning in such disciplines is more. The purpose of this study is to review the appropriate learning methods for each of the courses offered in the field of architecture engineering at the undergraduate level. The type of qualitative research and the research method are descriptive-analytical. In this way, first the learning methods are presented and categorized by library studies, then the strengths and weaknesses of each method are examined. After recognizing the purpose of the courses offered in this course, finally in the research findings section, tables including theoretical and practical courses along with compatible learning methods with each of the courses are presented. The results of the research show that practical courses are more compatible with learning methods that require the participation of students together or with professors, and theoretical courses require methods that increase the motivation and learning of students and their participation during the course with professors.

In current decline urban decay is new phenomena. Urban revitalization has emerged as a response to the urban decline problems. Generally, urban revitalization projects are applied on districts that are in a process of decay. Current cities are under risk of decay and chaos because of historic layers that are formed in leadership of the user’s needs such as contexts like commercial and social.The creation, growth and decay of cities are products of forces and natural and human flows and related relationships over time, and the Zabol is not separate from this general rule.The purpose of this study is qualitative and fundamental research which is done by the approach of data theory. In order to analyze documentary studies, it is a cross-sectional and in-depth analysis of the content and method of gathering documentary study and in-depth interviews. Nvivo software was used for data analysis and codingAfter studying documents and interviewing experts and analyzing data qualitatively with respect to the number of citations (350 citations), 17 initial codes were extracted as urban decline. 5 of which were political, economic, urban governance, environmental factors and social &culture are Core codes and the main components of urban decline. The basis of the presented components and the discovery of causal relations .The conceptual model (spiral model) of the decline of border cities was presented with emphasis on the city of Zabol.

Rapid urban growth and urbanization and increasing urban population in the country are the problems of metropolises. One of the problems with this type of development is the emergence and development of informal and marginal settlements, followed by poverty, which makes sense in various aspects of these settlements. Illegal urban neighborhoods cause critical multifaceted problems. Also in recent decades, the growth and expansion of informal settlements around large cities, especially in developing countries with a spontaneous and spontaneous nature, has led to many economic and social problems that ultimately lead to instability in urban development. These countries have been mentioned. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and applied and its purpose is to compare and evaluate the economic and social indicators in Khajeh Rabi and Ne Darreh neighborhoods (as informal settlements of Mashhad) with the help of statistical method of analysis of variance. Be. Also, in order to complete the questionnaire, according to the volume of statistical population of 29920 people and the use of Morgan's sample size determination table, 375 questionnaires have been questioned. The results show that Neh Darreh neighborhood is at a higher level in terms of economic and social indicators than Khajeh Rabi neighborhood. Also, the results of the study of economic developments using the Chi-squared test show that these settlements are transitioning from their traditional culture.

Considering the relationship between urban development and transportation in modern urban planning promotes the city's quality standards. The development of cities, taking advantage of the potential of urban transportation elements have always been considered throughout history and has been done in different time periods with different goals and methods. In this context, what is emphasized in the third millennium is integration in urban development and transportation planning.The aim of this study is to investigate the components of TOD and to examine the advantages of the interaction between urban development and public transportation and the global results of this approach. For this purpose, after introducing and advantages of TOD, the effect of location and density of development, land use mix, cycling, and walking conditions, quality and the proximity of public transportation, parking management, Restrictions on personal car movement and travel demand management are explored in people's travel behavior. Finally, the impact of integrated integration on urban development and transportation in three successful cities are stated.

Media tools in the age of communication and information are the factors through which information, concepts and ideas are transmitted to specific and general audiences. Virtual reality as one of the media tools is a new technology that allows the user to Interact with computer simulation environment. Its advantages in architecture are mainly expressed in helping to design and concepts and ideas. The main purpose of this article is the interaction between people and scenarios of designing architectural space in intangible space with the help of media tools such as virtual reality, to a comprehensive understanding of The intention and idea of the designer and help improve the perception of space. The main question is how virtual reality can increase a person's perception of architectural space? The research method of this research is content analysis. At first, using library resources and documents, the details and frameworks of the theory of space perception and its components were studied and analyzed. Then, these cases were measured in the field of virtual reality and its results were specified. Experience in immaterial space is a mental experience and therefore the nature of space in it is perceptual, a perception that takes place without the physical presence of a person and only with the help of his mind. The placement of minds, the exchange of thoughts and experiences, the lack of perceptual errors in this space and its many applications are fundamentally different from the traditional definitions of the perception of architectural space.

Urban public spaces are places for social interaction and civic relations for all walks of life. Although urban spaces are based on equal citizenship rights, in reality this is not the case, and the disabled and the elderly can not easily enter the urban space and are always afraid to enter public places; People with disabilities, like other people, have the right to use urban spaces. However, the unsatisfactory physical space of cities and its non-compliance with the needs and desires of this group due to the problems and obstacles in cities, especially Parsian, led to the main purpose of this study, namely the adaptation of Imam Khomeini Street Parsian to pay for the use of urban space and public places for the disabled and the elderly. The three objectives of this study include identifying the necessary standards, examining the issues and problems in the street and providing solutions. Using descriptive-analytical method and field observation tools and library studies, the impressions obtained in the swot table are examined and finally solutions. In order to improve and adapt Imam Khomeini Street in Parsian city (sidewalks, uses and public places) has been proposed.

In the present age, due to the rapid progress and diversity of demands leading to customer change, a way must be found to respond appropriately to it. In this regard, it is necessary to review the definitions of the project and its various life cycles. It is also possible to provide a further description by examining the formation of agile thinking and the symmetry of its two applied types, so that by familiarizing oneself with this concept and comparing the traditional PMBOK standard approach processes with the scrum agile method, will it be possible to apply it in the construction industry? The results of the studies show that the project management standards have created a new perspective for this knowledge by creating this concept in their headings.

Urbanization and population growth in developing countries have created numerous problems in various sectors, including housing. Examining housing indicators, both quantitative and qualitative, is very useful in housing planning and development in cities. Mashhad, as the spiritual capital and the second metropolis of the country, has several problems in the housing sector. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, urban housing indicators in Mashhad have been evaluated and analyzed. The statistical population in this study using Cochran's formula is 384 samples in the whole city. In order to analyze the data, Topsis method, regression and scattering coefficient were used and for drawing graphs, SPSS software and maps were used from Arc-GIS software. The results of this study show that in the leveling of 13 regions according to the 6 indices and 22 variables and finally the combined index obtained from the TOPSIS model in the regions of Mashhad in terms of health, economy, physical, welfare indicators. Installations and strengths have an average of 0.34, which indicates the low score of the indicators, and there is a long way to go to reach the desired level, which is the number (1) one. This index is above average in the two regions of 9 and 11 and below the average in the other eleven regions, which indicates inequality, heterogeneity and imbalance between municipal regions. Regression analysis also shows that health, facility and welfare indicators are the most and in the next priority, economic, physical and strength indicators in the housing sector in Mashhad have been effective, respectively. Therefore, using the results, unsuitable areas as target groups should be given priority in planning.