مجله جستار های زبانی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 64، مهر و آبان 1400)

This paper analyzes the stability or changes of the Persian Language Speakers' views towards Bravery, as one of the concepts of the target domain of Morality from Kövecses's (1393: 43) point of view. The main question of this study is weather the concept of Bravery has changed from 8th to 10th lunar century compaired to the contemporary period. Moreover we aim to find a pattern to represent these changes. To achieve this goal, the authors studied the conceptual change or stability, through comparing the conceptual metaphors of Bravery. The results of this study show changes in some cultural components of this concept in Persian language speaker's society. It should be noted that the comparison of historical and contemporary evidences show that the general source domain of objects in both cases have been remained unchanging but the special source domains of objects have changed. The high frequency source domains of conceptualizing Bravery in Persian language are as follows: Power, Path, War, Material. The theoretical framework of the present research is the theory of conceptual metaphors proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Trim's pattern for the conceptual networking of metaphors (2007).

This paper identifies the grammatical constructions expressing indefiniteness in Old Persian. Based on the extant data from this stage of Persian language, There had been no indefinite article before Old Persian era and its grammaticalization is the result of the bridging context chr('39')There is only one X, the X represents a human beingchr('39'). In fact, the metonymic relations triggered reanalysis of "aiva" chr('39')onechr('39') to an chr('39')indefinite articlechr('39') which in turn paved the way for its metaphoric extension. To explain this path of development, a Construction Grammar model is adopted. This research is based on the corpus of OP gathered by Kent (1953). The investigation illustrates that the token frequency of the aforementioned indefinite article in the total NPs (4130) amounts to 0.5%. This percentage is not much high; however, it implies that it is a newly formed grammatical construction in Old Persian. In other words, it illustrates the early stages of the indefinite article grammaticalization.

The significance of the five senses and the sense-induced emotions are clear to everyone. Therefore, the newly-developed concept of emotioncy which includes emotion as one of its basic components has been introduced to the field of foreign language learning. The present study attempts to investigate the effects of the emotioncy-based vocabulary instruction on the learners’ success. To this end, nine avolved vocabulary items were selected and instructed to the participants through different emotioncy kinds. Then, the participants performed a sentence comprehension task, and, based on the instruction, decided whether the sentences were correct or not. The analysis of the behavioral data revealed that employing different emotioncy levels to teach the words could lead into a significant difference among them both in terms of the response accuracy and the response time. The findings of this study can emphasize the significance of the sense-induced emotions in, among others, teaching and testing new linguistic items.

Dubbing is the dominant medium of broadcasting foreign audiovisual products in Iran. In addition, various Iranian streaming services and film-sharing websites use dubbed AV products to increase their audience and client base. Considering the vast audience of dubbed products in Iran, the necessity to conduct Persian-language and local culture-based research on dubbing is imperative. Therefore, the present exploratory study aimed to investigate the considerations in selecting the voice and voice actors in the Persian dubbing of foreign films and series. Accordingly, the views of seven professional dubbing directors and voice actors were collected through several sessions of in-depth interviews. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory procedures. In the end, the obtained data were divided into four main categories of selection according to the character’s specifications and characterization, the actor’s physical features, the role, and the dubbing director’s experiential considerations. Furthermore, the practical strategies of dubbing directors in dealing with the issue of accents were explored. The first solution was neutralizing the accent, but in case the accent played an important role in the characterization or plot development, manipulating the grammar, shift in word choice, subtitling, and using pseudo-language were the compensating strategies to represent the accent verbally.

Cognitive linguists believe that human perception is inherently metaphorical. They assign metaphor to the realm of thought, over and beyond the realm of language. In contemporary theory, metaphor refers to conceptualization of complex and intangible mental phenomena through tangible and sensory human experiences. The significance of the concept of "heart" (del) lies in its indeterminacy and transcendence in language and literature, especially mysticism. This word implies a wide range of meanings. Therefore, studying its metaphorical processing techniques is essential in identifying Sana'i's emotions and thought system. This study seeks to identify the poet's thought system and the resulting mental and expressive subtleties through analysis of tools and techniques used for rendition of "heart" sensible in Sana'i's thought within the framework of cognitive theory and its conceptualization functions. The results show that the most frequent metaphorical use of heart in the poet's work is concerned with ontology, and the most remarkable concerned with objectification, which indicate the influence of primary subjective and subconscious collective experiences on the poet's mind in his understanding of "heart". The most significant semantic function of del in Sana'i divan is implying emotional concepts, best manifested in love, grief, and joy. Other semantic functions of del include ethical concepts (patience, nafs, and worldliness), the place of manifestation of haq, thoughtfulness and knowledge, and confidentiality.

This article provides and examines empirical data from different languages showing that long A-movement of the subject of the embedded finite clause to the subject position of the main clause is indeed possible in many languages of the world. However all kinds of raising out of finte clause are not the same and have obvious differences from each other.In present article we introduce and acoount four kinds of finite raising including hyper raising, super raising further raising and copy raising in different languages. Finally we try to determine the position of Persian in  cross-linguistic analysis of raising.

Applying pictorial illustrations aids the lexicographer in defining lemmas and clarifying the meaning of entries. The present study, based on Steinchr('39')s (1991) categories, looks at the inclusion of pictorial illustrations in three Persian monolingual dictionaries, including Amid Persian Dictionary, Moein Persian dictionary, and Sokhan Comprehensive Dictionary, intending to define a syntactic-semantic typology of pictorial illustrations in Persian monolingual dictionaries. This corpus based analytic survey is done to answer which items are mostly illustrated, considering the semantic field and the part of speech of illustrated lemmas, as well as study visual characteristics of pictures and their place of insertion. The other purpose of this paper is to investigate which methods can improve the efficiency of pictorial illustrations in dictionaries. The results of this survey indicate that domestic and contextualized pictures along with a proper reference to their headwords can enhance the communicative function of Persian monolingual dictionaries. It is also revealed that the co-reference of illustrations and headwords are fulfilled via the juxtaposition of pictures to the dictionary entries or through some verbal support that relates illustrations to the respective lemma. In all three mentioned Persian dictionaries, concrete nouns are the most illustrated headwords. This research shows that the typological analysis of pictorial illustrations in dictionaries can provide a better understanding of illustrative structures in monolingual lexicography so that planning for the visual aspects of the new generation of Persian monolingual dictionaries would be more feasible..

To consider significant variation of dialects of Gilaki Language and different approaches on the classification of clitics and different usage of this element in the Iranian dialects and languages, writer purposes to determine variation of clitics in Gilaki language, various features of clitics and their position in this language. There are two questions here: 1-how is typological verity of clitic and its feature in Gilaki language? 2- where is the position of clitic in the sentences of this language? it seems that there is same varity of clitic in three dialect divisions of Gilaki and clitic occupy second position into the sentences of this language. linguistic data of Gilaki has been investigated on the basis of a questionnaire of Max Plank written on typological investigations of clitics on which It has been analyzed in 5 separable parts including general features of the language, categories, specific features, place of clitics in the phrases and its movement. Collected data from three branches including west, east and Galeshi has been analyzed on basis of descriptive- analytical- comparative method. The results will express that there is sameness of clitics among three mentioned branches of Gilaki. Generally we can observe pronoun pre-clitics connected to objective symbol, Objective symbol post-clitics /ǝ/, emphasis clitics and post- clitics of the symbol of conjunction /O/ in Gilaki language.There aren’t Post-clitics of personal pronouns connected to nouns, verbs, adverb and adjectives in this language. It isnchr('39')t possible to move clitics to the prior position. Indeed considering the investigations, Wackernagel’s law about second position is verifiable for Gilaki language.

Considering the analysis of phenomenological discourse from the semiotic perspective, the tattoo semiotic system focuses on linguistic reproduction. Discourse reveals some aspects of sensory perception to the subject. Proper body is a path to the sensory perception of the lost dimensions of meaning and the lived experience of phenomena. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of sensory perception of phenomenological tattoo in the framework of semiotics of discourse. Throughout the research process and with the development of Merleau-Ponty and Landowski theory, the authors  study the written tattoo with the semiotic approach of  Paris school of semiotics by dealing with the process of discovering, producing and receiving meaning. In the present study, the findings showed that  the phenomenological tattoo leads the semiotic system of language towards the discovery of the lived experience of presence and reveals the hidden layers of meaning and conceal the obvious meanings. This is a feature of meta-discourse that manifests itself within discourse in order to achieve power and immortality, and leads to transcendence of  semiotic system of discourse.

One essential semantic category, along with other categories formulated in the verb (such as mood and tense), is aspect. Aspect can be considered as the way of looking at the events in terms of their inception, realization, unfolding or completion. While grammatical aspect is usually expressed with a definite inflectional or periphrastic element in VP, aspectual verbs, inherently without any specific grammatical sign, unfold the intrinsic aspectual properties indicating the beginning, continuation or completion of the events. Reviewing the current approaches to lexical aspect, the present research attempts to study and classify the aspectual verbs in Laki (one of the Northwestern Iranian languages) to show that based on Croft’s model (2012), the Laki dialect has four major lexical aspectual types (including static, activity, accomplishment and achievement) and 10 subcategories including transitory states, acquired permanent states, inherent permanent states, directed activities, undirected (cyclic) activities, directed accomplishments, undirected accomplishments, reversible achievements, irreversible achievements, cyclic achievements.

The present article examines the errors of Persian language students (undergraduate) in translating commonly used derivative verbs from Russian to Persian. In order to do this research, some of the most frequently used derivative verbs in Russian language textbooks intended for teaching prefixal verbss to foreign speakers are examined. Also, the Russian-Persian bilingual dictionaries that are used as one of the educational tools in studentschr('39') classrooms are studied and analyzed. According to the present study, the problems created for Persian-speaking students while learning Russian derivative verbs are not limited to their lack of knowledge about the Russian prefixal verbs, but this problem is closely related to the educational resources available in teaching the subject of the verb to Persian-speakers.On the other hand, it can be inferred that the problems created while learning Russian derivative verbs are also related to the shortcomings in the curricula of universities and higher education institutions. The main question of the current research is to investigate the causes of making errors in Persian language students in using Russian derivative verbs. It should be mentioned that the purpose of this study is to find the reasons for making errors by Persian language students in translating the Russian verb and also to provide a suitable solution to eliminate the problems created while teaching this category of speech. The purpose of this research is to obtain information that helps us to understand the reasons for these errors, and when any scientific activity, both in the field of education and in the field of learning prefixal verbss, we pay more attention. It seems that Persian language learners chr('39')unfamiliarity with the grammatical features of Russian verbs, lack of appropriate and standard textbooks, language learnerschr('39') unfamiliarity with verb word-building concepts in Russian are the main reasons for errors in learning Russian prefixal verbs in Persian language classrooms. In this article, the authors try to provide a suitable solution to improve the learning process of Russian prefixal verbs and improve the educational quality by showing the mistakes of Persian language learners as well as the problems and shortcomings that cause these mistakes. In this article, the authors examine studentschr('39') error in translating high-frequency prefixal verbss from two perspectives: 1) Errors that are divided into six categories: lexical, morphological, syntactic, idiomatic, stylistic and lexical errors; 2) The reasons for these errors are divided into two categories: Insufficient knowledge of Persian-speaking students about language structures as well as problems in the Russian-Persian bilingual dictionary used in Persian-speaking classrooms. In order to eliminate possible errors of language learners while learning and using frequently used Russian prefixal verbss or to reduce the possibility of these errors occurring, the authors have offered various solutions. One of these strategies, which is very important, goes back to how to choose Russian prefixal verbs during the course. Since every Russian verb has the ability to combine with countless prefixes and convey a new meaning, it is therefore recommended to use prefixal verbss in textbooks that have a higher frequency than other regular verbs. that the frequency of non-derived verbs and prefixal verbs in many cases have no relation to each other. It should not be forgotten that the frequency of verbs alone can not help in the choice of verbs in the compilation of the textbook, because during a study of the Russian frequency dictionary (Л.Н. Засорина, 1997) we came to the conclusion. For example, among the verbs, the non-derivative verb "быть" has a higher frequency, while among the prefixal verbs, the verb "посмотреть" is in the first place in this respect. This means that non-derivative verbs may be lower in frequency, but verbs derived from the same verb may be higher in frequency. This shows that more care must be taken in the selection of prefixal verbs in order to compile textbooks By the way, we have already mentioned that the verb prefixes in Russian have several meanings, some of which are more frequent. As a result, it is clear that when choosing prefixal verbs during the course, it is necessary to consider prefixes that are more commonly used as prefixal verbs.

Poetry is beyond ordinary speech due to its implicit language, weight, rhyme and the combination of its constituent elements with poetic feelings, and therefore, its translation is difficult and sometimes impossible. The main concern of the translator of the poem is to explain the special features of the original text as much as possible and to create an effectiveness poetic text in the target language. Since the words and elements of both languages ​​are not exactly the same, there is a loss of meaning in translating the poem, and the translator can compensate this loss in some way. In an analytical-descriptive approach, the present article studies the strategies of meaning loss compensation in translation of Arabic poetry and tries to present the guidelines so that translator can create a text having the same effect on the readers while sustaining the features of Arabic poetry. For this purpose, by examining the opinions of a group of experts in the field of translation about Meaning loss compensation deals with positions of meaning loss and its compensation strategies in translation of Arabic poetry into Persian at the phonetic, lexical, imaginative, stylistic and cultural levels. The present research has been done based on translation samples of some contemporary Arabic poets derived from Shafií Kadkani Arabic contemporary poetry book (2008). The findings showed that in the translation of Arabic contemporary poetry into Persian, meaning loss is occurred at the phonetic, lexical, imaginative, stylistic and cultural levels and by using compensation strategy, translator can sustain the general tone of the main text and use in place- compensation  and Kind- compensation.

Speeches of the presidents at the United Nations General Assembly is of great importance with respect to ideology. The present study aims to compare the ideology in speeches of Iranian presidents in recent years including Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hasan Ruhani. The data of this descriptive research are gathered out of texts of the speeches in 2001, 2005, 2007, 2013, and 2018. Then, the data were analyzed within the framework of Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by Fairclough. This framework includes three stages namely Description, Interpretation and Explanation. At the first stage, the linguistic strategies utilized in the speeches are explored. In Interpretation stage, Situational, Intertextual and Pragmatic contexts are analyzed. In Explanation stage, the first two stages are expanded into the society level. The results of the study show that there are some similarities and discrepancies among the speeches. The similarity lies in the ideology of defending rights of Iran and oppressed nations. Mohammad Khatami attempted to integrate all countries to work in same direction in order to settle the disagreements. Meanwhile, due to Situational contexts and political, financial and regional conditions, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Hasan Ruhani made their effort to mobilize nations to stay against oppressing nations.

Ivan Buninchr('39')s "Cursed Days", which covers the events following Russian October Revolution at 1918 and 1919, features different discourses such as literary, political, historical, social, criminal, critical, and citation, and has been written as a diary compilation. Linguistic elements of "Cursed Days" reflect the biography of the author, the narrator of the book, as a chronicler, critic, and descriptor of the events and interpersonal relationships that he had with various strata of the Russian people throughout the Civil War. Bunin believes that the October Revolution had led to the destruction of culture and the use of abnormal words and phrases in the Russian language. Bunin describes the period using terms "devilish, damn, and cursed," and addresses the Bolsheviks leader as "animal". The present study, in addition to reviewing the procedure and date of "Cursed Days" publication and its genre, discusses the comments from Bunin, critics and experts regarding the book, the events following the October Revolution and its negative aftermath on the Russian language and literature. Bunin believes that the October Revolution caused the deterioration of people’s morals, language and literature, and resulted in the socio-cultural abnormalities. Bunin considers the Bolsheviks sabotages as irreparable damages to the Russian language that had delivered writers such as Alexander Pushkin and Leo Tolstoy to the society.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the two-way interaction of stress and tension in the discourse of the narcissist. Nafteh al-Masdoor, which means "sighs of a painful chest", is a glorious work and a painful complaint written in AH by Mohammad Munshi Nasavi, influenced by the tragic tragedies of the Mongols, which begins with a sharp tone and rhythm. The discourse of this work becomes a discourse with two aspects of tension due to the interaction of external tension (multiple wounds caused by the Mongol invasion) and internal loneliness (burning and regret of the author) and their relationship with each other. Therefore, the results of the present study showed that although at the beginning of the discourse of this work, we see a gradual increase in content tension and linguistic excitement, but gradually the initial energy and excitement calms down and the book structure follows a downward pattern towards discontinuity. The creation of a distributed counter-discourse has observed as well.

One of the stages of recognizing the intellectual, cultural and emotional characteristics of nations possessing culture and literature is the adjustment of their literary works. Semiotic approach reaches meaning through the literary text, and in this process, regimes of discourse as the main elements of discourse shape the narrative and change from one status to another. This study analyzes Savab ya Gonah by Jamalzadeh and The Corn Planting by Anderson ;the  Iranian and American writers in the framework of Greimas’s semiotic model.It also explicates the types discursive regime.The main question of this research is how the narrative process of signification is formed and what are the most important discourse systems involved in meaning production? The results showed that both authors have used a variety of narrative discourse systems in their story, but the discourse systems of action and State have been the dominant regimes in the narrative formation so that the narrative with State pattern has turned to action and again to the State with aesthetic and mythical type and we are confronted with the process of forming high spiritual values, and the characters in the story make their mythical presence visible to the audience. But what leads to the difference between the themes of both stories is the attitude of the actors and the value worldview in both cultures. In the story of Savab ya Gonah, the main actor in the form of religious codes of retribution and reconciliation with death is elevated to the status of myths. On the other hand, in “The Corn Planting” story, the main actors, in the form of Eco-Semiotic codes, linked the death of the child at the end of the narrative by turning to nature and attaining mythical status.

Legal translation study is a contemporary and innovative topic in the translation studies. Analysis of the procedure of selecting and applying a legal equivalent in the target language is one of the issues in this area. Legal translation study based on linguistic approach is a branch of jurilinguistics. The aim of this article is to assess the utility of the theory of jurilinguistics of Geneva through a case study of some of Iranian legal concepts. In this research we apply descriptive and case study methods. First, we will study the Geneva jurilinguistics which was introduced by contemporary legal linguists such as Jean-Claude Gémar and Claude Bocquet. Then we will examine the applicability of the solutions presented in this theory in the French translation of Iranian legal concepts. The corpus which was analyzed in this paper is the seventh book of the second volume of Iranian Civil Code on marriage and divorce.

The EAP (English for Academic Purposes) students are not passive recipients to absorb subject-specific materials through exposure to merely reading skill. The dominant misleading conception surrounding the EAP courses is that exposing learners to field-specific texts creates a shortcut which consequently contributes to enhancing their language knowledge. However, discipline-specific reading materials are like one-way street which hardly develop the learners’ grammatical and communicative competence. The EAP learners need more general text types, tasks, activities and exercises in order to learn language and use it. This article argues that the EAP students can master language through the common-core materials and the integration of the four language skills. The data for the study were collected through a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews, class observations and field notes. Participants included 60 students and 16 language teachers. The results were analyzed based on the five curriculum structures presented by Brown (1995: 20): objectives, needs analysis, teaching, curriculum and test. This paper endeavors to shed some fresh light on the following topics: the role of English for General Purposes (EGP), EAP goal and syllabus, ESP, content-based instruction (CBI), common core hypothesis, needs analysis, EAP materials, and EAP teaching and learning activities. This paper can have significant implications for ESP and EAP teachers, graduate students, syllabus designers, materials developers, and researchers in the field of ESP.

Political language is a complex language filled with various strategies to persuade public opinion. One of the major strategies of linguistics to be analyzed in political discourse is the political rhetoric. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to analyze the rhetorical notion in the context of political discourse of two different speech communities from the perspective of Beard’s (2000). The main issue in this research is to explain the similarities and differences of the rhetorical strategies of politics used by the two Presidents of Iran and the USA in an attempt to gain power, persuasion and to reach their audiencechr('39')s consent. To this end, we have collected the data in a library process and analyzed them analytically to answer these questions that how do both presidents use language trying to get their listenerschr('39') consent and persuading them? What are the rhetorical similarities and differences between the two presidents? The results show that both presidents use contrastive pairs, repetition and three-part lists, utilizing pronouns, verb voices, and sound-bites strategies. Rouhani’s main strategy is the utilizing pronouns in different ways and Trumpchr('39')s most common strategy is the use of repetition. The use and avoidance of analogy is another aspect of difference between speeches of mentioned speakers. Overall, the present study illustrates the fact that through the study of Beardchr('39')s strategies (2000) one can easily discern politicianschr('39') different linguistic strategies, in particular top executives to persuade audiences, make speech more and present more positive and popular face.

With the advent of innovative technological tools and in line with a shift from teacher-centered towards student-centered approaches in language teaching, new opportunities have been introduced to contribute to improving language learning. The related literature asserts that this new mode of teaching might have both benefits and challenges which could influence teachers and learners’ participation in the newly emerged flipped learning. Keeping this in mind, the present study was set to investigate the effect of a flipped writing classroom on writing performance and writing self-regulation of Iranian EFL learners. In so doing, two intact classes were selected as the participants (N=51) of the study and they were randomly assigned to the Control Group (N = 24) and the Experimental Group (N = 27). Over a period of one semester, the Control Group was taught using traditional writing instruction, whereas the Experimental Group was taught in a flipped learning mode. Two timed writing tasks were administered to collect the data. The results of the study demonstrated that the flipped group outperformed the non-flipped group in terms of both writing performance and writing self-regulation. This studychr('39')s findings and suggestions for future flipped classrooms can serve as a template for integrating flipped instruction into the EFL curriculum.

Discourse space is a key element in conveying concepts in a play text. This article will look forward to answer this question how metaphors could be used in discourse about social and historical problems and their usage in play texts as a linguistic form. Hence we will use George Lakoff and Zoltan Kovecses views and then we will show how metaphors which are the building blocks of Language and Culture, are used to help form the discourse space. Lakoff and Kovecses look to discourse space, as a result of interaction between mind, body and type of the culture that interactors live within. Hence in a play text, we will face a complex interaction between writer’s / audience mind in one hand, and experience and physical and mental abstraction in another hand. Also the context where the play text is formed in, and the context where it is comprehend, are key elements. This article will show how by using metaphors and cultural and historical contexts, Akbar Radi has managed to create a complex and deductive discourse space in Ofol text. So in first level, we are facing with linguistic metaphors which act in text structures (dialogues, atmospheres and characterizations), and in higher level, we are facing with conceptual metaphors which act by making connection between play text origination and audience experiences that merge contextual discourse space into audience mind space which will result in a new discourse space.

one of the concepts of "even", which is the reporter of human experiential work, has been found in the Qurchr an, is to explain its impact on Quranic conceptualizations, hence, among the various roles of the letter, even of attention to the texture and Various applications are obtained, the role of which leads to the transmission of a route from the state, position or rank to another state and order. This is described by descriptive-analytic method and by explaining the main and focal meaning of the letter and extraction of verses in which even the abstract concept of "transference" is explained in a metaphorical way, provides a more detailed analysis of the function of this verse in the verses and The basis for constructing this concept, which is shaped by the physical and human experiences, is to illustrate the methodological importance in the more actual interpretation of the Qurchr anic words, including the letters.

The present article is intended to investigate the face making/ threatening linguistic behaviors of the characters in Pellekan, a play by Akbar Radi, based on the Terkourafi’s model (2008) which divides linguistic behaviors into five categories of unmarked politeness, marked politeness, impoliteness, unmarked rudeness and marked rudeness. Its effort focuses on specifying the most frequently used linguistic behavior in the play, finding the dominant linguistic behavior of the superior characters as well as determining how the main character behaves /is behaved in superior/inferior positions. The findings based on the research data show the prevalence of the marked rudeness in Pellekan; there is no tendency on the part of the superior characters to save and construct the inferiors’ faces which are threatened by the frequent use of marked rudeness on purpose. The Linguistic behaviors of the inferior characters are more varied and they make use of unmarked rudeness more than the other linguistic behaviors. Furthermore, the main character’s linguistic behavior, moving from inferiority to superiority, changes from impoliteness to marked rudeness; the more superior position he occupies the more his use of marked rudeness will be.

The research aims to enhance our perceptions of the relationship among factors related to individual differences in language learning, particularly Willingness to communicate, social intelligence, and motivation. Gender and language knowledge level were also investigated. In order to answer to three questions and to investigate the research hypotheses, 168 adult Persian language learners in different language levels from various universities (79 females and 89 men) completed the 44-item questionnaire. Findings show that the relationship among these three variables is completely meaningful. There is no significant relationship just between WTC and learning experience in girls. The relationship between WTC and other variables- ought-to L2 self, learning experience, total motivation, and social intelligence- in boys is stronger than girls, and the relationship between social intelligence and motivation in girls is stronger than boys. Data analysis based on language levels show that in beginning level the relationship between WTC and learning experience, ought-to L2 self, and total, motivation and the relationship between social intelligence and motivation is stronger than other levels. In intermediate level, as WTC increases, ought- to L2 self will decrease significantly. The relationship between WTC and social intelligence in intermediate level is more than other levels.