فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 52 (تابستان 1400)

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulin that precipitate below 37°C. Type one is IgM monoclonal but type 2 and 3 are mixed cryoglobulin which are consist of IgG and IgM. Many lymphoproliferative neoplasms, infections especially hepatitis C and autoimmune disease are associated with cryoglobulinemia, systemic vasculitis, skin lesion, neurological and renal involvement are serious manifestation of cryoglobulins.

Aspergilloma is the most familiar form of the localized infections produced by Aspergillus species. Fungus ball usually forms in patients with residual lung cavities following tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis, pneumoconiosis, and ankylosing spondylitis or where there is a neoplasm of the lungs. Fungus balls usually are located in the upper lobes. Patients are often asymptomatic but may present with chronic cough, malaise, and weight loss. Hemoptysis is the most common symptom.
Chronic Necrotizing Aspergillosis usually occurs in middle-aged or older men with chronic or previously treated lung disease such as tuberculosis. The most common symptom include fever, productive cough, malaise, and weight loss, often lasting for months before diagnosis.
The number of cases of various forms of Invasive Infections have increased markedly over the past few years. Although the lung is the most common site of infection, Aspergillosis can disseminate to virtually any body site, and indeed the true extent of this spread is often only apparent at autopsy. Invasive Aspergillosis is almost always seen in the setting of the immunocompromised host and is often fatal, even if diagnosed during life and treated.

The positive and negative relationship between job burnout as job emotional collapse and job engagement which defined the employees’ satisfaction with their jobs has been considered by human resources researchers. Therefore, this research was aimed a comparative study between job burnout and job engagement among administrative – financial employees and clinical laboratories employees of selected medical sciences universities hospitals in Tehran.

This research was a descriptive – analytical and cross – sectional study conducted among 221 administrative – financial employees and 208 clinical laboratories of six selected hospitals of medical sciences universities in Tehran. Regarding the sample size, census method was used. The research tools was two questionnaires including Maslach’s job burnout and research – constructed job engagement which its’ face validity and also contentment validity confirmed by 0.72 for job burnout and 0.77 for job engagement questionnaires, respectively. Also, the questionnaires’ reliability confiremed by Alpha Cronbach coefficient procedure according to which was 0.76 for job burnout and 0.75 for job engagement questionnaires.

Clinical laboratories employees were less exposured to job burnout and had more job engagement in comparative with administrative – financial employees. Also, there were significant correlation between job burnout and job engagement of employees with their age, gender, educational degree, work experiences, and type of employment.  Moreover, significant positive correlation was approved between job burnout and job engagement of clinical laboratories’ employees (P= 0.001, r= 0.75), and administrative – financial employees (P=0.001, 0.75).

Decreased of job burnout and increased of job engagement among clinical laboratories employees in comparative with administrative – financial employees of selected hospitals of Tehran may be related to their job type, nature, and climate. Positive or negative significant between job burnout and job engagement of mentioned employees do not follow a stable trend because of employees’ workholism and excessive work through positive significant, and decreased of motivation factors among employees based on negative significant with each other. We assure leadership style, organizational justice, type of organizational culture, and professional ethics consideration should be enrolled for positive or negative correlation between employees’ job burnout and job engagement which may be studied in the next studies.

Papillary thyroid cancer, which has been reported as the most common malignancy among endocrine cancers, has a growing prevalence in terms of the number of patients in recent decades, due to its high percentage (about 80%). In recent years, extensive studies have been conducted to identify the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis and genetic factors involved in its development, with the aim of using molecular changes as markers in the field, used as different prognosis, diagnosis and treatment tools.
However, despite all the efforts, no remarkable progress has been made so far that leads to their use in the clinical field, and it is hoped that in the near future molecular methods can be used as practical solutions to manage various dimensions of thyroid cancer.
In this review article, we briefly review the molecular factors, especially the signaling pathways involved in the development of papillary thyroid cancer.

Alzheimerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s disease is the most common type of dementia or "dementia" in old age. Its incidence increases with age and is associated with brain atrophy and nerve damage, especially in the hippocampus and the base of the forehead. Alzheimerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s disease is classified into two types based on its onset age: early (less than 65 years) and late (over 65 years).
Alzheimerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a role in its population distribution. Genetic background, age and gender are the main factors in the development and spread of the disease. Some mutations in the APOE gene have been shown to increase susceptibility to Alzheimerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s disease in different populations. The TOMM40 gene is located in chromosomal region 13.q 19, which is about 15 KB away from the APOE gene. In this study, the genetic polymorphisms rs157580 and rs 8106922 in TOMM40 were investigated with a risk of late-onset Alzheimerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s disease.

In this case-control study, DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 117 patients and 130 controls using desalination method / K protonase and several genetic formations of rs15758080 and rs 8106922 TOMM40 genes using ARMS-PCR And sequencing.

In rs157580, the frequency of GA genotype was statistically significant in the two groups of patients and healthy and based on the results, it has a possible protective role (P=0.027). He did not have a gallows.
Also, for rs 8106922, the frequency of AG genotype in the two groups of patients and healthy had a statistically significant difference (p=0.002) and it can be considered as a possible risk factor.

On the other hand, GG genotype had a statistically significant difference between the patient and healthy groups (P=0.002) and can be considered as a possible protective action. The allele frequency for allele A in the patient and healthy group had a statistically significant difference (P=0.003) and can be considered as a possible risk factor. The allele frequency for G allele in the patient and healthy group had a statistically significant difference (P=0.003) and can be considered as a possible protective factor.

Based on the results of this study, TOMM40 gene can be considered as one of the possible genes associated with Alzheimerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s disease. Further studies of other genes involved in disease development, as well as functional studies of this gene at the cellular and molecular level are recommended.

Saving is not underspending, but managing costs for what is available.
To save and operate efficiently in any center, we must focus on the most key core and its part, namely management.
Process management is the effective and efficient use of material and human resources in planning, organizing, mobilizing resources and facilities, guidance and control, which is done to achieve organizational goals and based on an accepted value system.
It has been a long time since the laboratory centers facing financial crisis and bankruptcy threatening.
Among the important reasons, we can mention the impact of mismanagement of equipment, warehouse and purchase of consumables.
One of the other issues related to the scope of management and the direct impact on the labchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s income, the managerchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s dealing with the staff and its impact on the clients.
If you have a good attitude towards your employees as a boss or manager, you will see a positive impact on the clientchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s absorption and the laboratory revenue and the economic profit of your center, while the opposite is also true.
The choice of labor has a definite and direct effect on the cost and income of the laboratory, as it can.
Make your lab a brand in the region and beyond, and it could also bankrupt it.
So be very careful in choosing your staff, which is one of the basic and important management principles.
Note that to select a good employee for a laboratory, you need to consider indicators such as customer behavior skills, time management skills, teamwork skills, communication skills and professional ethics skills.
apart from these matters , we chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))d better deal with taxes that can be said in all the lab centers involved.
By law, business owners are required to pay taxes to the Treasury Department based on the type and volume of activity, which has become a concern for laboratory owners.