مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 28 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

The ancient region of Makran is located in the southeast of the Iranian plateau and on the northern shores of the Makran Sea, whose borders stretch from Pars and Kerman in the west to Sindh in the east. This vast area was limited to Khorasan and historical Sistan from the nort This region has a valuable history of several thousand years and civilization and a special geographical location. The South Sea of ​​Iran has been called the "Sea of ​​Makran" for centuries due to its proximity to the land of Makran and has played an important role in the events in the south and southeast of Iran and its ports have long had a privileged commercial position.The passage of merchant ships and caravans carrying goods from India, China, Yemen, the Red Sea, and the east coast of Africa to the eastern regions made it one of the busiest areas for maritime and land trade. Makran cities such as the port of Tiz Faraj, Bampur, Cage, etc. were considered as important anchorages and rest areas of these roads.In this article, an attempt is made to examine the historical background of the Makran Sea using historical and geographical sources, and the reason for changing the historical and Iranian name "Makran" to "Oman" after centuries, along with the role of British colonialism in this change. Investigate and find out why, since the opening of the colonial powers to all parts of the world, including Central Asia, many countries have changed their names and historical and geographical declarations with direct intervention, and the historical name "Makran Sea" has been removed from new historical and geographical documents. And instead the nameless and unprecedented name was "Sea of ​​Oman".

Constitutionalism was a modern idea that influenced the political thinking of Iranians of that era, and influenced the political centers of Kermanshahan as well, and became a public demand that the political activists of this area faced with many difficulties in achieving it. In the post-constitutional period, from 1285 to 1302 H.S, some obstacles challenged the basis of constitutional and parliamentary elections and rendered them ineffective.Method and Research Design: The present study tries to answer the question why the constitution and elections in Kermanshah faced challenges?Findings and

Using a descriptive-analytical method, and through recruiment of sources and documents, the findings of the study were as follows. The Political ignorance of the pillars of power and rulers, scholars, and influential politicians and social leaders who were competing to achieve the triple pillars of whom had national and religious motivations. Salar al-Dawlah’s uprising and the accompaniment of Dawood Khan Kalhor and other Khans and landlords with him and finally World War I were among the most important barriers in establishment of the constitutionalism and parlimentary elections in Kermanshahan province.

One of the most important historical issues in Iran during the first half of this century is the confrontation between the central government and local forces in the corners of Iran. It is the family of Hayat Davoodi in Bandar Rig and today's Genaveh port. This family made great efforts to prevent the expansion of the power of the central government of Iran in the area of Hayat Davood, but they were not able to do so. The challenge to the life of the Davoodis with the central government began during the reign of Reza Shah and ended in the 1940s. This study seeks to investigate and analyze the emergence and decline of the Dawood family of life in Bandar Rig. The main problem of the research is to identify the factors influencing the opposition and confrontation of the Dawoodi family with the Pahlavi government. Based on descriptive and analytical methods, this research seeks to identify the angles of this issue.

Rumi was one of the most powerful and important sects in the Ottoman Empire, which operated based on the customs and principles of Sufism. By adapting to the political and religious principles of the Ottoman Empire, Rumi established a deep connection with the Ottomans and by expanding his influence in the Ottoman system of government, he was active for a long time in various areas of Ottoman society. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the political, social and religious relations of Rumi with the Ottoman government from the beginning of the eleventh century AH / seventeenth century AD to the end of the Ottoman period. Rumi's approaches and activities in the Ottoman Empire, Rumi's relations with the Ottoman rulers, and Rumi's performance during the Reformation are the most important topics under consideration. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. According to the findings of this study, Rumi always had a stable and close relationship with the Ottoman government, and the great Rumi, by influencing the Ottoman government, provided valuable services to the Ottoman government and led to the support of the Ottomans for Rumi. Have, so that even Rumi has replaced Bektashi. Thus, except in very rare cases, Rumi did not interfere in the political affairs of the Ottoman government and was not strict.

The Ibadiyya are the most moderate Kharijite sect that, after settling in North Africa, succeeded in various periods, including the time of the initial establishment, the time of the formation of the foreign government Bani Rostam (144-296 AH) and in the era of statelessness, By creating various forms in the method of propaganda and establishment of the Al-Eizabuh council, with their own education system, while advancing their goals in interaction with other dissenting governments, to succeed in the longevity and continuity of their religion.This descriptive-analytical research, using library data, seeks to answer the question that the system of propaganda, education and training of Ibadiyya, why and how in times of appearance and concealment, has evolved and transformed? The result is that the Ibadi Kharijites changed the course of the education system that they had in the era of appearance, in later periods and tried to present new directions by maintaining piety and tolerance with the ruling currents, while maintaining and surviving.

With the arrival of the new era, the Persian Gulf, like all eastern lands, faced a new problem. With the presence of Portugal, Spain, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom in the region, the old order and balance faced new and unprecedented opposition, and as a result new political, military, and trade relations were established that upset that balance. Eventually, after defeating rivals and absolute sovereignty over India and then the Persian Gulf, Britain became the absolute ruler of this canal.The result was the absolute domination of foreigners over the region. Since then, in order to maintain its presence, the United Kingdom has tried to provide a legitimate picture of its presence in the region and to present a new historiography of the Persian Gulf by presenting an English account of the developments in this region.If the first issue was an objective issue, from here on, mental and epistemological issues arose because a new image of the Persian Gulf was presented, which challenged the old image. The research findings, which are based on a combination of comparative and rational methods, show that despite providing a lot of information, the presented image not only does not correspond to the historical facts of the Persian Gulf and the situation in the region during the creation of these works. Orientalism and the interests of the British East India Company.

Sheikh Khazal in Khuzestan was one of the centrifugal forces in the late Qajar period who, by relying on a series of internal and external factors such as the weakness of the Qajars and the First World War, was able to gain some autonomy. The governorship of Poshtkuh, which was allied with Sheikh Khuzal, as well as the strategic position of Lorestan, despite insurgent families such as the Khans of Zeinabi Biranvand, who acted as a barrier between Khuzestan and the capital, did not escape Sheikh Khuzal's eyes. The central government rebels. The present type of descriptive-analytical research using first-hand sources, documents, narrations and other research sources is based on the analysis of this question: Sheikh Khazal to maintain his power over a part of Khuzestan in the face of the central government. Established? The results of the study indicate that Sheikh Khazal, by secretly communicating, inciting and encouraging motivation, financial support and weapons from the governor of Poshtkuh and the insurgent Khans of Lorestan, especially Khans Zeinabi Biranvand, was able to enter the central government forces long ago. Khuzestan to prevent. According to a well-thought-out plan, a chain of centrifugal forces such as Khanin Zeinabi Biranvand and the governor of Poshtkuh stretched from Silakhor in Pishkuh to Hossein-Abad in Poshtkuh, sending weapons to the central government opposition in these areas to prolong the government's influence. Central in the area under its influence in Mohammarah.

Inscription of king Darius I the Great in the Naqsh-e Rustam which is known as DNb can be one of the most important Iranian works in the field of thought, especially about the political system and the ideal king or leader. The inscription linked the power with philosophy and it represents a combination of philosophy and political power. The signs of this inscription can be found in the Plato's Republic, or Aristotle's politics, in the form of their political views. It is clear that the changes in time have influenced the evolution of Iranian political thought in the Achaemenid period. DNb inscription also proves that some political thinkers may have approached the Achaemenid system and succeeded in producing knowledge of governance that covered the ideological or idealistic philosophical foundations and theoretical levels of political thought. However, the questions and hypotheses of this research are focused on the similarities of political thought in DNb's inscription and Greek philosophy. This paper deals with the documentary analysis of the inscription on the basis of historical research and ancient language studies. Method of data collection is librarical. In this paper, the comparative method plays a key role in research. By relying on such a method, we will seek to understand the similarities and differences in the political system of Iran and Greece. The results of this study will show how Darius's inscription in Naqsh-e Rostam has effectively and skillfully represented the tools of popular and official Achaemenid ideology, the natural arguments for establishing government.

Craftsmen in post-Islamic Iran history have had a close relationship with religion and its custodians. Among the factors close connection of guilds to religion and its custodians, proximity to the physical space of the mosque and market place, providing effective support to groups and the influential religious scholars in society. Proximity of craftsmen to religious circles in cities consistently emphasized the role of religion in the economic and cultural relations of the pioneers. In such a way that caused the queuing based on the factor of religion among the artisans living in various neighborhoods of cities and led neighborhood conflicts based on religious differences. This has had some dire consequences, especially in the field of economics, for craftsmen. This study is going to answer the question of what was the role of religious conflict in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen in the fourth and fifth centuries. The results of this study show that sectarian disputes in Baghdad due to the market fires, killing of skilled artisans, looting shops and craftsmen's property caused economic weakness of craftsmen. This research aims to analyse historical data through a descriptive-analytical method to indicate the role of religious conflicts in the economic weakness of Baghdad's craftsmen through the Fourth and Fifth centuries.

The spam of the study is from history of old Persia,Iran after Islam to Pahlavi Synasty. The present research,Which is based on a descriptive and analytic method,examines the verbal and written symbols and signs and tries to investigate effective factors in transformation of the body of kings in Iran. The spam of the study is from history of old Persia,Iran after Islam to Pahlavi Synasty. The present research,Which is based on a descriptive and analytic method,examines the verbal and written symbols and signs and tries to investigate effective factors in transformation of the body of kings in Iran. The results indicates that Farrreh in ancient Iran gives aholy significance to the body of kings.the continuity of this thought in Islamic period in combination with the thought to Shadow of God of limity to plays an important role some of the changes up such as foreign attacks,social changes, the rise to safavids,modernity and the thoughts of constitutionalists have got a great influence on transformation of the body of the King

One of the forgotten issues in the context of the distortions of the Karbala incident is the influence of visual elements on the continuation and strengthening of this trend. These distortions, which appeared in the reports of the book "Rawdat al-Shuhada", influenced by the previous works, to a large extent in a consolidated form, continued extensively in the Marathi courts during the Qajar period with the advent of lithography and ease of publishing the book. One of the capabilities of lithography was the use of in-text illustrations related to events (translation of written discourse into visual discourse).The purpose of the present study, relying on descriptive-analytical method, is to answer the question that Mirza Aliqoli Khoi's illustrations of Qasem Ibn Al-Hassan (AS) with the sons of Azraq Shami, in Toofan Al-Baka, Mourning Code and Asrar Al-Shahadeh, as a visual discourse And to what extent have they contributed to the continuation and strengthening of this distorted report? Findings indicate that the images (text) while influencing the existing pretexts and especially the shrine of the martyrs, has spread this distorted report, so that this trend can be influenced by the norms and beliefs of society and artistic authority, to Creating an epic image of Qasim (AS) as well as showing the power of illustration in relative contrast with other types of Karbala memorial ceremonies.

Formation of the Ilkhanid government in Iran did not lead to a lasting peace and the cessation of their destructive campaigns. Because Some Iranian local Governors were fighting Mongol authority, the Ilkhanid Corps were attack to their territory. The Ilkhanids campaigns destructive effects were not fewer than the Mongol original invasion. This research is done by descriptive and analytical method. This research has used library resources. The main purpose of this research is answer to this question. What factors and contexts caused some Atabakans of the Lure Bozorg to revolt against the rule of the Ilkhanids and face their punitive campaigns? What were the consequences of these campaigns? The findings show that: The political situation and the unhealthy situation of the court and the power vacuum caused by the death of Arghun and some other factors, reduced the authority of the patriarchal government and the revolt of Atabak Afrasiab. His unbridled oppression and invasion of other lands in order to oppose the Mongol rule and kill the Mongols provoked the wrath of the Ilkhanid court. Troops sent to Lure Bozorg, beyond a domestic mission, looted people's property while killing people and capturing active labor. Their widespread attacks led to social unrest and the weakening of economic foundations and the decline of agriculture and related activities in the Lure Bozorg.

The period that began with fall of the Safavids and continued until the end of the Qajar dynasty has been described with many traits. But it may be argued that except for a brief period of this long period, the absence of a central government or its inability to provide security and stability is the best description of the character of government. There is ample evidence to support this claim, but increasing insecurity in different parts of the country is evidence that the central government is becoming weaker day by day. The northeast region of Iran was experiencing a phenomenon known as the Turkmen invasions during this period. These attacks started more or less with the weakness of the central government from the end of the Safavid period and fluctuated according to the weakness and strength of the central government until the end of the Nasseri era. Travel writers who have traveled through the northeastern regions of Iran during this period have commonly referred to this phenomenon, each pointing to evidence of economic instability there. The present study tries to answer the question of what was the cause of the instability of economic life in Northeast Iran during the period of the fall of the Safavids until the end of the Nasseri era, based on the writings of these travel writers, using qualitative analysis. The research hypothesis is that the growing weakness of the government in establishing security has led to increased attacks and economic instability in the region.

The significance of fire and fire temple in Iranian religion and subsequently in Zoroastrianism has always been considered as one of the prominent and well-known aspect of this religion. This being the case, fire worshipping and its related rituals haven been firmly established as pillars of ancient Iranian culture and religion to the extent that external observers had no other choice than calling Iranians fire-worshipers. In this regard, this research is a descriptive-analytical study based on library research method that is relying on historical documents and texts as well as using anthropological data to explain the reason and contexts that have provided such a prominent position for fire and fire temples in the culture of ancient Iran. As such, firstly, the study is dealing with the religious function of fire and fire temples and also discusses the role of fire as a mediator between earthly humans and the heavenly gods. Furthermore, the study discusses the social function of fire temples, especially Bahrām’s fires (Ātaš Bahrāms), in terms of their role in shaping social identity and strengthening the social unity and solidarity to better explicate some of the historical events in ancient Iran and Islamic times.

Although by the end of the first century AD the Mediterranean Sea had become a purely Roman sea, in later periods following the rise of the Sassanid, as they sought to reclaim the lands of their ancestors, this empire's confrontation with Byzantium became inevitable. By developing and consolidating their dominance over the political-commercial sphere of the Persian Gulf, Sassanid held an important part of the main transportation and trade axes of the ancient world. This was while on the borders of the other two areas, namely from Mesopotami to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and the general area of the Caucasus, with their aggressive policy, they had a serious competition with the Byzantines, which was to get the main home, the conflicting ligaments.This research intends to deal with the main causes and factors of the Iran-Byzantine conflict between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf by descriptive-analytical method. In order to answer this question, the geopolitical and commercial-economic importance of the disputed areas is discussed. It will also show how the geopolitical position of these lands led the two great powers of that time into a series of land and sea battles.