International Journal of Behavioral Sciences
Volume:15 Issue: 2, Summer 2021

The evolutionary characteristics of old age and the approach of people to death at this stage of life makes this period different from others in the field of meaning of life.The purpose of this study was to analyze the lived experience of the Iranian elderly in order to develop a conceptual model of meaning of life. This article is a qualitative research that was implemented and analyzed with the grounded theory approach. For this purpose, 25 elderly people (13 females and 12 males) of Shiraz city, who were over 65 years with the ability to speak Persian and those which had not any severe effective cognitive disorders were selected by purposeful and theoretical sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. A systematic and analytical approach of Strauss and Corbin was used to reach the findings. Based on the analysis, in open and axial coding, the obtained model had 14 main categories and 37 themes. This means, the perspective and perception of the elderly about a meaningful life is multi-dimensional. Paying attention to these components, in futuristic planning can be effective in constructing and accepting the active role of the elderly in the society and it can be used for planning macro-political, socio-economic policies with respect to future aging trends.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive rehabilitation for stress reduction in hard of hearing adolescent girls. In a randomized clinical trial, 24 hard of hearing adolescent girls were randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention group received the mindfulness cognitive rehabilitation intervention over 12 weeks, one session per week. This is while the control group did not receive any intervention. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) were completed by adolescent girls to evaluate their stress levels during the baseline, pre-test, post-test, and follow-up periods of the intervention. A repeated-measure, analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that the mean levels of stress in the intervention group decreased after the mindfulness training. Also, the analysis revealed that the mean levels of stress between the intervention group and the control group were significantly different (p<0.01). The findings demonstrated that mindfulness intervention could alleviate the stress of hard of hearing adolescent girls.

The present study has aimed to investigate the relationship between child abuse and cognitive distortion with clinical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder moderated with emotion dysregulation. This study made use of descriptive correlational research design. Structural equation modeling was used to explore the relationships between variables. The statistical population included all students of Urmia University in April 2019 (N=17000). The sample included 201 students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. In this study, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) (2002), the Child Abuse Scale (CAS) (1392), the Cognitive Distortions Scale (CDS) (1389) and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (2004) were used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics and used SPSS-21 and AMOS software were used. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equations modeling showed that the structural model has a good fit with data. In this research, the direct effect of child abuse on emotion dysregulation (β=0/46, P=0/002), child abuse on clinical symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (β=0/43, P=0/003), cognitive distortions on emotion dysregulation (β=0/57, P=0/001), and cognitive distortions on clinical symptoms of OCD (β=0/51, P=0/001) were approved. The bootstrap test results showed significant indirect effects of child abuse and cognitive distortion on clinical symptoms of OCD which operate via emotion dysregulation. It seems that emotion dysregulation has a mediating role in the incidence of OCD. As a result, it is recommended to attend to OCD patient’s emotion dysregulation problems and educate them on the adaptive skills of emotion regulation.

 The present study was carried out to examine the association between father parenting styles and game addiction among college students as well as to explore the mediating effect of aggression between them. The design of the research was correlation. A total of 150 participants comprised of boys and girls, with the age range of 17 to 21 years, were recruited through purposive sampling from different colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. The questionnaires used in this study included the Gaming Addiction Scale (Brief version), Parental Authority Questionnaire (short version), and the Aggression Scale. All the hypotheses were tested by using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis and Meditation analysis through PROCESS. Results revealed that fathers' authoritative style had a negative non-significant association (p>.001), while authoritarian and permissive styles had a positive significant association with game addiction (p<.001). Aggression had a mediating effect between two father parenting styles and game addiction: authoritarian and permissive. It is therefore concluded that father parenting styles affect the game addiction behavior and aggression plays a mediating role between them. This fact will definitely help parents and psychologists in addressing major reasons behind game addiction.

Overweightness has been one of the most prevalent global problems during recent years. This investigation was carried out to compare the compound treatment of diet therapy and mindful self-compassion with diet therapy as a one component treatment.
The current research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and a two-month follow-up on 40 women with high Body Mass Indexes (BMIs). The participants were selected among the women who had sought professional help in nutrition clinics of Kermanshah in 2019. Convenience sampling was applied and the 40 participants were equally divided between experimental and control groups. Both groups received diet therapy but one of them received eight sessions of mindful self-compassion in addition to the diet therapy. Data were collected using the external shame scale and by measuring the BMIs. The data were analyzed using SPSS-25.
The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that mindful self-compassion has led to significant reductions in external shame components (except for being ashamed of making mistake), the total external shame score, and the BMI.
Teaching and practicing mindful self-compassion can effectively reduce external shame and the BMI. This findings highlight the importance of self-compassion in decreasing psychological problems and weight control.

Research has found that psychopathology is positively associated with abnormal buying behavior. Nevertheless, it is required to further investigate internal mechanisms underlying this relationship. The current study aimed to examine the mediating role of boredom in the relationship between depression symptoms and compulsive buying behavior.
The research design was descriptive – correlational. From the female high school students’ population of Nourabad in the academic year of 2019, a total of 239 participants were selected using multistage cluster sampling and were tested by the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory- II .To analyze the data, path analysis were conducted.
The results showed that direct effect of depression symptoms on compulsive buying behavior were significantly positive. Also, results showed that the mediating role of boredom in the relationship between depression symptoms and compulsive buying behavior was significant.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that depression and boredom are two important factors affecting female students’ compulsive buying behavior. So, these findings highlighted the critical role of early intervention for compulsive buying behavior with a focus on those with depression symptoms and boredom.

Among different variables affecting students' performance, academic motivation is one of the most vital factors. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and academic motivation in postgraduate nursing students.

A total of 220 postgraduate nursing students were selected from 10 nursing schools in a cross-sectional study using multistage randomized sampling with replacement in 2014-2015. The Rosenberg Self-esteem Questionnaire and the Academic Motivation Scale of Vallerand were the data collection tools. A hierarchical regression model was used in seven blocks for evaluating the demographic, educational, familial, social, and spiritual well-being course characteristics.

According to the results, postgraduate students in nursing had low self-esteem (13.968) and moderate academic motivation (128.318). The correlation between self-esteem and academic motivation was 0.313 with a t-statistic of 4.874 at a significant positive level (p <0.001). The spiritual well-being course (P <0.0001) (as an educational variable) had a significant impact on academic motivation with an average increase in self-esteem.

Self-esteem should be considered as a criterion for screening applicants for master's degrees given the sensitivity of nursing postgraduate students' personal and occupational performance. Since the spiritual well-being course affects self-esteem, introducing cultural patterns and interventions in this field can be associated with increasing students ’self-esteem.

The present research was aimed to explain the causal model of couple burnout based on irrational relationship beliefs, non-adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, and psychological capital.

The method was descriptive-correlational. The sample included 300 married women living in Tehran that were selected through the convenient sampling method. To collect data, Couple Burnout Measure (CBM; 1996), Relationship Beliefs Inventory (RBI; 1982), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; 2006), and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ; 2011) were used. Data analysis was done by the path analysis method.

Firstly, the fitness indices indicated that the model did not have sufficient fitness. However, the modification indices indicated that there was a correlation between the residuals of non-adaptive strategies and psychological capital. The modified model had very high fitness (GFI=0.988, AGFI=0.951, CFI= 0.976, RMSEA=0.045, RMR=0.048). Totally, this model could explain the 22.8% variance of couple burnout (p<0.05).

The present research provided some evidence in the support of the impact of irrational relationship beliefs, non-adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, and psychological capital on the couple burnout. Therefore, the results of the present research can be used in the couple therapy interventions to enrich couples’ relationships and also promoting the quality of the family system.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of psychological well-being based on gratitude, social support and self-esteem among students.
This research was a non-experimental and correlation study. The statistical population of the study included all bachelor students of Yasouj University in the academic year of 2019-2020, among whom 360 were selected through a random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Gratitude Questionnaire, Social Support Scale, Self-esteem Scale and Psychological Wellbeing Scale. Cronbach's alpha was applied to check the reliability in which the results indicated an appropriate reliability for these scales.
The findings of this study showed that there was a correlation between variables including gratitude, social support, self-esteem and psychological well-being. In addition, gratitude, social support and self-esteem significantly predicted psychological well-being.
According to the results of this study it can be concluded that grateful people who have social support, with high self-esteem experience a higher level of psychological well-being.

Loneliness is a common experience in people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) which is associated with significant psychological consequences. Therefore, it is important to examine the psychological status of these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the moderating role of self-compassion in the relationship between social loneliness with psychological well-being in patients with multiple sclerosis.
For this descriptive-correlational study, 200 patients with MS were selected by a convenience sampling method in the years 2019-2020. Data was collected by social loneliness of Besharat MA (2018), Self-compassion Scale of Neff KD (2003), and Psychological Well-Being Scales of Ryff's (1989). The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis (hierarchical method) were used for data analysis and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23.
The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between social loneliness with psychological well-being and self-compassion. There was a significant positive correlation between psychological well-being and self-compassion. On the other hand, the results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that self-compassion moderates the relationship between social loneliness and psychological well-being.
Findings revealed that self-compassion can protect people with MS from the negative psychological and social consequences associated with the disease. Therefore, self- compassion can be used as a factor in adapting to the disease and improving psychosocial health.

Pregnancy, childbirth, and maternity are correlated with the heightened risk of the evolvement of postpartum obsessive-compulsive symptoms. This study aimed to inquire about the prevalence rate, clinical presentations, and relevant factors of postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (OCS).

This cross-sectional study evaluated OCD in the postpartum period of women referred to the Imam Hospital in Sari, Mazandaran province, Iran. The sample population included 359 pregnant women who delivered their babies during the first half of 2018. The samples were taken using the convenience sampling method. Patients who scored 12 or higher in the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory completed the Yale-Browne Obsessive-Compulsive Scale self-report, and the Life Event Checklist were included in the study. Finally, data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 24.

The 359 mothers were in the range of 14 to 35 years old. Accordingly, 62.1% (223) were urban women while 37.9% (136) were rural, 20.6% (74) had preterm infants, 56.8% (204) term infants, and 22.3% (80) were post-term. Maudsley’s test showed that 48.5% (174) of the mothers had a positive OCD result. The total scorein Yale-Brown was significant, and had a reverse correlation with the mother’s residency (t = -173, p = 0.02) and significant correlation with the age of a pregnancy (t = 269, p= 0.001(.

According to the results of the Maudsley test, women are at risk of OCD during the postpartum period. Actually, OCD affects the mother-baby relation, mother’s anxiety, and depression and should be addressed during womens’ postpartum clinical care.

Given the effect of low socio-economic status of marginalized residents on children's behavioral and emotional problems, it is important to take measures to strengthen resilience and reduce aggression in children. This paper aims to determine the effect of mindfulness-based group therapy on resilience and aggression of children in the suburbs of Mashhad.
This quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 elementary school students aged 8-12 years referred to the social worker and psychology clinic in Sayyedi district of Mashhad in 2019-2020. They were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The intervention group received mindfulness-based group therapy using Kabat-Zinn's (2003) approach over 8 sessions of 90 min while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Data collection tools included the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale (SEARS) as well as the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 software and MANCOVA test. 
The results showed that mindfulness-based group therapy could significantly improve resilience and reduce aggression in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.001).
Mindfulness-based group therapy can be effective in mitigating aggression and enhancing resilience of children in the suburbs of Mashhad.