نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 131 (تابستان 1400)

Given the very good performance and also the special characteristics of the fruit in the promising line D1, the introduction of this line as a new variety of eggplant could be very well justified and will definitely be associated with a much higher economic income for the growers. In addition, since the private companies involved in importing vegetable and summer seeds have already begun to import and evaluate foreign green eggplant variety, the new Bita eggplant variety is a very serious domestic competitor for foreign varieties, which is in agreement with the goals of resistance economy and is definitely a step towards preventing the outflow of currency from the country as well as helping domestic employment (Peyvast, 2003). Therefore, the promising line D1 was introduced in 2018 as a new variety of eggplant named Bita. In the project "Selection of Lines from Five Indigenous Masses of Eggplant in Iran", 5 indigenous masses of eggplant in the country were collected and subjected to a pure line selection/correction program (Bagheri, 2010(. Selected lines along with Varamin Ghalami as a check were compared for one year in three regions of Karaj, Varamin and Dezful under the project "Investigation of selected lines of native eggplants in advanced experiments" in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications (Bagheri et al., 2015).The stability performance of the genotypes was evaluated using the relative superiority coefficient method. The selected lines of the advanced performance experiments in five regions of Karaj, Jiroft, Urmia, Dezful and Mazandaran were studied for two years. The experimental treatments included 4 advanced lines of sweet and semi-sweet eggplant and three checks (local Borazjan, Qasri Dezful and Black Beauty). Finally, an experiment was carried out on farmers' field in Dusari city, located in the south of Kerman province, using the promising lines BJ30, D7, D1 and non-hybrid eggplants. The Bita eggplant (D1 line) was selected, evaluated and introduced during 2006-2007 by selecting a pure line from the native eggplant of Dezful Qasri Mass. This line was always selected as one of the top lines during all yield comparison tests. In advanced yield comparison tests (2010) in Karaj, Varamin and Dezful regions, line D1 with a yield of 38.7 tons per hectare and with appropriate quality characteristics was selected as one of the top lines and entered into yield comparison tests. Based on the results of the combined analysis of compatibility and stability tests in Karaj, Dezful, Urmia, Jiroft and Sari regions, line D1 with an average yield of 33.7 tons per hectare was ranked second among all the studied lines. In the analysis of stability by AMMI method and relative superiority coefficient, this line had the highest yield stability. Consequently, line D1 was introduced as Bita variety due to high yield, the highest yield stability in the study areas and very good fruit quality. Comparing the promising eggplant lines with the cultivar cultivated in Jiroft region under farmers, cultivar BJ30 with of 67 tons per hectare had the highest yield, cultivar D1 with 58 tons per hectare in the second place, Canyon and D7 cultivars with 56 and 53 tons per hectare, respectively, were in the next ranks. The foreign control cultivar is a commercial and dominant cultivar in the region and due to its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, it has been able to have the first place among several foreign and local cultivars in the Jiroft region. Line D1 competed with this cultivar in performance and was higher in quality. The new Bita eggplant (D1 line) was selected, evaluated and introduced by the method of pure line selection (single plant selection) during the years 2006-2018 from Qasri Dezful eggplant landrace. This line has always been selected as one of the top lines under the all experimental designs and conditions such as augment, preliminary, advanced and compatibility and stability.Keywords: Bita, Compatibility, Fruit quality, Yield stability.

Rice is the staple food consumed by almost half of the population in Asia and the world. Rice is a self-fertile plant with various varieties. Due to the decrease in the area where rice is cultivated, there is a great need to increase yield performance in rice per unit area. Heterosis is a phenomenon that reveals advantages over its parents in F1 hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of various parents (Saleem, 2008). The two main methods for producing hybrid rice are the three-line system and the two-line system. These two methods are different due to the use of two different types of male sterile lines. In the production of F1 hybrids, CMS lines are crossed with fertility restorer lines. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the new fertility restorer lines in terms of important crop characteristics and determine the fertility percentage of pollen grains and evaluate the heterosis rate of the resulting hybrids.

The research materials used in this study included 16 new restorer lines as paternal parents and NedaA cytoplasmic male sterility lines as maternal parent as well as its fertility maintainer lines NedaB. In the first year, the agronomic characteristics including plant height (cm), number of fertile tiller, panicle length (cm), number of grains, number of filled grains, grain length (millimeters), grain diameter (millimeters), weight of one thousand grains (grams) and grain yield (grams) were recorded and at the flowering stage, all fertility restorer lines were crossed with NedaA CMS line. Among the available hybrids, 7 F1 genotypes were cultivated with their parents in the second year. After flowering, iodine-potassium iodide (I₂/KI) solution was used to perform fertility assessment of pollen grains in F1 hybrids (Gao et al, 2011). At maturity stage seed setting performance of F1 genotypes recorded. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons using Duncan test were made using SPSS software. Grouping of genotypes was made using cluster analysis through Ward method.

Mean comparison of genotypes showed that K14, K3, K4 and K11 lines had the highest average height, respectively, which was a positive feature for paternal parents (pollinators) as restorer genotypes. In terms of number of fertile tiller, K4, K7 and K1 restorers accounted for the largest number of fertile tillers, respectively, and K4 genotype was superior to other genotypes in terms of panicle length. Researchers identified the fertile tillers, panicle length, and number of filled grains as the most contributing traits to yield. Lines K16, K12 and K4 had the highest average grain length per panicle. This feature is one of the important traits of marketing in Iran. Lines K12, K4, K3 and K2 had the highest weight of one thousand grains, respectively. Cluster analysis classified the genotypes into two main categories (Figure 1). The genotypes in same group were more genetically related than the genotypes in other branches, hence, cluster analysis can be used as a tool to select parental lines in hybridization programs (Kiani &Nematzadeh, 2013). The first group included 11 genotypes (68.75%) that were below average in terms of all traits except grain diameter. 5 genotypes (31.25%) were placed in the second cluster. The K12 and K16 genotypes were included in this group as two successful parents in cross with the NedaA male sterile genome. The fertility rate of hybrid pollen grains ranged from 41.71 to 95.35 percent. NedaA/K7, NedaA/K12 and NedaA/K16 hybrids had more than 80% fertility rate, which indicated the suitability of K7, K12 and K16 restorer lines for crossing with Neda A.All the promising hybrids outperformed their paternal parents in terms of grain length. The highest 1000 grain weight was observed in NedaA/K16 hybrid and the highest yield was observed in NedaA/K7. Heterobeltiosis of the NedaA/K7 and NedaA/K12 genotypes were 93.47% and 98.95%, respectively and the NedaA/K16 genotype showed 26.22% of Heterosis.

Three genotypes (K7, K12 and K16) were found to be desirable fertility restorer lines for NedaA due to their beneficial characteristics as well as representing more than 80 percent fertility percentage of pollen grains and seed setting in their panicles. These lines could be used as new sources of fertility restoration for WA cytoplasmic sterility system and promote hybrid seed technology in Iran.

Wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu.) is one of the most important weeds in wheat fields. The wheat farming relies on chemical control. Most of the registered herbicides for these fields are in group of Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase). These group of herbicides are the most effective ones on weed control with low active ingredients and low toxicity for mammalians, so have extensive application all over the world. To date, 49 were detected resistance to ACCase inhibitor herbicides, respectively (Heap, 2021). Resistance to herbicides in Avena spp. have been reported in wheat fields of Iran, repeatedly. The first resistance report to ACCase inhibitors was in 2006. This study was conducted on some Avena ludoviciana Durieu. populations collected in 2014 from wheat fields (in Fars province) which their weed herbicide resistance had been studied in 2009 (Sasanfar, 2017). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical management on control of resistant winter wild oats and the trend of resistance evaluation.

In order to monitor resistance, 11 suspected Avena ludoviciana Durieu. populations collected from Marvdasht, Estahban, sepidan and a sensitive population by 8 herbicides of Acetyl CoA carboxylase group. Also the resistance index was measured in response to 9 doses of clodinafop propargyl in dose-response test. Greenhouse studies (resistance screening and dose-response tests) were conducted with five replications. The individual’s fresh weight reduction related to untreated control and survival percentages were evaluated, 28 days after herbicide applications. Based on screening data, resistant populations were classified with R classification system (Moss et al., 2007) and three-parameter log-logistic model was fitted to dose-response data. Some molecular markers were used to detecting mutations confering herbicide resistance in ACCase enzyme gene. At the end, the results of assays were compared with the same ones reported in the past resistance survey of these fields to understand the resistance trends.

All populations were resistant to three fop herbicides used in this study: clodinafop propargyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and diclofop methyl. Cross-resistance of three populations of mavdasht (M1, M2 and M4) was confirmed and M1 and M2 populations, were cross resistant to pinoxaden. Results of applying sulfonylureas herbicides indicated that multiple herbicide resistance was occurred in ES2, ES4 and M4 populations (Table 3). Results of dose-response tests showed that, despite susceptible population ED50 was 22.37 g ai/ha, the range of measured ED50 in resistant populations were between 81.2 to 270.9 g a. i/ha; so the RI values for the most resistant population, ES4, to clodinafop propargyl herbicide based on fresh weight as percentage of untreated control is more than 12 and for the weakest resistant population, S2, was 3.8. Resistance in some populations could not be measured because herbicide doses up to 32 times more than recommended dose could not reduce their fresh weight under 50%. According to survival percentage data, the most resistant population was M3 from Marvdasht (Table 4) but evaluated ED50 values of S2, ES2, ES3 and ES4 were less than the values evaluated on the base of fresh weight. It seems that this populations seeds are not uniform but their resistant plant individuals have good growth rate and could be crop competitive in fields.The resistance report on seeds collected in 2009 shows no resistance to dims and den herbicides in any population; except M4 which was resistant to sethoxydim. In our survey (on seeds collected in 2014) Marvdasht populations were resistant to all three fop herbicides and cross-resistance to sethoxydim, cycloxydim and pinoxaden. The molecular studies confimed three Ile-1781, Ile-2041 and Trp-2027 mutations in resistant individual plants of wild-oat (A. ludoviciana) populations. Comparison of the results of these two studies showed, Although, the resistance-endowing ACC gene mutations in two populations M2 and S1 collected in 2009 and 2014 were the same; but have changed in other populations in these two years. The 1781 and 2027 mutations were observed in Estahban and Marvdasht populations collected in 2014 for the first time, respectively.

Resistance trend survey confirmed the expansion of cross resistance spectrum to three herbicide families (fops, dims and den) and enhanced resistance indexes, suggesting longtime integrated management instead of chemical control is needed.

Rapeseed is a product that has a significant role in ensuring food security in the country. Its share of total crop production was reported to be 0.49% in previous years (2006-2007) but now stands at 0.41%. According to the Sixth Five Year Plan of Economic, Social and Cultural Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran it is necessary to increase the production of rapeseed from 146 thousand tons in the crop year 2013-2014 to 934 thousand tons in the crop year 2020-2021. The production of this product during the first two years of the program (2017 and 2018, respectively) was 181.1 and 329.8 thousand tons, respectively, which were 46.9 and 41.2 thousand tons less than the stated targets, respectively. While quantifying the goals of development plans does not address the production priorities at the farm level, it is certainly possible to increase the likelihood and speed of achieving the goals at hand by establishing greater coordination between objectives at different levels of decision-making. Although policy priorities are always increasing the production but the farmer, besides the anticipated production considers the costs of production and profitability, too.Ghaderzadeh and Pirmohammadian (2019) investigated energy efficiency in potato fields of Hamadan province. Based on the findings, the mean technical, managerial and scale efficiencies were 74.8%, 94.1% and 90.4%, respectively, indicating that it was possible to improve energy efficiency by managing inputs usage, especially fertilizers and seeds. In the current study, the technical, allocative, cost, income, and profit efficiencies of rapeseed were analyzed using information from 14 province. In this research, the efficiency of rapeseed production in the major provinces of this crop has been investigated using data envelopment analysis approach from different aspects. For this purpose, first, the technical, allocative and cost efficiency of production was calculated by country provinces and then the optimal amount of input consumption in different stages of preparation, planting, Maintenance and harvesting was calculated and compared with current consumption values. Then, after determining income efficiency, profit efficiency and estimating the internal rate of return on investment in rapeseed production, it was investigated the relationship between the variables under study using correlation coefficient (Coelli et al., 2005). WinQSB, COMFAR and SPSS softwares were used in the study.Based on the results, the mean technical, allocative and cost efficiencies for the yield index were 0.90, 0.75, and 0.69, respectively, and for the income index, 0.91, 0.76, and 0.70, respectively. In order to improve the cost efficiency if the yield goal was to be achieved, the cost allocated to renting, preparing, planting and maintains should be reduced by 51.10%, 12.95%, 41.09% and 34.61% respectively, and the cost of harvesting could be increased by 2.77%. If income was the top priority, then, with the exception of land preparation, there was a need to plan for cost savings with priority for rent (4.05 million Rials) and planting (3.10 million Rials). According to the calculations, the average yield could be increased from 1885 to 2574 kg/ha, which was a 37% increase in production. This improvement could lead to an increase in revenue of 13 million Rials (32%) per hectare of rapeseed. The average earnings efficiency was calculated 0.81 units, indicating a 19% gap with the optimal rate. Currently, the average profitability of rapeseed farming is 15 million Rials per hectare, which can be increased by up to 71 Million Rials, which is equivalent to 386 percent improvement. The actual profit and profit efficiency were negative in Markazi, Hormozgan, Qazvin and North Khorasan provinces, but overall profit efficiency is 17% and was significantly different from optimal. Kerman, East Azerbaijan and Lorestan provinces had the highest profit efficiency in rapeseed farming with 80, 55 and 41 percent, respectively. The same was also reflected in the index of internal rate of return as the provinces with 888%, 325% and 278% were the most suitable areas for rapeseed agriculture development. The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was no significant relationship between technical efficiency and profitability. According to the results, the production structure in the provinces of Markazi, Hormozgan, Qazvin and North Khorasan needs to be revised and Kerman, East Azerbaijan and Lorestan provinces are introduced as central zones of rapeseed development in the country.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the important crops in Iran with high nutritional value. Potato is grown on approximately 159.061 ha-1 in Iran during 2015-2016 (Sajedi et al., 2012). Even though potato plants have robust growing and quick spreading nature but it turns as a weak competitor with weeds. Potato yields and quality can be seriously affected by the presence of weeds. It was observed that the most critical period of crop-weed competition is first 4-6 weeks after planting when the crop must be kept free from weeds. The yield reduction due to weeds in potato is estimated to be as high as 10 to 80 percent (Auskarniene et al., 2010). The most important weeds in potato field are redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). Chemical techniques have been still preferred by growers due to less cost and easier implementation. Weed control with herbicides is limited to a few older compounds with the primary criterion for herbicide selection being previous weed problems, or standard routines not only in Iran but also in the North America (Ivany, 2010). Among herbicides registered (e.g. metribuzin, sulfosulfuron, paraquat and rimsulfuron) in Iran, pendimethalin (Prowl) is a new selective herbicide belong to dinitroaniline family used to control most annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in field potatoes.

In order to evaluation of the best herbicidal treatment to weeds control on potato field, an experiment carried out as randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replication at Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, during 2017. Experiment treatments included, the application of metribuzin at 0.75 Kg.ha-1, sulfosulfuron 30 gr.ha-1, paraquat 3 lit.ha-1, rimsulfuron 100 gr.ha-1 and pendimethalin in three levels of 2.5, 3 and 3.5 lit.ha-1 with Hand weeding and untreatment. 15, 30 and 45 days after spraying, sampling of weeds and potato carried out in middle of the plots with 0.5 × 0.5 quadrate, respectively. Then, samples were dried at oven-dried at 75 °C for 48 h and weighed. At the final harvest to determine yield, all treatments sampling performed from four lines of each plot by 1 × 1 quadrate. Based on final yield, tubers classified to three groups involved, small tuber (< 35 ml), middle (between 35-75 ml) and large tubers (> 75 ml), then weighted. Results

The results of analysis of variance showed the application different herbicidal treatments had significant effect on weeds density and dry matter and also potato yield. According results, In spite of significant reduce in all of herbicidal treatments on weeds, the lowest weeds density and dry matter were showed in metribuzin. Also, the different applied treatments had significant effect on potato tuber number and yield. The best treatments on increase potato plant dry weight at 15, 30 and 45 days after emergence were hand weeding with 70, 75.02 and 78.64 percent and then metribuzin with 65.09, 70.28 and 72.35 percent, respectively. The highest percentage of increase on potato tuber yield was shown in hand weeding with 22.2 percent and then in metribuzin with 19.8 and rimsulfuron with 16.9 percent.

In conclusion, metribuzin was the best of herbicidal treatment for weeds control and yield enhance in potato. In spite of being particular of paraquat in potato, this herbicide did not enough control of weed at 30 and 45 days after emergence, hence resulted a lower total yield compared to other treatments. Despite the favorable of weeds control by sulfosulfuron, yield reduce caused due to the negative effect of sulfosulfuron, necrosis and clouding of potato leaves and finally the degradation of photosynthesis in potato. Rimsulfuron was as the best treatment after metribuzin on weeds control and yield boost. But application of rimsulfuron not suggestion in potato with barley, rapeseed and alfalfa alternation because of the rate of low decomposition and long-term residues in the soil. The application of pendimethalin at the highest dose e.g. 3.5 l.ha-1 caused to 32.4 percent to promote in potato tuber yield compared to control treatment, whilst the same rate was achieved 49 percent for the metribuzin at 0.75 kg.ha-1. Hence, metribuzin at 0.75 kg.ha-1 is suggested as the best herbicidal treatment in Hamedan potato fields.

Virus diseases are a worldwide problem for cucurbit production, which cause economic losses. In fact, more than 35 different viruses have been isolated from cucurbits. The main symptoms include mosaic, yellowing, vein clearing, leaf and fruit malformation in the crops. Until now, 13 viruses have been detected on cucurbits in Iran. CMV, ZYMV, WMV, CABYV and CVYV have been confirmed in field-grown cucurbit crops in Khorasan razavi province (Bananej & Vahdat, 2008). Mulch has been used to obtain good vegetable growth and yield in crops like cucumber, tomato and pepper (Kring & Schuster, 1992). Stylet borne virus transmission can be decreased only by applying preventive methods like mulching during the production. The research on the insect repelling effect of reflective surfaces has been done by many researchers (Kring & Schuster, 1992). They have achieved statisfactory outcome in decreasing virus incidence in vegetables using reflective surfaces. The silver reflective plastic mulch reflects ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths, unlike black or clear plastic mulches. Flying aphids as plant virus vectors are repelled by these UV wavelengths. The outcome is to delay and reduce the incidence of aphid-borne viruses. The aim of this project was to assess and select suitable plastic mulches that can act versatile and perfectly meet the needs of farmers for controlling pests and viruses in melon prodcution.

The experiment was carried out with six treatments including polyethylene plastic mulch in four colors, including a colorless transparent plastic, white plastic (milky), silver, black plastic mulch and two controls including hand weeding and weed-free mulch in a randomized complete block design with four replications during two growing seasons in 2013 and 2014 near Saaleh Abad in Torbat Jam. Each experimental unit comprised 5 rows(70 cm spacing) of 10 m long with a drip irrigation system. Serological surveys were conducted during three plant growth stages including the first week after transplanting (to remove possible infection), flowering(30 days after transplanting), and four weeks after the flowering (50 days after transplanting). A sampling of the middle leaves of the plant from three rows in the middle of each experimental unit was performed. Assessment for viral factors CMV, CABYV, ZYMV and WMV was performed using a polyclonal antibody. The aphids pests population was studied at a 10-day interval from the beginning of flowering and until three weeks after the first fruit harvest.

There were statistically significant differences among the aphids pests population on different treatments during the two years of experiments. The comparison of means between the first, second and third stages of sampling showed a significant difference. The silver treatment had the lowest aphids pests population, followed by white and black treatments. However, some researchers have recorded different results in their studies . Since the four viral diseases studied in this work are common in the aphid vector, the frequency of these four viruses was calculated during two sampling stages. The frequency of the viruses in the first stage of sampling in the two years of the experiment under silver mulch was recorded as 3.573% and 7.14%, which was the lowest. Similar results were observed by Jalali et al., 2016.It is noteworthy that in the first stage of sampling(30 DAT) in both years, the lowest number of aphids observed was fully consistent with the lowest infection rate by the viruses. But in the second stage sampling, the results did not follow certain orders. This was due to the alteration of the physical properties of silver mulch under the environmental conditions such as UV sunlight, which led to its degradation. The results of analysis of variance for the total melon yield in the two years between treatments were significant. The highest yields were obtained with black and silver mulch, respectively.

The results of this project showed that silver mulch had the highest efficiency in reducing aphids pests population by 43/75% and 36/73% in the first and second years, respectively. Silver mulch reduced aphid-borne viral diseases in the first sampling in two years of experiment by 88/8% and 77/1% as compared to control, respectively. The highest yield was achieved with both black and silver mulches.

The issue of maximizing crop yields through excessive consumption of chemical inputs and high costs in the production of these products has led agricultural experts and analysts find a suitable way to integrate technology and conserve natural resources in order to create a favorable environment for the optimal use of available resources, reduce environmental problems and increase yields per unit area and provide greater profitability in agriculture (Ratek et al., 2004). On the other hand, Iran's location in arid and semi-arid climates has caused the soil of most areas to be poor in organic matter and this is one of the problems that can be effective in reducing performance and increasing production costs (Chegni et al., 2014). So it seems maintaining of sufficient amount of plant residues in the soils is an effective way to overcome the soil quality threats. This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of different cropping systems management and wheat residues on grain yield and efficiency indices of nitrogen and phosphor in autumnal rapeseed. The experiment was conducted as strip split plot based on randomized complete block designs in three replications in 2015-2016 in two locations (Sarableh and Roumeshgan) in southern west of Iran. The first factor was cropping systems in three levels as low input (one disk + 25% of plant nutrient requirement as fertilizer + two stages manual weed control), Mid input (one plowing + one disk+ 50% of plant nutrient requirement as fertilizer+one stage manually and one stage using herbicide to weeds control) and full input (two plowing +two disk + 100% of plant nutrient requirement as fertilizer+ two stages herbicide to weeds control). The second factor was wheat residues managements in four levels of 0 as control, 2, 4 and 6 t.ha-1. The required fertilizer was calculated based on the results of soil analysis so that 100 kg of superphosphate and 200 kg of urea in Romeshgan and 150 kg of superphosphate and 300 kg of urea in Sarablah were required. To control weeds in the low input system, two stages of mechanical weeding in 7 and 45 days after planting, in the medium input system, one stage of chemical control (terflan) at the same time as planting and one stage of mechanical weeding in 45 days after planting, and in the full input system, two stages of spraying simultaneously with planting (Terflan) and 45 days after planting (Lontrol + Supergalant) were performed. Finally, after calculating grain and biological yield, uptake efficiency, utilization efficiency and nutrient use efficiency were determined.After testing the uniformity of variance using Bartlett test, the combined analysis of data was performed by SAS 9.1 software.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that in low input management with increasing wheat residues, the phosphor and nitrogen use efficiency was decreased so that in the treatments of four and six tons of residues per hectare compared to non-residues, respectively, nitrogen productivity of 15 and 22 percent and phosphor productivity of 15 and 20 percent were significantly decreased. With the move of crop system management towards high input management, the positive effect of low residue levels on nutrient use efficiency was determined so that in high input management, the highest efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus consumption was obtained with 12.3 kg of grain per kg of nitrogen and 30.3 kg of grain per kg of phosphorus from treatments of four tons of wheat residues, respectively. The results also indicated that in all treatments, the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency was higher than their utilization efficiency on the use efficiency of each of these nutrients. Therefore, the management of crop systems based on increasing the uptake efficiency of each nutrient in rapeseed cultivation can play a decisive role in increasing yield.In general, the results showed that with increasing the entrance of inputs and crop system management the uptake and use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus increased, but nutrient utilization efficiency was maximized in medium input management. It was also found that with increasing the application of wheat residues to the soil, the efficiency of uptake and use of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients indicated a decreasing trend.