نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 29 (تابستان 1400)

Every society and government needs order and security to survive. Many institutions for order and security have been established in Iran throughout history, but the new system of internal order and security (police organization) in Iran has little history and dates back to nearly one hundred and fifty years. The establishment of this new system was one of the achievements of Nasser al-Din Shah's second visit to Europe and the arrival of Conte de Monte in Iran, which led to the establishment of order in a new style and context by him. In the present study, the role of Conte de Monte Forte in the creation of a new police system in Iran has been investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary-library studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate Conte 's actions in establishing order in a new style in the Nasseri period. The findings show that despite appropriate measures such as organizing and administrative divisions of law enforcement forces, especially the publication of the Conte, which is the first codified police law in Iran, due to sabotage of courtiers, financial incapacity and weakness of law enforcement and lack of public conditions, Conte action was not successful. In general, it can be said that these measures have been able to bring new literature in the field of order and security in the country and he can be considered the founder of the new police in Iran.

One of the most important crises of Iranian society in the years after the victory of the Constitutional Revolution was the lack of security in the country. This caused that when Reza Khan during the coup of 1920. He seized power, and the establishment of lasting security became the main demand of Iranian society and the first priority of his plans. Meanwhile, a group of politicians published various media to encourage and support Reza Shah to achieve this important goal. One of these press was Ayandeh Magazine, managed by Mahmoud Afshar. The present article seeks to answer the main question with a descriptive-analytical method what approach has the discourse of Ayandeh Magazine to the issue of security? It seems that the editors of Ayandeh Magazine considered the creation and establishment of security as the basis and the main guarantor of any progress and modernization of Iran. The results of this study show that Ayandeh Magazine plays an important role in encouraging, supporting and operationalizing plans and strategies such as forming a powerful central government, suppressing tyrants and disruptors of internal security, protecting Iran's territorial integrity from external threats and creating judicial security, and implementing the policies and actions of the first Pahlavi government in order to establish security in Iranian society.

Sanctuary confinement of oneself in some religious and sacred places is considered by the people as one of the ways to maintain personal security that people have resorted to. Safavid sources do not provide the necessary information on the common practice of packing and how or where to fast; But according to the same little news and reports of European travel writers, it is received that in this period, although not as widespread as the Qajar period, places were known as stalls and some people sat in them. In this article, in a descriptive-analytical method, the phenomenon of packing in the Safavid period has been studied and the places and facilities that have been closed and examples of packing in them have been described. The findings of the study indicate that some religious buildings and institutions and some political and administrative facilities in this period were closed that played the security role of protecting the lives of the oppressed against the oppression of the government; however, this phenomenon did not spread as much in the Qajar period.

The military-political domination of the government over Lorestan and other regions of the country in the Pahlavi era marked a new chapter in the history of the country. In order to centralize the country and its other goals, the Pahlavi government tried to suppress tribes and nomads throughout the country, especially in the strategic region of Lorestan. With the arrival of military forces in Lorestan in 1923. Bloody wars took place between the two sides and until 1933. it took. The present article discussed how and by what means the domination of Lorestan was done by the military forces. In this article, utilizing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the military and policing strategies of the first Pahlavi government in creating centralism in Lorestan have been studied. The findings of this study showed that the strategies of the first Pahlavi government in occupying Lorestan are divided into two categories according to the nature and reaction of the people to it. In order to achieve the final victory in these wars, the Pahlavi government, apart from direct confrontation, used policies and tactics such as: employing servants, espionage, providing false oaths, executing leaders, deporting nomads, disarming and civil works such as road construction and other measures.

During the Qajar period, power was the focus of court iconographic paintings. One of the official subjects of court paintings to show the power of Shah Qajar is military paintings which have valuable information as a historical document. This type of painting was commissioned by the court during the reigns of Fath Ali Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. In military paintings during the reigns of Fath Ali Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah, the king and crown prince are seen on military visits to war scenes. This type of military paintings is one of the official subjects of the court and has a historical reality in the first Qajar period due to the Iran-Russia wars. Considering the importance of military paintings in the Qajar period as a military and visual document of this period, the purpose of this study is to study military paintings and their characteristics and their similarities and differences. The method of the present research is qualitative and the method of collecting information is documentary-library and deals with the hypothetical analysis of the research. The results of the research indicate that this type of painting is a kind of formal painting and court iconography that has been used as a historical document to record events in the first period and to show power in the second period. The presence of the Crown Prince in the military images of both periods emphasizes the legitimacy of the second person of the monarchy.

Throughout history, human beings, depending on the time and place, have taken various measures and defense methods to protect themselves from natural and man-made disasters. Fortresses and military-defensive fortifications are a clear example of this. The form of these fortifications has evolved in accordance with the mental and intellectual development of human beings and in parallel with the development of offensive and defensive weapons. The present study seeks to investigate the factors that have influenced the location, formation and decline of castles and defensive fortifications of the border cities of East Azerbaijan (Julfa, Khodaafarin and Kalibar). The research method in this research is based on a theoretical approach in a descriptive-analytical format and the data are collected by documentary and field methods, then classified and analyzed by library studies in the framework of research questions and hypotheses. The research findings indicate that easy access to water resources and proximity to rivers and springs to supply water needed by castle dwellers and castle dwellers, appropriate height and nobility and mastery of the surrounding environment and easy access to the road. Transportation has had a significant effect on the location and formation of castles in the study area. In these castles, the topography and shape of the earth are used in the best possible way and their plan and pattern of expansion is formed organically. The castles of the study area, like the castles of other regions of Iran, have several functions, of which the military and border function is more prominent along the Aras River.