International Journal of Finance and Managerial Accounting
Volume:6 Issue: 24, Winter 2022

Taxes are the most important revenue of governments that have been collected for a long time. In most countries, the most of government revenue comes from taxes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors influencing tax avoidance in order to provide a suitable model based on the interpretive structural modeling. The present paper is a practical research in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature and procedure; it falls into descriptive-survey research category. The initial research questionnaire identified 28 factors related to the purpose of the research. Finally, according to the factor of exploratory factor analysis and consultation with experts and specialists in the field, 7 factors were finally examined. Therefore, the population of the study consists of university professors, tax experts and experts who are members of the Society of Certified Public Accountants which have been selected by targeted sampling method. The results showed that the factors of tax calculation transparency, financial reporting quality, managerial uncertainty, organizational commitment and employee attitude criterion are more effective in relation to the subject of the article.

The main purpose of this article is to provide a model for assessing the Herding behavior of investors in the Iranian capital market based on fundamental and non-fundamental factors using meta-heuristic algorithms, based on DNA and racial complement calculations. The statistical population of the present study includes all companies that have been active in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2009 to 2019, and 129 companies were selected as a statistical sample. Fundamental and non-fundamental factors were identified as factors affecting the mass behavior of investors and after collecting data, meta-heuristic algorithms were used to predict the dependent variable. Comparison of the results of meta-heuristic algorithms also shows that the prediction error according to MSE and MAPE criteria in the shrimp batch algorithm is less than that in the three humpback whale algorithms, the improved genetic algorithm and the simple genetic algorithm; The prediction error rate according to the RMSE criterion in the humpback whale algorithm is less than that in three shrimp batch movement algorithms, improved genetics and simple genetics. On the other hand, the execution time of a simple genetic algorithm is less than the other three algorithms. In general, it can be said that the shrimp batch movement algorithm and the humpback whale algorithm are better than the simple and improved genetic algorithm in predicting the mass behavior of investors in the Iranian capital market and have higher accuracy.

According to the agency theory, in order to reduce the agency conflicts and problems, the appropriate control mechanisms must be adopted so that the CEO steps towards the shareholders’ interests and helps them to improve the transparency of financial reporting and reduce the financial restatement. Under this condition, in addition to increase the level of transparency and decision making power of the shareholders and investors, the auditors’ mental pressure level regarding the corporate financial performance is also increased. This causes that the reports can be presented more timely without the need for yearly financial restatements. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of financial restatements on auditors’ job mental pressure by mediating the CEO’s tournament incentives. A total of 97 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were surveyed between the years of 2014-2018. In order to test and analyze the research hypotheses, multiple regression relying on testing classic hypotheses was used. The results showed that financial restatement has a positive and significant effect on auditors’ job mental pressure. Also it was found that the CEO’s tournament incentives reinforce negatively the positive effect of financial restatement on auditors’ job mental pressure.

The present study aimed to explain the relationship between IQ and earnings management by considering managers' narcissism. The research method was applied in terms of objective and correlational-descriptive in terms of method. IQ was an independent variable and earnings management (accrual, real and scenario) was a dependent variable. In addition, narcissism was considered as a moderating variable. The statistical population included at least one member of the board of directors or financial managers of 112 companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2017. Jones’ modified model was used to measure accrual earnings management, three-part model of Roy Choudhury (2006) was used to measure real earnings management, and a questionnaire derived from Clikeman and Henning (2000) was used to measure scenario earnings management. The tool used for testing IQ was the 36-item adult IQ test of Raven. In addition, two methods of face width measurement and NPL 16 narcissistic personality inventory were used to measure narcissism. In order to analyze the results, a structural model with covariance-based pls software was used. The results indicated that the relationship between IQ and earnings management (real and accrual) considering narcissism had a significant coefficient, while this relationship with scenario-based earnings management was not significant. Based on the extracted results, IQ is an effective factor in earnings management provided that narcissism is not a trait of the manager.

Afghanistan has ongoing programs that can develop this applied knowledge relevant to today's society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the phenomenology of the accounting situation in Afghanistan. The present research was conducted to analyze the perception and lived experience of professors and staff in the Afghanistan Ministry of Finance. For this purpose, using a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach to identify the under study phenomenon has been presented. Data were collected using Targeted Sampling and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 17 university professors, students and financial staff at the Afghan Ministry of Finance in 2020 and analyzed by Colaizzi method. However, the theoretical saturation of the data was obtained in the thirteenth interview, but to be sure the interviews continued for up to seventeen of them. Analyzing the data acquired from the interviews leads to the identification of 8 main categories that are in fact the challenges of accounting backwardness in Afghanistan, which are listed below: 1- Challenges related to universities 2- Legal challenges and non-formulation of accounting and auditing standards 3- Administrative challenges 4- Political challenges 5- Infrastructural challenges of government 6- Social challenges 7- Challenges related to economic prosperity and trade 8- Challenges related to tax assessment. Additionally, it has been cleared that in general accounting in Afghanistan is far from optimistic, and the situation requires a serious look and further investigation is needed at the issue by the Afghan government.

The realization and classification of contributing factors to presenting information in the market is a matter of the utmost importance. The more the transparency and the effect of capital market information on market activity, the more is the effect of capital market on economic growth. This paper aims to realize and classify the contributing factors to financial statement transparency. The statistical population of the project is informant people with financial and non-financial reporting, including financial managers as the suppliers of financial statements, shareholders (opinion leader) as the users of financial statements, auditors’ partners of audit firms, senior managers of firms, and professional academics in this field. Three main steps of the study are as follows: a) determining indices with met analysis approach; b) filtering major contributing indices to financial statement transparency using the Delphi-Fuzzy Method; and c) classifying indices. In terms of objective, this paper is practical which is carried out using the survey method within three synthetic phases along with the exploratory plan. The obtained results of this paper show that the main factors include related information, timely information, the quality of financial reporting quality, the quality of internal control, the presence of appropriate internal controls, aligning with international standards, the quality of independent audit, country development, integrated financial reporting, and faithful presentation of information. Moreover, some factors were not significant for scholars, including firm size, financial leverage, firm liquidity, and masculinity culture, disclosure of related information along with payments to board members and CEO, and economic sanctions.

Corporate governance is a mechanism used to reduce the conflict of interests and agency costs. It consists of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Company ownership structure is one of the most important extrinsic mechanisms of corporate governance and shareholders are able to monitor and control the company’s directors’ performance enabling them to reduce the costs and increase the firm value. This study aims to check whether corporate governance effect by by Return on assets (ROA) on the corporate performance persistence in listed companies of Malaysian stock and also to investigate the corporate governance practices in the registered companies in Bursa MY and their outcome on the relationship amongst corporate productivity and the extent practicing company set of rules and mechanisms. The sample includes the top 100 companies in Malaysia (FTSE Bursa MY Top 100 Index), registered in the Bursa MY, during 2009-2013 and because it is a comparative study, the final sample consisted of 84 companies. The statistical findings suggested that there is a correlation amongst corporate governance mechanisms and performance persistence, as measured by approximate ROA.

With the increase in general public offerings and stock price fluctuations after the initial public offering, there was a need to examine the factors affecting these fluctuations. For this purpose, in this study, to examine the exact dimensions of political affiliation, this variable was measured by two methods, company size factor (TOPSIS) and government ownership percentage. Information asymmetry was calculated using the bid price difference between buying and selling. Also, variables of supplier type (supplier reputation and reputation),institutional ownership, number of shareholders, audit quality and earnings management were used as control variables to examine the impact of other important factors on initial public offering. The results show that political affiliation using the percentage of governmental ownership method affects short-term relationships and political affiliation with the method of firm size factors affects long-term relationships. We find that both methods of political affiliation should be used to accurately examine the dimensions of political dependence and its effect on stock price fluctuations. With a low percentage of governmental ownership, they had high political affiliation and influenced price fluctuations after initial public offerings.The findings also show that with increasing information asymmetry, stock price fluctuations increase after the initial public offering in the long run, but in the short term cannot be effective, which is due to the upward and grammatical effect of the market after the initial public offering. This is also related to the corporate political relations with the government and emphasizes the importance of properly evaluating the political relations using both methods.

One of the fundamental issues in the section of management accounting is to explain the expenses’ behavior and estimating the amount of expenses in order to compute the companies’ operation budget. This research intends to investigate the effect of Intellectual Capital on stickiness of companies’ operations expenses. Also, the research studies the effects of Intellectual Capital on expenses’ asymmetric behavior using of 101 firms over the period 1387-1396 (1010 firm-year) selected from Tehran stock exchange. Following the Anderson’s and Banker’s base model, the dependent variable is considered the growth of operation expenses. The independent variables include the intellectual capital, organization capital, financial capital and human capital. Also the variable of decreasing in sales for one period considered as a dummy variable. The hypotheses of research analyzed with using multi-regression and Panel Data methods. Results indicate the existence of stickiness behavior in firms of Tehran stock exchange. In spite of confirming the hypothesis of stickiness, there is no meaningful relation between intellectual capital and its components with stickiness of expenses. In other words, the intangible assets have no significant effect on the asymmetric behavior of firms’ expenses of Tehran stock exchange.

The Purpose of this research is providing a Micmac Analysis to Strengthen Sustainable Green Accounting Values of Capital Market Companies by Grounded Theory, Fuzzy Dematel and Polar Matrix Analysis. In this research, which is based on qualitative and quantitative methodology, first, 18 university experts in the field of accounting and finance participated in the analysis of Grounded Theory and Delphi, and then in the quantitative section, 23 managers of the top 50 companies of the Tehran Stock Exchange participated in two Fuzzy Dematel and polar matrix. The data collection method was based on qualitative methodology through field theory analysis (Grounded Theory), which collected the necessary data by conducting interviews, and after coding the research model, it was designed based on the theoretical framework. Then, in order to assess the level of reliability, Delphi analysis was used with the aim of achieving the theoretical adequacy of the main components of the research, finally, in the quantitative section, first by means of Fuzzy Dematel analysis and then pairwise and diagonal comparison between conceptual codes in several stages and accordingly, provide Micmac analysis chart. The results confirmed the existence of two categories of intra-organizational and extra-organizational values of green accounting based on the four main components of Information Advantage; Cost Advantage; Competitive Advantage and Ecological Advantage confirmed after conceptual coding. Then, based on Fuzzy Dematel analysis, the cost advantage is the most important consequence of the internal and external organizational values of green accounting.

The present study aimed to determine the role of ethical behavior and social identity with emphasis on role conflict, self-efficacy, and professional ethics sensitives in auditors on their performance. The present study is an applied study in terms of target and a descriptive study of survey and correlational type in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study included the auditors of auditing firms, members of the Association of Certified Public Accountants, and certified independent auditors To calculate the number of samples and to take samples، coceran fornulation and the avilable sample methods have been respectively used. This study was conducted in 2020. A number of 300 auditors participated in the present study and answered the questionnaires used in this study. Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used for modelling and testing the hypotheses. The initial results indicated the significant positive effect of ethical behavior and social identity of auditors on their performance. It was found that if we consider role conflict, self-efficacy, and professional ethics sensitivities in evaluating the relationship between auditors' ethical behavior and social identity with their performance, auditors' ethical behavior and social identity still have a significant positive effect on their performance. In addition, the results of this study indicated that self-efficacy and ethical sensitivities have a significant positive effect on the job performance of auditors while role conflict has a significant negative effect on the job performance of auditors.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Impact of corporate political connections on Earnings management sensitivity in the capital market. A total of 113 companies of Tehran Stock Exchange that were selected through systematic elimination sampling during 2009-2019 werw examined. In order to measure the dependent variable of this study, namely the sensitivity of Earnings management,the sensitivity of accruals, the sensitivity of real items and the sensitivity of income items were used through the GMM approach. The results showed that political connection has a significant effect on the sensitivity of income items and the sensitivity of real items, but it does not have a significant effect on the sensitivity of accruals. Therefore, political connections can be used from these connections and on the otherhand earnings management behaviors and reporting of reports should be avoid according to the compliance of stackholder political institutions with careful auditing and monitoring.

The efficiency of financial reporting is considered as one of important characteristics of annual reporting quality. It is usually hidden in the timeliness of accounting information, which is one of qualitative characteristics of accounting information. The usefulness of information disclosed by companies reduces as lag increases. Corporate governance as the most important controlling and monitoring mechanism has a significant impact on the efficiency of financial reporting, and affects firm value. The objective of this research is to present a model for the effect of corporate governance measures on audit report lag by a structural equation approach in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In the research, the independent variables are corporate governance measures, and the dependent variable is audit report lag. The research method is applied-correlational. Data is collected from 148 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in the time period of 2011 to 2019, and analyzed by Stata 12, SPSS and Smart-PLS. The method used for collecting data is from the Rahavardnovin software. The hypotheses are tested by the multivariate linear regression test and structural equations. According to the results from hypothesis testing, the corporate governance measures of audit committee experience, audit committee size, audit committee independence, ownership concentration (first measure), ownership concentration (second measure) and board independence have a significant effect on audit report lag; however, the variables of audit committee financial expertise, audit committee gender, ownership structure, board size and CEO duality don’t have any significant effect on audit report lag.

This study aimed to present a model for portfolio risk premium assessment and explain its economic consequences for companies listed in Tehran stock Exchange. In order to achieve this purpose, monthly data of 150 companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2007-2017 was used. In this study, the predictive powers of Fama - French three-factor model (2011), Carhart four-factor model (2014), Fama - French five-factor model (2014), Brousseau five-factor model (2015) and Roy and Shijin six-factor model (2018 b) have been evaluated and then an optimal model has been developed for portfolio risk assessment. Findings showed that the Carhart four-factor model has higher predictive ability (48.3%) than other mentioned models in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The explanatory power and predictive ability of the model developed in the Tehran Stock Exchange was 55.7% indicating higher predictive ability respect to previous models on portfolio risk premium. Also, the economic consequences of portfolio risk premium showed that portfolio risk premium had a positive and significant effect on both absolute and relative buying and selling gap between proposed prices and stock returns synchronization.

Production systems must increase the productivity of their organizations day to day, in this section, the issue of proper selection of suppliers is discussed. Suppliers of industrial organizations usually produce parts and the task of management is to select the right suppliers. The selection of suppliers can be associated with resilience indicators and thus significantly reduce the likelihood of malfunctions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the situation in which there are a number of suppliers from whom orders should be placed and also the orders should be such that the chain has good resilience. In this study, the community of managers of pharmaceutical companies have been selected through snowball sampling. Structural relationships between indicators were determined using DEMATEL method to determine the importance of each resilience factor in determining the resilient supplier and fuzzy ANP method was used to prioritize each supplier based on the identified criteria and then by presenting a planning model. Integrated number for optimal order allocation to suppliers introduced and described using the results of this study to identify supply chain resilience as a criterion for supplier prioritization and order allocation, selection of suppliers in this company and other companies Similarly, by collecting the required information of the models to be done systematically and scientifically.

The purpose of this study is applied training of financial literacy and personal financial management along with changing and modifying financial beliefs and improving mental accounting using a five-step combined financial therapy model and the commitment and acceptance method. This research was applied and research method was quasi experimental with a pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of the merchants of shahrekord city in 2019, from which 40 people volunteered were selected to participate in intervention sessions and had other criteria for enter and exit the study and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (20 people in each group) and completed research questionnaires including financial literacy, personal financial management and mental accounting. The experimental group then received 120 minutes of interventions related to acceptance and commitment financial therapy by ten sessions. But the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS - 25 software. The results of the study using multivariable analysis of covariance showed that in the post-test stage, the mean of mental accounting scores in the experimental group improved compared to the control group and financial literacy scores increased significantly (P <0.01) . The effect coefficient was calculated for mental accounting 0.45 and for financial literacy 0.54. It was concluded that acceptance and commitment financial therapy is effective for improving merchant’s mental accounting and financial literacy. while the financial therapy approach did not has any significant effect on improving the mean of personal financial management scores

Audit time pressure may cause auditors to work harder in an attempt to improve audit efficiency. However, if the time pressure is unreasonable, negative consequences will occur. In fact, unreasonable time pressure can have an adverse (negative) influence on audit effectiveness, diminish audit quality, and raise the likelihood of audit errors and major material misstatement in financial statements, either directly or indirectly. Consequently, managers exhibit more opportunistic behavior. The quality of earnings (QoE) will eventually deteriorate. Moreover, increasing the load of audit work can help to prevent earnings manipulation and increase QoE. Furthermore, auditors demand higher fees for larger loads of work; hence, the QoE is expected to improve when the audit fee increases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of audit fee adjustments on the relationship between auditor time pressure and QoE. The regression analysis was performed to test hypotheses using panel data obtained from 105 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2019. According to the findings of the research hypothesis, auditor time pressure reduced QoE. According to the findings, the audit fee mitigated the negative association between auditor time pressure and QoE.

Organizational performance and thus, organizational value can be improved by running measures which are critical factors of success. Meanwhile, one of the most important organizations, operating in service sector and plays role in development of the country, is banks. It seems that managers with higher efficiency seeking to maximize their performance and consequently, gaining sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors. Then, it is expected that management efficiency could moderate the relationship between long term performance and sustainable competitive advantage. The present study arguably aims to develop a model of long term performance of commercial banks from sustainable competitive advantage perspective, focusing on role of management efficiency. The research hypotheses are tested using a sample of 23 listed banks in Tehran Stock Exchange over the period of 2011 to 2018 and employing multivariate regression model. Data analysis is performed by Eveiws-10 software. The results suggest that the identified factors for long term performance of commercial banks, including financial performance (economic added value) and profitability indices (Tobin’s Q ratio, return on asset, and return on equity) also affect sustainable competitive advantage of the bank. Moreover, management efficiency moderates the relationship between long term performance of commercial banks (economic added value, Tobin’s Q ratio, return on asset, and return on equity) and the bank’s sustainable competitive advantage. As the coefficients obtained for private banks are higher than coefficients of the public banks, it is recommended that the banks move toward privatization, such that the management efficiency would be increased.