فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 103 (مهر 1400)

Theories of human basic psychological needs have been always one of the researchers’ answers to human behaviors. Nowadays, application of existing theories of human basic needs in other domains is being more trended rather than emergence of a new theory; However, lack of comprehensiveness in reviewing and analyzing of these theories has always been a fundamental gap in past research.

The present study attempts to collect theories of basic psychological needs in first step and then to analyze them with a metatheoretical approach.

In this study, a systematic review method has been used to collect theories. The statistical population of the study is all related Persian and English researches that have been published in valid scientific databases without time limit. Out of 1152 reviewed studies, 29 valid theories were finally extracted. Then, based on previous studies, the three variables "theory structure", "level of theory analysis" and "provided categories" were used as the basis of meta-theory analysis.

Most of human basic needs theories follow the structure of independent set of needs, so far, the three needs of "hedonism", "survival" and "belonging" have been considered as root needs in three different theories and the hierarchical model has not been repeated in any other theory but Maslow’s. Four theories believe that there are connections between the mentioned components. The level of "psychological needs" analysis is a common feature of all theories, and finally, less than one-third of theories have provided categorization.

Each theory of psychological needs has its own unique structure. Applying these theories to solve various problems inside and outside the field of psychology requires understanding the structural similarities and differences of these theories and the presented needs in them

Studies shows that women who have been unfaithful to their husbands suffer from symptoms of depression and rumination, research has also shown the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on depressive symptoms and rumination. therefore according to the research background, there was a research gap in the field of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on rumination and depressive symptoms in women after infidelity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on women who experienced symptoms of depression and rumination.

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and follow-up with a control group in women affected by infidelity. The population of this study was 73 women affected by infidelity in the eastern suburbs of Tehran who referred to the resuscitation group therapy center of the heart and answered the Nolan Hoxma (2003) Ruminant Ruminant Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (1996). Out of 73 participants, 30 participants were selected in two groups of 15 people (control and experimental) who met the criteria for entering the study and were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90-minute Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Finally, after the post-test, the results were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

Findings showed that after the end of follow-up, the results of the experimental group in both depression and rumination variables were significantly different in post-test and follow-up test, but this difference was not observed between the control group in three stages (P> 0.05).

Considering that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective in reducing rumination and depressive symptoms such as unpleasant and repetitive thoughts, inefficiency of current behavior as well as accepting the problem and creating a gap between current thoughts and practice in women affected by infidelity, it can be He did it on more examples and in a society with a different culture.

Femininity is a complicated term because it does not define a single phenomenon. Different perceptions of femininity are very dependent on onechr('39')s background and knowledge of everyday actions that the meaning of femininity understood by them. In addition, the concept of femininity is close to the concept of gender, which in all societies is one of the basic structures of human identity and experiences, and the importance and role of it varies from society to society.

Since the definition of femininity varies depending on the culture and standards of each country, examining the perception of women in different countries can clarify various aspects of femininity.

In the present study, using the qualitative metasynthetic method of Noblit and Hare (1988), qualitative studies related to the subject of research in three databases Scopus, Sciencedirect and PubMed in the period 2000 to 2020 were examined. The search retrieved 377 articles and based on PRISMA method and inclusion and exclusion criteria, 19 articles selected to enter the research  .

Six different factors were found in the perception of femininity: sexual agency, motherhood, appearance and body, caregiver or self-care, independence and respect, and cultural factor.

Identifying different aspects of femininity can help researchers to explain and solve various problems and concerns of women

Personality components alongside with other psychological characteristics such as risk perception, anxiety sensitivity, and metacognitive belifs are considered as the most important and effective factors to pandemic. Neuroticism and extraversion have attracted more attention of the researchers, however, the mediatory role of psychological constructs in corona pandemic have been less investigated.

The present study is aimed at investigating the mediatory role of risk perception and anxiety sensitivity in the structural relations of neuroticism and extravertion with the psychological and behavioral problems of Corona virus.

This study had a descriptive correlational design. The population of the study was all Iranian community individuals who lived in the country within he first 6-month of the 2020 year. A sample of 649 participants enrolled to the study through purposeful sampling. To collect the data, the psychological and behavioral problems of Corona virus questionnaire (authors’ designed), along with anxiety sensitivity index (Reiss, Peterson, Gursky, & McNally, 1986), big five personality (Donnellan, Oswald, Baird, & Lucas, 2006), and risk perception (Benthin, Slovic, & Severson, 1993) scales were used.

The evaluation of the hypothesized model using goodness-of-fit indices indicated that our proposed model fits with the measured model (CFI=0/96, NFI=0/94, and RMSEA=0/054). Statistical analyses revealed that risk perception and anxiety sensitivity could play mediating role in the structural relations of neuroticism and extravertion with the psychological and behavioral problems of Corona with standard coefficients of -0/052 and 0/161 (p < 0/05). Also, neuroticism has significant effect on the psychological and behavioral problems of Corona with the mediation of risk perception with standard coefficient of 0/100 (p < 0/05).

It assumed that the psychological and behavioral problems of Corona virus is effected by some psychological factors through direct and indirect ways and their inclusion in the comprehensive plans of health system is preferred

The weakness in sense of attachment to school among students in deprived areas is influenced by malfunctioning social relationships and lack of hidden curriculums, a problem that not only reduces students chr('39')cognitive performance levels, but also is intensified by teacherschr('39') discouraging messages and may even lead to higher rates of dropping out of school. Researches have shown that school staff may help to increase studentschr('39') school attachment, through socio-emotional learnings. Invitational education and teaching social relationships based on a hidden curriculum is an area that has attracted the attention of researchers around the world, however, in Iran there is a research gap in the effectiveness of these two educational methods on the sense of belonging to the school.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of invitational education, social relations education and the combination of these two educational methods on school attachment of female students in deprived areas.

The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test. The statistical population in this study was female elementary school students in deprived areas of Ghale Ganj city (Kerman province) in the academic year 1397-98, from which 3 schools were randomly selected as the experimental group and one school as the control group.  Ravenchr('39')s IQ test and pretest were used to control studentschr('39') primary cognitive backgrounds. Data were collected using School Attachment Questionnaire (Brew, Beathy & Watt 2004).  The Invitational education packages and school social relations and a combined method were implemented for school executives and its effects on students were analyzed using Univariate covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance.

Findings showed that Invitational education, social relations education and combined methods have positive effects on studentschr('39') school attachment. These effects were significantly different at p <0.05 and more or less included in   Invitational education, combination education and social relations education, respectively.

Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that if the necessary conditions for encouraging and developing social relations of female students in deprived areas are provided by school staff, especially teachers, their sense of belonging to the school will improve

Intimacy refers to the interaction between couples that leads to feelings of closeness and love. Couples need skills to maintain and increase intimacy in their relationship. There are various approaches to enriching marriages to teach couples these skills. Wile studies indicate that these programs are effective and by considering  the increasing apply of these preventive intervention, no meta-analysis has been accomplished on marriage enrichment programs and to identify a program that will be more effective on coupleschr('39') intimacy.

The aim of this study was to answer two basic questions including determining whether marriage enrichment programs are effective and in this case, which marriage enrichment program has a large effect size.

In this study of Meta-analysis methods was used. The statistical population of this meta-analysis included 44 articles related to the research topic that were identified in Iranian and Latin databases. The sample consisted of 17 studies and (18 effects size). Then, base on the present research interior measure criterion, 17 articles (18 effect sizes) were selected as a sample.  The research tool was a meta-analysis checklist and related research.

A meta-analysis findings showed that marriage enrichment programs on marital intimacy were, overall, effective with a weighted effect size of 1. 295. Moderator analysis of the overal effect size showed that Emotion- focused of marriage enrichment program  had the highest effect size on in promoting intimacy (d= 4/080).

The final finding of the present study indicated the effectiveness of marriage enrichment programs on promoting marital intimacy. Furthermore, marriage enrichment programs specialy emotion-focused marriage enrichment program for promoting intimacy is suggested to the family and marriage counsellors.

Numerous studies have examined the effect of self – determination education on student learning, but research that has developed designing and editing an empowerment education package with self- determination approach and its effectiveness on student math performance and belifs has been neglected.

the purpose of this was to designing and editing an empowerment education package with self- determination approach and its effectiveness on girl and boy students math performance and belifs with low performance in this lesson.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and combined in terms of method)qualitative and quantitative), the qualitative part was the design of a education package and the quantitative part was semi-experimental with design pre-test,post-test and follow with control group. The study population consisted of all students ninth grade in 6 district Tehran city during the years 2019-2020 with low performance in math. 32 people were targeted selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (16 people). The instruments of the present study were Leder and Forgasz (2002) mathematical Academic Belief Questionnaire, For the experimental group, training was held in 8 sessions of 60 minutes While the control group did not receive any intervention. Proposed research package for empowerment education with self- determination approach it was designed based on the theory of Deci & Ryan (2004). Data analysis was performed by frequent measurments analysis of variance.

an empowerment education package with self-determination approach had a significant effect on math performance and belifs (with low performance in this lesson) (P<0/01).

girl and boy students who participated in empowerment education sessions based on self-determination approach had better performance and  Improvement beliefs to math lesson. Therefore, it is recommended to be considered as one of the educational programs at educational institutions Including Ministry of Education.

Mistake rumination is more prevalent in adolescents and has an adverse effect on various aspects of their lives.

The aim of the current study was to examine psychometric properties of mistakes rumination scale.

This study was a fundamental practical study, in terms of data collection, this study was a survey, and in terms of methodology, this study is a questionnaire-making study in the form of a correlation method. The research statistical population of this study included all undergraduate students at Alzahra University who studied in 2019. A convenience sampling method was used to  recruit 300 undergraduate students.The data were analyzed using composite reliability, content validity index, content validity ratio and confirmatory factor analysis.

The composite reliability value for the Persian version of the mistake rumination scale was .74, indicating a desirable reliability. Content validity ratio was more than 78% and content validity index was more than 80%, indicating good content validity of the scale. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that factor loading values were greater than 0.66 and all paths from items to latent variable were significant at the level of .001, indicating the scale had an appropriate construct validity. Except for the index of CMIN/DF 1.09 (p=.001); other indices showed an acceptable model fit (GFI 0.92, CFI 0.92, IFI 0.92, and RMSEA .08). Convergent validity for the scale was .5, indicating an acceptable convergent validity.

The result of confirmatory factor analysis showed that mistake rumination scale has one-dimensional structure. Given the desirable psychometric properties of the Persian version of the mistake rumination scale, it can be suggested to psychologists and counselors to employ in for doing research and diagnostic situations.

Network science as a new field in psychological measurement provides a good platform for test analysis, but in Iran, research on the analysis of test questions using network data analysis has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to introduce network data analysis as a psychometric-mathematical technique and its use in the questionnaire analysis process.

This research is descriptive-analytical, the statistical population of all language learners was the top ten language teaching institutes in Tehran in 2020, from which 1556 language learners were selected by convenience sampling method and answering the English vocabulary size test (Nation and Waring, 1997).  Data analysis was performed by qgraph software package under R software.

The graph obtained from the communication network of questions based on the Fruchterman-Ringold algorithm was plotted, the parent-child relationship of the questions was determined based on the Bayesian network, and the descriptive features of the test and the indicators of network centrality were extracted.

Introducing the technique of analyzing network data and using it for  questions analysis process is one of the achievements of this article. Using the advantages of network science such as the ability to simplify, manage, store and collect high-volume data and analyze test questions based on the map and indicators that are fully consistent with it, we can understand the internal relationship between different test questions, and by considering the importance of the questions in the network structure of the net relationship between the questions, it is possible to improve the testing methods. Similar studies and researches are proposed to compare the results of network data analysis with psychometric properties obtained based on conventional and classical methods.

Responsible behavior is one of the indicators of a healthy human which its strengthening and growth will not be possible except by identifying the factors affecting responsible behavior. To this end, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether family performance, psychological capital and satisfaction of psychological needs of adolescents have an effect on their level of responsibility and mental vitality or not?

The present study was conducted with the aim of family performance, psychological capital, psychological needs with mental vitality: the mediating role of adolescentschr('39') responsibility during adolescence.

The present study was descriptive, with correlation and structural equations. The statistical population of this study consisted of all adolescents aged 14 to 18 years in Tehran in 1399. The research sample was 400 adolescents in districts 1 and 2 of Tehran who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research data was collected using the self-report questionnaire of Kim and Kim family (2007), psychological needs of Lagourdia et al. (2002), McGee (2011), Soroush (2012) and the mental vitality of Kiyez et al. 2003). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that family performance, psychological needs and psychological capital have a direct and indirect positive effect on studentschr('39') responsibility and mental vitality. The results of structural equation modeling showed that 39% of the variance of responsibility and 48% of the variance of mental vitality are explained by family performance, psychological needs and psychological capital and responsibility.

Recognizing the factors affecting studentschr('39') responsibility and mental vitality provides the possibility of anticipation and planning to help ensure their mental health. It is also possible to take steps to increase social, emotional and psychological vitality by creating a suitable environment in schools.

Numerous researches have been done on the effect of two therapy cognitive and acceptance and commitment-based treatment on symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems in the workplace. But the effect of combining therapy cognitive with acceptance and commitment on symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems in the workplace there is a research gap.

The aim of present study was the efficacy of combining therapy cognitive with acceptance and commitment on symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems firefighters of Mashhad city.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, follow up with control group. Statistical population included all 1100 firefighters in Mashhad in 2018. Out of 68 people identified in the screening , 30 subjects were selected by random sampling method and they were randomly divided into two groups (15 persons), one experimental groups and one control group. Research instruments include: depression index: (Beck et al., 1979), Psychosomatic symptoms in nonclinical context: (Mohr., 2000), General Health Questionnaire(Goldberg and Hillier., 1979), and Combining Therapy Cognitive with Acceptance and Commitment Sessions (Hallis., Cameli ., Dionne., Knäuper., 2016). The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Spss software version 22 was used for analysis.

There was a significant difference between the two groups in the posttest in symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems. Experimental group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P< 0/001).

Employees who attended combining therapy cognitive with acceptance and commitment sessions had reduced symptoms of depression and psychosomatic problems. This treatment plan is recommended for high- strain work environments prone to psychological problems such as depression and psychosomatic problems

Mental imagery, incudes visualizing or motor cognitive review without physical components, is one of the sychological methods to improve performance and facilitate skills. Although the applied model has shown that there is an interaction between the type of imagery and and the ability of imagery and motor output is increased by bettter performance, there is a research gap whether neural representation causes different behavioral effects among children through vividness of imagery.

The aim of present study was the effect of various types of visual and kinesthetic mental imagery on learning of close motor skill in children as well as the relationship between the ability to imagery vividness and motor performance.

the research was quasi-experimental with a multi-group pre-test- post-test design along with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all female students aged 8 to 10 years in Ahvaz. 90 female students were deployed by random sampling method available in 6 groups of 15 people of physical practice (PPG), visual imagery (VIG), kinesthetic imagery (KIG), visual imagery and physical practice composition (VIPPG), kinesthetic imagery and physical practice composition (KIPPG), and control group (CG). Each participant performed 35 throws in 7 blocks of 5 trials in pre-test 5, acquisition 20, post-test 5, and transfer 5. The ability of imagery vividness of participants was measured by questionnaire of motor imagery vividness (Isak et al., 1986). Data analysis was performed using mixed variance analysis (phase) 3× (group) 6 and Pearson correlation by Spss21 software.

The performance of the various imagery groups was equal to that of physical practice group in the post-test (retention) phase. The results at the transfer phase showed that the combination of mental imagery with physical training had significantly higher performance than the other groups. The results of the research also showed that the visual mental imagery and kinesthetic imagery groups showed equal performance in the transfer and retention stages (KIG=VIG, KIPPG=VIPPG). The results of the research did not show any relationship between the ability of imageryvividness and motor performance.

The results of the research showed that children have the ability to visualize motor skills the same as adults. However, children (8 to 10 years of age) do not have the ability to separate the visual and kinesthetic imagery and understand their differences.  The results also showed that the ability to have a vivid imagery has no significant effect on childrenchr('39')s motor performance.

The parent-child interaction is one of the determining factor in the cognitive, social, emotional and behavioral childchr('39')s development in the early years of life. However, what are the components of effective parent-child interactions model of preschoolchr('39')s age?

The purpose of this study is to developing a model of effective parent-child interaction for preschool children.

The present study was under qualitative research strategy based on thematic analysis method. The studychr('39')s population included all resources related to parent-child interactions that was selected by purposive sampling method that after removing the inessential items, 115 sources were examined Initial data were extracted from them. Initial data were extracted from them. Data were analyzed based on Braun & Clarke (2006) thematic analysis method and they were coded in term of parent-child interaction components.

Since the primary data were rewrited and 89 basic themes were located in the first stage of coding. In the second stage 21 themes were identified. In the third stage, 8 global themes were abstracted, and thematic network was formed. Finally, the validity and reliability of model was performed using the interpretive credibility method. Therefore, the results were confirmed by expertchr('39')s feedback.

The model of effective parent-child interaction of preschool children, has sufficient credibility. Thus, more researcherschr('39') attention to the issue of preschoolschr('39') parent-child interaction, will help to develop new educational programs. It can also be a index for professionals to make parents aware the importance of parent-child interactions. Therefore, it is suggested that this model be used in the development of educational protocols based on parent-child relationships.