نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز 1400)

Sodium bicarbonate is produced in a bubble column by injection carbon dioxide gas into the carbonate and bicarbonate liquid solutions. This paper investigated a triple-phase mass transfer coupled with chemical reactions and crystallization. In this work, a mole balance has been written on flows and components, utilized the Danckwerts theory for mass transfer between gas and liquid phase and a population balance to obtain the nucleation and growth formula. The model results compared with the experimental data for validation. Finally, the effects of several parameters were investigated on the sodium bicarbonate crystal nucleation and growth rate and also crystals size distribution. Therefore, this model can predict the carbon dioxide conversion and the quantity and quality of produced solid crystals in various operating conditions. These predictions show that the production of sodium bicarbonate crystals and the size of these crystals increase by increasing the inlet gas pressure or inlet carbon dioxide mole fraction or decreasing the liquid temperature. But, the carbon dioxide conversion increases by increasing the inlet gas pressure.

Some of the environmental problems in each region are affected by the tourist’s behaviors, and to solve these problems, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect the environmental behavior. In this regard, the present study investigates the relationship between the variables of knowledge, attitude and perception with the variable of environmental behavior in the Miankaleh area of Behshahr. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The questionnaire questions were designed based on the Likert scale of five options and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha test. The statistical population of Miankaleh region included 340 visitors, which was determined using Cochran formula, the sample size was 181 people. Data analysis was performed using Smart-PLS and SPSS software. Findings from structural equation modeling in Miankaleh region showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the independent variables of knowledge, attitude and perception with the dependent variable of environmental behavior. Perception variable with a path coefficient of 0.814 had the most direct effect on environmental behavior and the path coefficient of two variables of attitude and knowledge were 0.329 and 0.467, respectively. The results of correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between environmental knowledge, attitude and perception with environmental behavior, which among the three variables studied, perception with a correlation coefficient of 0.455 has the highest correlation with environmental behavior. For two variables, knowledge and attitude were obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.209 and 0.237, respectively. In general, it can be said that the studied variables reinforce environmentally responsible behaviors and promote responsibility towards the environment.

Overgrazing affects the functionality of rangeland ecosystems. One method for monitoring an ecosystem is landscape function analysis (LFA). In this method, using 11 soil surface indices, three functional properties including soil stability (soil ability to resist erosion and reform after disturbance), infiltration (soil capacity to retain rainfall for plant-available water) and nutrient cycling (how efficiently organic matter is cycled back into the soil) are assessed. In this order, the current study aimed at assessing soil functional properties under various grazing intensities in Sahand mountains rangelands in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. The result showed that soil stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling were significantly different in different grazing intensities (p < 0.01). An increase in grazing intensity led to the reduction of functional properties. In rangelands with hight, moderate and light grazing intensity, the average soil stability index was 36.66%, 48.26% and 52.85%, respectively, the average infiltration index was 31.11%, 34.9% and 37.62%, respectively. The average nutrient cycling index was 20.85%, 27.85% and 30.68%. In general, based on the results of the present study, with increasing the intensity of livestock grazing, soil functional properties decrease, so controlling the balance of livestock and rangeland and reducing the intensity of livestock grazing in the study area is recommended.

Aspergillus flavus mold causes many contaminants in foodstuffs with aflatoxin production. Today, many researches are carried out for the use of natural compounds especially herbal essential oils for inhibiting production of fungi toxins. In this study, the effect of Artemisia essential oil on strains (R5 and P7) of Aspergillus flavus was investigated. In the experiments 13 different concentrations (4.5, 9, 13.5, 18, 36, 72, 86, 100, 114, 128, 142, 166 and 180 µL/L) Artemisia essential oil was added to PDA culture medium and then with separately culture of strains of Aspergillus flavus, inhibition rate of essential oil investigated in growth of strains. In investigation of diameter size of the grown halos in compared to control, it was observed that diameter of halos had been decreased with increasing essential oil concentration. So that in strains R5 (halo diameter 18.97 mm) and P7 (halo diameter 18.39 mm) with essential oil concentration of 166 µL/L, the most inhibitory effect had in compared with control sample.

Sustainable land management depends on preparing a multi-time land cover map, it is necessary to determine the process of destruction or improvement of the natural covers for these areas by identifying the type of land cover / land use at different times. One of the most important and serious issues that endanger the sustainable development is land degradation. Man-made destructive activities in nature, including deforestation, overgrazing and pasture conversion, unprincipled construction, and increased agricultural cultivation, which may also have important socio-political consequences, are increasingly destructive. Land degradation and destruction of natural resources in developing countries is much more than other countries, so that natural resources and the environment are the most vulnerable parts of these countries, and usually the first part of poor and developing countries that are destroyed and occupied in line with economic growth and development, is their natural resources. Population and urbanization growth is one of the most important factors in the destruction of natural resources in developing countries. In fact, the most important ecological impact of urbanization and distribution urban areas is the destruction of natural resources and encroachment on the natural environment. Iran's natural resources have also been severely disrupted over the past five decades, and in many cases, irreparable effects have been inflicted on it. So that, according to the reports published by the Forests, Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization (FRWO), the level of the country's rangelands since the nationalization of forests and rangelands has increased from about 100 million hectares to less than 85 million hectares. On the other hand, Sustainable land management depends on the preparation of land use maps at different times. In fact, land classification results are the basis of many environmental and socio-economic programs. The study of changes in natural areas provides valuable information for better management of natural resources in order to protect, rehabilitate, develop and even utility them. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and monitor the process of destruction or improvement of the natural cover of these areas by classifying the type of land cover / land use of the target areas during different times and determining the amount of possible changes. This study aims to determine the tenure and conversion of natural areas using coverage / land use maps of the city of Sisakht and its surroundings and also to analyze the extent of its changes during the years 1988 to 2020 with the use of remote sensing.

Detection of change, the process of determining and / or describing changes in land cover / land use characteristics are performed on the basis of rearranging multi-time remote sensing data and satellite data. On the other hand, the appropriate spatial resolution of satellite data is determined by the user needs and the scale of the study area. Therefore, Landsat satellite data with moderate spatial resolution and appropriate time coverage is the most widely used data on a regional scale that is widely used in different parts of the world to classify land use to determine land use. Is placed. In order to prepare the land use map in this research, appropriate quality data in terms of cloudiness and dust of Landsat 5 and 8 satellites related to July 1988, 2000, 2011 and 2020 were used. For this purpose, the necessary radiometric, atmospheric and geometric corrections were applied to the satellite data. Then, to increase the accuracy of classification and increase the accuracy of land use map, a data set layer was created by combining different spectral and spatial bands. In order to increase the accuracy of detecting land cover types with a wide range of spectral characteristics, the thermal band of satellite data was also included in the data set. Finally, in order to classify as accurately as possible and prepare a map corresponding to the reality of land cover / land use in the study area, two powerful monitored base pixel methods including maximum likelihood and support vector machine were used to compare their accuracy.All corrections, data preparation, data collection, classification and analysis, and extraction of maps were performed using ENVI® 5.3, ArcGIS® 10.7, Google Earth Pro 9, Excel 2016 software.

The results of this study showed that the level of natural areas of forests and ranges in the study area has decreased by at least 24% during the 32-year period. In contrast, the gardens, construction and human intervention, and occupation has increased. So that the natural covers of the region, including the forest and range, has decreased from 4678 hectares in 1988 to 3327 hectares in 2020. While, the area of orchards has increased from 583 hectares in 1988 to 1331 hectares in 2020. In general, the destruction of natural resources or their conversion to other land uses is affected by economic and social issues. The results also show that while the effect of increasing the population of Sisakht city on the destruction and tenure of natural areas, the factor of turning forests and ranges into gardens and orchards plays a more prominent role in the destruction and tenure of natural resources. In other words, according to demographic statistics published by the Management and Planning Organization of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, although the city of Sisakht, unlike many other cities in the country, is not considered a major city in accepting immigrants and its population growth relative to many cities have not been many (7856 people in 2016 compared to 6814 people in 2006), the level of destruction of natural resources is significant. The main factor can be considered in the attractiveness of gardening and increasing the garden areas by utilizers. Undoubtedly, the process of destruction and tenure of forests and ranges, and natural resources will not stop as long as profiteers and opportunists hope for the transfer of natural areas. Considering the economic costs and environmental considerations, the change of national land use and natural areas will have serious consequences on the path of sustainable development. Therefore, any humanizing change in the environment of the natural areas of each region and its conversion to other land uses should be based on the land use plan of that region.

The economic value of natural ecosystem services in national parks such as forests, pastures, vegetation and crops are one of the major challenges in environmental studies. In this study, the economic evaluation of fodder and crop production performance in the national park and Karkheh protected area has been investigated. Karkheh National Park and Protected Area is located in a narrow strip on both sides of the Karkheh River. The physical and chemical condition of the river water has a direct impact on its ecosystem services. The ecosystem services of this region are diverse (Khuzestan Province Planning Studies, 2013) and its economic value, leading to increased awareness of the importance of its services and revealing the benefits of conservation and sustainable use of the protected area among local stakeholders and It is for decision makers to further protect these ecosystems. This assessment also makes it clear that the environment is a limited resource, even though there is no specific market for it. Therefore, economic evaluation and valuation of the environment can further highlight the scarcity of institutions called the environment. If all environmental components are taken into account in decisions, then economic development strategies will be judged from a better perspective, as opposed to frugal methods. In this case, decision makers will be led to an appropriate decision that has the least environmental damage.

Considering that the downstream area of Karkheh Protected Area, especially the wetland and mangrove forest, is affected by hydrological conditions; Spatial delimitation should be done in such a way that the analysis of ecological processes can be correctly interpreted from the perspective of hydrological knowledge. Therefore, the study area is Karkheh National Park and Protected Area (Figure 1) and its hydrological unit (Figure 2).In order to evaluate the economic performance of fodder and crop production in the region, the alternative cost approach has been used. This approach calculates the value of ecosystem goods and services in terms of the cost of providing substitutes for them and uses the cost of providing substitutes as an estimate of the value of an ecosystem or its services (Sussman & Zohar, 2018). Estimated values must also be adjusted in relation to expected changes in price levels over time, otherwise: the results of cost-benefit analysis are not reliable. Therefore, two types of corrections are necessary(Mishkin, 2009):1) Determining the present value: takes into account the opportunity cost of money.2) Inflation correction: adjustment of changes in price levels.Preliminary estimates of cost-benefit should also be adjusted for changes in price levels over time, called inflation adjustment. To adjust the price of a dollar at the present time according to the expected inflation in the future, its value must be converted to its nominal value at the desired time. Nominal value means the set value of the value for the current time. Real value also means the adjusted value of value according to the effect of inflation (Sussman & Zohar, 2018).Economic resource valuation studies estimate the net present value (NPV) of ecosystem goods and services. Therefore, in this study, time demarcation is not considered and the present value of goods and ecosystem services of Karkheh Protected Area will be estimated this year.

Determining the economic value of forage production  In the hydrological unit The total area under forage cultivation in Shush, Andimeshk and Hamidiyeh counties is 8322 hectares, of which 43 are allocated to alfalfa cultivation, 78 to clover cultivation and 8201 hectares to forage corn cultivation. According to the production ratio of fodder products with approximate ratios of 0.6, 0.9 and 98.5% for alfalfa, clover and fodder corn as well as forage production area (216692.17 hectares) in the hydrological unit There will be 1118.3 hectares of alfalfa, 2030.4 hectares of clover and 213541.46 hectares of fodder corn. According to the statistical yearbook of Khuzestan province in 1397, the average yield of alfalfa cultivation in the region is 7492.5, clover cultivation is 6000 and forage corn cultivation is 39582.7 kg / ha. The Statistics Center of Iran has announced the average price of alfalfa in 1397 as 11593.7 Rials per kilogram. Also, this year, the average price of clover is 10212 and the price of fodder corn is 2334.9 Rials per kilogram. Therefore, the production value of each forage in the hydrological unit is according to Table 1.The area of lands providing ecosystem service for forage production in the national park is 1664.95 hectares (statistical yearbook of Khuzestan province, 1397). Therefore, the value of forage production in Karkheh National Park is equal to 153092.15 million Rials. The area covered by this ecosystem service in the protected area is 31168.88 hectares and the value of forage production is equal to 291378.52 million rials. In total, the total value of the forage production ecosystem service in the protected area and Karkheh National Park is estimated at 444470.67 million Rials. The area of arable lands in the hydrological unit is 126737.89 hectares, of which 49878.14 hectares are for irrigated cultivation and 76859.75 hectares are for rainfed cultivation. The main crops in the region are wheat, rice, corn, watermelon, cucumber, tomato, melon, sugar beet, potato and onion. According to the modeling, the area of lands providing crop ecosystem service in the national park is 414.38 hectares. Therefore, the value of crop production in Karkheh National Park is equal to 61.50506 million Rials. The area covered by this ecosystem service in the protected area is 3724.1 hectares and the value of crop production is equal to 552768.17 million rials. In total, the total value of crop ecosystem services in the protected area and Karkheh National Park is estimated at 61427274.59 million rials. The total economic value of crops in Karkheh hydrological unit is estimated at 18811.65 billion rials. The economic value of each hectare of agricultural land is equal to 148.43 million rials. The real value of crop production in the whole national park and Karkheh protected area with inflation reform in 1398 is estimated to be equal to 512750.07 million Rials. The real value of crop production per hectare of the study area is estimated to be 123.9 million rials with inflation modification.

Although heavy metals are components of the earth's crust and are naturally present in all ecosystems, their concentrations are increasing significantly. In recent decades, a significant portion of marine environmental pollution has been due to the entry of heavy metals into marine environments and their harmful environmental effects have been a major topic in environmental research. Although the increasing development of industry has numerous benefits, but unfortunately it also leads to special problems such as environmental pollution and threatens all human activities in relation to nature.The main problem with heavy metals is that these inorganic pollutants are not biodegradable unlike organic pollutants, and this fact has made heavy metals one of the most dangerous groups of environmental pollutants. Heavy metals enter aquatic ecosystems through direct discharge of industrial and municipal effluents or indirectly through rainwater runoff as well as through the atmosphere, and cause serious problems, especially by accumulation in sediments. Due to their stability and lack of biological decomposition, heavy metals have a high tendency to accumulate in the body of aquatic organisms and accumulate in the tissues of mollusks, bivalves and fish.The results of Bagheri et al., (2013) in surface sediments of Bandar Abbas coasts show that more than half of all lead and cadmium in Bandar Abbas coasts are of natural origin and the increase in metal concentration in Bandar Abbas coasts due to the presence of these two amounts is more It is natural in the earth's crust in the study area.Heavy metals can enter this ecosystem due to natural factors such as erosion, floods, seawater rotation, industrial and human wastewater, oil and gas leaks, ship accidents, and unbalanced water discharge. As a result, ecosystems such as industrial coastal ports, which are chronically exposed to metals, appear to have the most contaminated sediments, leading to ecological changes on the coast and endangering human health due to their toxic effects and bioaccumulation potential.One of the most important environmental problems of Bandar Abbas city at present can be the entry of sewage and waste into the coasts and estuaries of the city, which minimizes tourism uses. Since most of the urban wastewater of Bandar Abbas and some industrial wastewater is discharged directly into the sea, the coastal waters of Bandar Abbas are heavily polluted and any aquatic abstraction from the coastal waters and swimming in these waters can be due to pollution. Preliminary studies show that the beaches of "Shilat", "Gorsuzan", "Posht-shahr", " Soro" and "Hadish" are the main swimming areas of the indigenous people and at the same time the main receiving areas of Bandar Abbas urban sewage. The purpose of this study was to assess the ecological risk of heavy metals in coastal sediments of tourism-prone areas in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan province.

For the purpose of study, a systematic randomly classification method was used to determine the sampling points. Thus, 5 potential tourist destinations along the coast of Bandar Abbas, including the beaches of Shilat, Gorsuzan, Posht-shahr, Soro and Hadish, were randomly selected to cover the entire coastal strip of the city and were sampled as points. Sampling was performed in the spring of 2020, at full tide and almost daily between 10 and 15 o'clock. Acid digestion of the samples was performed and after purification, the concentration of each metal element was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry using calibration solutions.For the data analysis, at first, the compliance of the data with the normal distribution was examined by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic quantifies test, which showed that the data have a normal distribution. After confirming the normality of the data, heavy metal concentration analysis was performed. Pearson's correlation coefficient also was used to investigate the correlation relationship between metal concentrations. Finally, the sediment quality was assessed using pollution indices and ecological risk assessment index.

According to the results, the average concentrations of elements including lead (pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in the coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas areas were 46.75±5.75, 17.75±1.52, 62.42±4.51, 2.97±0.13, 46.09±4.56and 9944.04±1463.49, mg/kg sediment, respectively. The results show that the sequence of total concentration of heavy metals in the coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas is Fe> Ni> pb> Zn> Cu> Cd.Analysis of the correlation shows that there is only a significant correlation between iron and nickel (P <0.05) and there is no significant correlation between other elements (P> 0.05).Heavy element coefficients factor in coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas for lead, copper, nickel, cadmium, zinc and iron, were calculated 2.34, 0.39, 0.92, 9.89, 0.49 and 0.21 respectively. Furthermore, the Cd index in the five sampling stations including the beaches of Shilat, Gorsuzan, Posht-shahr, Soro and Hadish were calculated 1.42, 2.41, 1.17, 1.45 and 1.19, respectively.Based on the the Müller geochemical index, the amount of lead in Hadish is in the range of non-polluted to medium polluted and in other stations were in the range of non-polluted.In total, the measurement of potential ecological risk for the five sampling stations mentioned was calculated as 317.6, 327.2, 331.5, 331 and 270, respectively, and the total potential ecological risk of the coasts of Bandar Abbas was calculated as 315.5.

The computational results showed that the average accumulation of Cu, Ni, Zn and Fe is negative (Igeo ˂ 0), the negative of these data indicates that the coastal sediments of Bandar Abbas in terms of these elements are in the range of non-polluted sediments. The value of this measurement was calculated for lead less than one (0˂Igeo˂1) and for cadmium less than 2 (1˂Igeo˂2), which include the ranges from non-polluted to moderate pollution and moderate pollution, respectively.Comparison of heavy elements studied in this study with different standards showed that the amount of all elements except nickel is lower than global standards. The study of the ecological risk of heavy metals in the coasts of Bandar Abbas showed that the order of danger is (zinc Assessing the quality of sediments showed that the amount of modified degree of pollution index (mCd) in all cases except Gur-suzan were calculated less than 1.5 and the status of sediment pollution is estimated to be very low degree of pollution. In total, the ecological risk potential of the coasts of Bandar Abbas was calculated to be 315.5, which is within the acceptable ecological risk.Considering the location of Bandar Abbas city and considering the development of adjacent areas and various ongoing projects in the city and the pollution load caused by the entry of municipal sewage into the coast of Bandar Abbas, it is necessary to adopt appropriate strategies that can help to reduce pollutants. In this case, considering the certainty of the role of industries in polluting the coasts of Bandar Abbas and considering the conclusions obtained in this study, it is necessary to observe the rules and standards of environmental protection and apply these rules in neighboring industries.

Air pollution has a serious impact on human health and the effects of different land use parameters and physical urban structure can not be ignored in the distribution and emission of air pollutants. To this end, in this study, the effect of land use pattern on spatial changes of pollutants in Tehran in the period 2011-2020 has been investigated..To achieve this goal Landsat satellite images as well as pollution data of Tehran Air Quality Control Center in 2011 and 2020 were used. The artificial neural network method was used in ENVI software to classify satellite images and determine the type of uses and Kriging model in Arc GIS software for zoning air pollution concentration in Tehran. The findings of this study show that Increased construction in the west and north of Tehran in these parts of the city has increased the concentration of pollutants. In return Land use change from barren lands to urban green spaces in the east and southeast of Tehran has reduced the concentration of urban air pollutants in these areas.

In today's world, water is a vital and irreplaceable substance. Negotiating over this strategic substance is consultation with the fate of the present and future generations of the country. Environmental diplomacy is a lever in international relations that aims to create environmental justice. Unfortunately, there has been an illusory view of it in Iranian politics. In recent years, with the unfair division of Hirmand watersheds on the borders of Iran and Afghanistan's non-compliance with international treaties, Iran has faced the challenge of the water crisis, drought, dust, and other problems. In this study, first, the amount of dependence of the southeastern basin on the types of available water resources has been investigated. Then, a description of the rules and regulations of border waters is reviewed. Finally, the most preferred causes of water crisis are discussed based on the multi-criteria assessment method (AHP). The results showed that since southeastern Iran lacks significant groundwater resources, springs and aqueducts, so, life is very complicated with the Hirmand watersheds. The results of the evaluation indicate that the crisis of water diplomacy, with the consensus of experts, weighs 0.406 at the top of the weaknesses and among its sub-criteria, lack of environmental priority in foreign policy targets is in the first place and the criterion of internal water management crisis weighing 0.236 and among its sub-criteria, the lack of storage and collection of rainwater gained the highest weakness.

Groundwater is the most important source of fresh water in the world. Drinking water for two billion people is supplied directly from groundwater and is used to irrigate the world's largest food supply. Improper harvesting of groundwater reservoirs has led to the fact that the amount of feeder feed is not responsive to harvesting and the groundwater level has dropped. The drop in groundwater levels has led to problems such as drying up water wells, declining river and lake discharge, lowering water quality, increasing pumping costs and water extraction and land subsidence. Awareness of water level changes is necessary to understand the status of groundwater aquifers and their optimal management. By assessing groundwater level fluctuations, it can be used to manage water resources. One of the major applications of remote sensing is the detection and determination of land use changes. Using remote sensing, it is possible to study and identify various phenomena. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different land use on groundwater using interpolation geostatistical methods as well as object-oriented classification methods for land usemapping.

area of study Azarshahr city is located in East Azarbaijan province, located in the northwest of Iran, with an area of 840 square kilometers, 30 kilometers southwest of Tabriz, and its altitude is 1340 meters above sea level. This city is bordered by Osko city from the north and east, Urmia Lake from the west and Ajabshir city from the south. The average annual rainfall is 329 mm. Knowing the ratio of uses and how it changes over time is one of the most important things in planning and policy making. For this reason, in this study, in the first step, in order to classify and then examine the changes that occurred in a specific period of time in Azarshahr city. Therefore, in this research, in the first stage, in order to classify and record changes in a period of 20 years, object-oriented images were classified in eCognition software and output maps were extracted in ArcGIS10.5 software. (Figure 3). The classification accuracy in 2000 has an overall accuracy of 0.90 and a kappa coefficient of 0.87. While the classification in 2020 with overall accuracy of 92% and kappa coefficient of 0.90 has provided relatively higher accuracy.

Knowing the ratio of uses and how it changes over time is one of the most important things in planning and policy making. For this reason, in this study, in the first step, in order to classify and then examine the changes that occurred in a specific period of time in Azarshahr city. Therefore, in this research, in the first stage, in order to classify and record changes in a period of 20 years, object-oriented images were classified in eCognition software and output maps were extracted in ArcGIS10.5 software. (Figure 3). The classification accuracy in 2000 has an overall accuracy of 0.90 and a kappa coefficient of 0.87. While the classification in 2020 with overall accuracy of 92% and kappa coefficient of 0.90 has provided relatively higher accuracy. 

The highest rate of changes related to gardens to residential area with the amount of 2529 and conversion of use of gardens to pastures with the amount of 2126, conversion of pastures to residential with an area of 2067 hectares. Among the altered uses, the use of mountains and salt marshes has the least change, while the rate of change of use of gardens to other uses is much higher, and this also indicates the speed of destruction of gardens compared to the rate of its restoration. Also, the least changes related to the coastal area to rangeland with an area of 9, rangeland to gardens with an area of 27, coastal area to salt marshes with an area of 175 are included as the least changes of uses. In almost all land uses, the rate of conversion to residential areas has been significant, which indicates urban development as well as human interference and destruction of natural resources. According to the values of Table 5, the best model in GS + environment in order to monitor the groundwater level, the groundwater level map of the study area for both years with the method of kriging models shows the results of high accuracy. The K-Bessel method for 2000 and the circular method for 2020 were extracted, which were identified as the most accurate methods. Statistical characteristics of groundwater level with land use The highest average water level in 2000 was recorded for garden use with 13.74 meters and the lowest average water level was recorded for the coastal area of 8.41 meters. Considering the land use map and groundwater level map of 2020, the highest average water level in this year belongs to the coastal area with 9.38 meters and the lowest average recorded water level is related to the use of gardens with 6.65 meters. It can be attributed to the over-extraction of groundwater for garden crops that need more irrigation. Also, the residential area with 6.75 has the lowest recorded average. As can be seen from Tables 5 and 6, if we compare the water level of both years related to the study area, it is inferred that the average land use area of the coastal area in 2000 was 8.41, which in 2020 is 38.38. 9 It has been estimated that there has been an increase in the water level, which has increased the groundwater level and also increased the volume of water in the rivers of the region. Rangeland use also decreased significantly in 2020 compared to 2000 and decreased from 11.23 to 7.28, which indicates the critical situation of groundwater and excessive use of these resources. Water levels have been depleted, which has accelerated the destruction of these resources and will lead to horrific hazards, the most important of which is the issue of land subsidence.

Evaluating ecological potential means giving value to each unit of land. It is estimating ecological capability for specified landuse. The land is a very sensitive source. If there is a development out of power, many damages will come to the land. Land use planning is a science that specified the optimized use of land based on ecological and socioeconomic characteristics. In fact, it is very important to first consider the potential of the land before any exploitation. That is, destruction is prevented by evaluation.In many parts of Iran, the selection and management of land use (development, especially) is done regardless of land capability that it causes disinvestment and reducing the environmental capacity. Firoozabad city is one of the cities of Fars province. Firoozabad Township with the center of Firoozabad city, with an area of 3559 square kilometers, is dedicated to 2.9 percent of the total soil area of Fars province. This city is placed in the range of 53 degrees 31 minutes east longitude and 29 degrees 15 minutes north latitude. The heights of this Township are mainly observed in the northwest and southeast. The average height for this city is about 1600 m. The average rainfall of Firoozabad city during the years 71-81 was 743.1 mm per year and the highest average rainfall was 153.6 mm in December. A large part of Firoozabad Township has a temperate or mild and humid climate and parts of this Township which is close to Bushehr province, in terms of climate are in the dry climate group.This study's main goal is to evaluate the ecological potential of Firoozabad Township for urban development landuse using GIS. To assess the ecological potential of urban development landuse, we used the current methods in our country such as the Makhdom model (This model is based on the logic And and Or), Maximum limitation model (Boolean logic), Arithmetic mean model, EMOLUP (Eco-Socioeconomic Model of Land Use Planning) method or geometric mean model and the calibration of geometric mean or EMOLUP (with changed numerical limit for classification class of 3 in this area from 0.5-1.5 to 0.5-1.62), simple weight arithmetic mean based on criteria and simple weight arithmetic mean based on indicator and Arithmetic mean (based on criteria and indicator) with considering of limiting factor and calibration of these methods. The research method in this study is "descriptive-analytical". For analyzing data, the softwares of EXCEL 2010, ENVI 4.7, and ArcGIS 9.3 were used. Different data like physiographic, climatic, soil, geological, vegetation and water criteria were used to evaluate the ecological potential of urban development landuse in Firoozabad Twonship. The criteria also included several indicators. The total number of indicators was 16. In this study, the highest number of indicators was related to soil criteria and the lowest number of indicators was related to vegetation and water criteria. The proposed model for urban and industrial development is classified into 3 classes. class 1: suitable; class 2: moderately suitable; class 3: poor and none suitable.The results of the tests showed that the best ecological potential assessment model for urban development landuse among all models in this research in Firoozabad Township was the EMOLUP model and the calibration of EMOLUP model. For accuracy assessment 4 indics including the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient and intra-class coefficient and average accuracy were used. The results all of the accuracy evaluation indices (especially overall accuracy) showed that the highest value for the EMOLUP and its calibration. The EMOLUP method has the best function and calculation among the others models in this region. It should be noted that arithmetic means based on the criteria and indicator and weighted arithmetic mean methods based on the criteria and indicator, are the lowest accuracy of existing methods. In fact, they had poor performance in the region. Makhdoum Model showed the lowest Kappa coefficient in this study. Makhdoum Model and maximum limitation model had the lowest intra-class coefficient in this reigon. In general, the Makhdoum model has been a weak model for assessment in this area of urban development landuse and this model is not recommended. After the EMOLUP model, Arithmetic's calibration means with considering of limiting factor based on the criteria and indicator showed the highest rate of accuracy indicators. The values of intra-class coefficient and average accuracy indices in arithmetic's calibration means with considering of limiting factor based on the criteria were higher than this model without any calibration in this region. It was concluded that the arithmetic's calibration means with considering of limiting factor based on the criteria is more accurate. The arithmetic mean method as an optimistic model, the dominant of the region (Firoozabad Township) goes toward good, and proper classes and in the methods of Boolean logic (Makhdoum model and maximum limit model) with an inappropriate parameter, dominant of the region goes towards inappropriate classes. The end result was that the geometric mean model showed a much more logical classification among all the models.Therefore, the EMOLUP model with calibration showed the best position in terms of performance and accuracy than other models in the Firoozabad Twonship. Comparing the results of this study were similar to the results of research of Masoudi and Asadifard (2015) in Firoozabad Twonship for ecotourism landuse and similar to the results of research of Asadifard and Masoudi research (2019) in Firoozabad Twonship for commercial forestry and protection forestry landuse and similar to the results of research of Jokar and Masoudi (2015) in the Twonship of Jahrom for urban development landuse. Finally, considering the climate and weather conditions of Firoozabad Township, EMOLUP model or geometric mean with calibration of this model is proposed for the urban development landuse. Therfore, this proposed model should be tested in all regions of the country with different climates and its results should be carefully examined. In this case, this model can be offered for the whole country. Acknowledgements:All faculty members of Universities in our country and all administrative agencies in Firozabad, Shiraz, Isfahan, Ahwaz city, and Mr. Jokar, Mrs. Alie and Mrs. Mehrabi great appreciation and thanks.

The increase in population and the expansion of urbanization, followed by the growth of industrial units, has led to the production of waste and pollutants, and the amount of effluents and wastes that humans enter the environment has increased. So that it is one of the most fundamental dangers of human society. Today, traditional waste collection and disposal systems are not accountable and can not prevent environmental pollution caused by various types of chemical, microbial, radioactive waste. Therefore, the scope of management of this category is very wide and variable, for such an issue there is no other way but management and strategic program. Waste pollution is not only a factor in increasing economic costs, but also a threat to human health both mentally and physically. Various wastes are the inevitable result of the widespread use of chemicals and industrial and agricultural products in everyday life. Global experience has shown that if waste is not properly managed and these materials are not converted into less hazardous materials by scientific and technical methods or are not disposed of properly and properly, they will be the source of many hazards and threats. Waste is an unavoidable product of any society, the management of which is one of the basic needs of society. Therefore, having a waste management system is essential. Waste management is as one of the most important concerns of human societies. Increasing volume of waste on the side and their diversity furthermore adds to the complexity of the conditions and how to collect and dispose of them. Waste management has always been one of the most important issues that governments consider in macro and regulatory laws and regulations. The urban waste management system in its modern sense emerged in the 1930s in industrialized countries. This becomes important for governments when the environmental and health risks of waste increase and find the dimensions of human rights and citizenship. In this regard, the purpose of this writing is to investigate the approach of the country's development programs in connection with waste management. Because of the importance of these programs in the development of the country, their study on the one hand provides the possibility of recognizing the shortcomings of the national development process and on the other hand corrects the trends. Also, since program laws are considered the most important development document in the country; Therefore, paying attention to waste management in the country's program laws can be an effective step in solving these cases.

Whereas the country's development plans are the most important policy documents in which development goals and strategies are formulated according to the ideals, capabilities, facilities and environmental conditions of the country; Paying attention to waste management in these programs can play an effective role. In this research, by descriptive-analytical method, first, considering the ambiguity of the concept of waste management to define and express this concept, then we have reviewed and analyzed the laws of the development program of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to waste management. In such a way that Articles related to the discussion of waste management are extracted and then these Articles, according to the different expressed subjects in them, categorized in six titles Municipal wastewater and sewage, pollution fines, hazardous waste management, new methods of waste disposal and recycling, financial issues of waste management.

By studying the provisions of the program laws, it became clear that the situation of waste management in Iran in recent years has been considered. Waste management is one of the most important pillars in sustainable development that the Law on Waste Management as a turning point in the attention of the Iranian legal system to the issue of "waste" as a comprehensive law in the field of dealing with the dangerous effects of pollution and problems caused by waste for their optimal management was approved by the legislature. Waste management is seriously considered in the Fourth Development Program Act. Also, one of the policies of the Sixth Development Program is to establish a comprehensive waste management system and to develop and support the recycling industry. So that the establishment of a comprehensive waste management system with the establishment of the system of evaluation, monitoring and monitoring of recycling activities are among the basic measures envisaged in this area. Pollution crimes in the third and fifth development programs have been considered for the comprehensive management and sustainable development of water resources in the country, according to which units that produce wastewater with more pollution than the national standards, in case of violation Execution of Sewage collection installations, filtration and Sanitary disposal of effluent are subject to fines. The management of some hazardous and new wastes, including nuclear wastes, is one of the challenges considered by legislators in the countries, which is also mentioned in Iranian law in the Fifth Development Program. One of the important issues and problems of countries is the achievement of new methods of waste management, which has been considered in the fourth, fifth and sixth development programs. Finally, it must be acknowledged that communities have faced one of the most important consequences of industrial development over the past few decades, and that improper transportation of waste is a major contributor to environmental pollution; Waste is one of the most fundamental hazards of human society that is considered an integral part of human life today, Therefore, having a waste management system is essential. Program rules can play a role in waste management and promote pollution control as industries develop. But to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable development with an emphasis on environmental protection, we need a plan with a comprehensive view of all the factors affecting waste management, which can be taken in this direction by careful and principled planning, so that with proper management, these rules can be used in appropriate directions. Therefore, in the next step, we can think about filling the gaps and weaknesses and its pathology, and prepare and provide the necessary decision and action to improve its implementation status.

The purpose of this study is to Monitoring and Evaluation the Livability in the villages around the city of Miandoab. Therefore, in terms of exploratory purpose, in terms of descriptive-analytical method, and in terms of philosophical basis, it is mixed. It is also a field-library research in terms of data collection methods. The study area includes 23 villages within a radius of 5 km of Miandoab city, which according to the 2016 census have a population of 28866 people and 8404 households. The sample size includes two groups of heads of households, experts and rural managers who were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula of 367 rural households. Villages are ranked in terms of viability using the SAW method. Then, in order to study the mentalities regarding the effective factors in the livability of the villages around the city of Miandoab, the combined method of Q and exploratory factor analysis were used. The results showed that the villages of Shabilvi-Sofla and Shabilvi-Olia with the final score of 0.100 and 0.098, respectively, have the first and second ranks in terms of Livability. Also, Sogli-Tappeh village with a final score of 0.095 and Gaumishgoli with a final score of 0.093 are in the next ranks. Among them, the villages of Khairabad with a final score of 0.061, Dolatabad with a final score of 0.063 and Hoyeh Khan with a final score of 0.065 are in the last ranks in terms of Livability among the sample villages. The most important factors influencing the spatial difference of villages in terms of Livability are: 1) Ease of access and existence of water resources, 2) High level of employment and income, 3) Existence of opportunities for participation and cooperation of popular groups, 4) Trust of villagers in each other in the rural environment and 5) Responsibility of villagers to prevent environmental pollution Village. Among these, the first factor with a specific value of 4.12 and a percentage of variance of 19.38 had the greatest effect in this field.

Recent droughts and the drying up of Lake Hamoon along with the 120-day winds in Sistan have caused dust storms in the city of Nimroz, farmers faced with income and livelihood problems. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the economic effects of dust on the income of farmers in Nimroz city using order logit model and time section data of 203 farmers in 2020. The results show that dust has had a positive and significant effect on the variables of agricultural production, quality of agricultural products, quantity of water required and reduction of regional pastures and consequently reduction of farmers' income that's mean dust with a decrease of one unit per one of the variables of agricultural production, quality of agricultural products, quantity of water required and reduction of regional pastures and other variables are constant, probably lead to a decrease in farmers' incomes by 0.016, 0.014, 0.062 and 0.11, respectively. In other words, with the increase of dust and decrease of each of the above variables, the income situation of farmers in Nimroz city has worsened. While on the dust on the variables of land quality and fertility, investment in agriculture and health costs and consequently reduce farmers' incomes have not had a significant effect. In this regard, it is suggested that crops to be cultivated in Nimroz city that require less water in production and also dust has the least impact on production and product quality.

The development of environmental preservation is considered as one of the important usage in the coastal development approach in the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) of the country. Therefore, it is required to present a model based on the ecological parameters, social and economic criteria, to codification and define the strategies for desirable development of this area usage in the coasts of the country. There has not yet been done a comprehensive research on protect ecologically sensitive coastal resources and its development of Hormozgan province that can coordinate the activities of the suitable development approach to preserve the environmental these areas. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to develop a model for strategic planning for the development of environmental preservation in the coasts of Hormozgan province in line with integrate coastal management using integrated multi-criteria decision-making techniques. That can maintain the ecological vital, wildlife protection systems, biodiversity, as well as reducing the vulnerability of coastal ecosystems and their inhabitants to natural and human hazards resulting from the development approach. In this study, not only the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the development of protected areas were identified and evaluated, but also strategies were developed and practical solutions were provided for the appropriate development of this land use in the coasts of Hormozgan province with considering of the ecological potential of the region's coasts. Also, the codification and prioritization of strategies has been done using multi-criteria decision-making techniques (MCDM), especially the integrated SWOT-ANP model, while preserving vital ecological processes and environmentally sensitive resources.

In order to collect the information of current applied research, a documentary method based on library studies and a survey approach using interviews and questionnaires were used. Then, SWOT analysis and network analysis process (ANP) were used to analyze the data and determine appropriate strategies. Also, the main key internal factors and the main strategic external factors were mothed using SWOT matrix (SWOT) after identification and evaluation to develop four strategies that be in line with the research goal and in accordance with the internal and external factors of the studied condition. Ultimately, in order to decide on the developed strategies in the previous stage, the integration of SWOT and ANP methods were analyzed and interpreted using applied software without applying personal opinion, and optimal strategies for desirable development of environmental protection were selected in the coasts of Hormozgan province.

In order to present and determine the general priority of optimal development strategies for environmental protection in the coasts of Hormozgan province, recognizing the four SWOT factors to eliminate weaknesses and threats, improve strengths and opportunities is inevitable. Therefore, initially, the effects of internal and external environment in the studied area to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which coastal region is facing in line with the appropriate development of protection. Regarding to the accomplished studies and the assessment of the situation around the studied area, key internal and external effective factors on the target area was evaluated in terms of suitable development of coastal environmental protection, eventually possible strategies were developed.Once the strategies are identified, it is time to prioritize them. In order to determine the priority of the developed strategies and determine the best strategies using the ANP method and through the conversion issue into a hierarchical structure was done. network model was used to transform the sub-factors of SWOT and strategies into a state that can be measured by ANP technique.Therefore, at this stage, assuming the lack of interdependence among the main factors, pairwise comparisons of the main factors was constructed using 9 scale table Saaty. The matrix of pairwise comparisons was analyzed using Super decision software, ultimately, the degree of importance of SWOT factors (W1) was obtained as follows.At this stage, by determining the internal relationship among SWOT factors and interpreting internal and external environments, paired comparisons were established base on the internal dependence for SWOT factors. Ultimately, the result of the internal dependence matrix among SWOT (W2) factors is as follows: At this stage, the weights of internal dependence of the main factors were obtained through normalization of the dependence matrix multiplication of the main factors (W2), with the relative importance of the main factors (W1).  In the next step, weight or overall preference of SWOT sub-factors were calculated through multiplied the main factors weight (W Factors) to the relative weights of the sub-factors (W Sub-Factors). Afterward, the degree of importance of the strategies was calculated according to each SWOT sub-factors. Then, with comparing 24 SWOT sub-factors with strategies, the W4 matrix was obtained. Finally, the overall priority of strategies, which is the interrelationship between SWOT factors, was calculated; the matrix of pairwise comparisons of strategies (W4) multiplied by the overall preference SWOT sub-factors (W Sub-Factors) and as a result, the overall priority of strategies was obtained as below.Thus, SO strategies with a score of 0.384 were the best strategies for the optimal development of environmental protection in the coasts of Hormozgan province.

According to the development and implementation of management programs in the field of protection and development of coastal environment, humans must to consider the environmental conditions to live better on the coast by conserving environmental resources in sensitive coastal areas, but in the long term these management plans require to a critical and strategic analysis. The aim present study was to provide the best strategies for the desirable development of environmental protection in the coastal areas of Hormozgan province using the integrated model ANP-SWOT. The results revealed that SO strategies was the best strategies for desirable developing of this usage. Because these strategies have gained the most score among the four group strategies. These strategies are: Implement an integrated coastal management plan to prevent adverse effects on sensitive coastal-marine areas of the province, owing to sectoral decisions and the implementation of environmentally unsuitable plans Identification of coastal areas with ecological potential for environmental protection and development of these areas in order to maintain the conservation approach in the integrated coastal management of the province Use of financial and technical support of international organizations to precise execution, also strengthen the laws related to environmental protection in sensitive coastal areas Utilizing the topographic and ecological location of the province to develop the environmental quality of the coasts, and integration of environmentally friendly land uses

Potato tubers are one of the most important sources of nutrition in most countries. This product is the world's fourth important food crop after wheat, rice and maize because of its higher yield potential along with high nutritive value.Soluble solids content (SSC) is one of the quality parameters of potatoes and it play an important role in quality and commercial value of potato. The amount of SSC in potatoes varies greatly depending on the cultivars, growing environment and storage conditions.Today, the development of fast, non-destructive, accurate and online technique identification methods to determine product quality is strongly felt. One method for this purpose is Near-infrared spectroscopy. The high speed and accuracy of near-infrared spectroscopy to determine of vegetables and fruits quality in high tonnage, has led to the use of this method in many grading and quality control systems.Shao, et al., Using reflection Near-infrared spectroscopy for investigating the qualitative properties of tomatoes, including firmness, SSC and treatable acidity, and predicted these properties to be non-destructive with a high correlation coefficient. A study was conducted by Saad, et al. to evaluate the non-destructive quality of stored tomatoes using vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy in wavelength range from 350 to 1050 nm. In another study, the main compounds of potatoes were determined by near-infrared spectroscopy by Ainara Lopez. The sugar content of potato tubers was determined using visible and near infrared spectroscopy by Ji Yu Chen et al.Khodabakhshian et al., using reflection Near-infrared spectroscopy for classify the maturity stage and to predict the quality attributes of pomegranate, Principal component analysis was used to distinguish among different maturities and several preprocessing methods were utilized including centering, smoothing (Savitzky–Golay algorithm, median filter), normalization (multiplicative scatter correction and standard normal variate) and differentiation (first derivative and second derivative). The results of this study concluded that different preprocessing techniques had effects on the classification performance of the model using the principal component analysis method.The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy (vis/NIR) in estimating changes of SSC in three potato cultivars during storage under different storage conditions.

Three potato cultivars, including SANTE, MARABEL and GRANA, which were different in terms of yield, crop quality and shelf life, were prepared from a farm near the University of Onsekiz Mart Çanakkale in Turkey and were stored under different storage conditions. Required values of each cultivar was stored under three different conditions including 4 ̊C temperature with relative humidity of 90%, 7 ̊C temperature with relative humidity of 80-90% and 22-28 ̊C variable temperature with relative humidity of 70-90%, for 65 days.Spectroscopy was performed using a multi-purpose analyzer (MPA) FT-NIR spectrometer in the range of 800-2500 nm.To measure the SSC in the samples, 7 samples from each potato cultivar were randomly selected and kept in the laboratory for 2 hours at 22 ̊C before analysis. After peeling the potatoes, the juice of the samples was extracted by using a common juicer and then filtered through filter paper to remove any remaining pulps. The amount of SSC in the samples was measured by using a digital refractometer at 25 ̊C as a ̊Brix.In order to remove the outlier data, principal component analysis (PCA) was used before any processing on the data. Moving averages, Multiple Gaussian Fitting Regressions, Median filter, Savitzky-Golay smoothing, normalization, Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) and Standard Normal Variety Transformation (SNV) were applied to the data and compared.Partial least squares regression (PLS) models for all Pre-processed data were extracted and the statistical indicators include correlation coefficient (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were used to find the best model. To extract the models, the data were randomly divided into two parts: 80% of the data was used for training and cross-validation and the rest of the data was used for independent validation.To select the effective wavelengths and reduce the wavelengths to a limited number, the regression coefficients of the best calibration model obtained from (PLS) model were used.In order to find the best fitting model for the relationship between effective wavelengths and SSC changes of potatoes during storage, Partial least squares regression (PLS), Principal Component Regression (PCR), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were employed.This research were performed with factorial design on a completely randomized design (CRD) base include cultivar in three levels (SANTE, MARABEL and GRANA), storage temperature in three levels (4, 7 and 20 ̊C) and storage time in four levels (20, 34 , 46 and 62 days) with five replications. The statistical analysis was performed using the Unscrambler X 10.4 statistical software.

According to results, the amount of SSC was increases during storage. This increasing trend during storage can be attributed to the increase in sugar content during the ripening process and the hydrolysis of starch to maintain the physiological activities of the crop in the postharvest period.The results also show that the raw and all Pre-processed spectral data are able to predict SSC with acceptable accuracy. The best results were obtained from the Median filter Pre-processed model with RMSEC = 0.410, R2c = 0.875, RMSECV = 0.420, R2CV = 0.867.Based on the regression coefficients of best the (PLS) model, 12 wavelengths in the range of 1400 to 2500 nm were identified as effective wavelengths. Based on distribution of main overtone bond, the discriminated of potato samples according to SSC quality index can be attributed second overtones of C-H, CH2 and CH3 in the wavelength range from 1400 to 1500 nm, the first overtones of C-H, CH2 and CH3 in the wavelength range from 1500 to 2100 nm and composition overton of these bonds in the wavelength range from 2200 to 2500 nm which all this overtone are present in the structure of hydrocarbons such monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose) and oligosaccharides (starch).According to the results, all models are able to predict SSC of potatoes during storage based on effective wavelengths with acceptable accuracy but among these models, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model with RMSEC = 0.215, R2c = 0.974, RMSECV = 0.927, R2CV = 0.280 has the highest accuracy to prediction of SSC of potatoes during storage.

Natural tourism is estimated to account for approximately 27% of international travel and, when properly managed, can create local employment and local development formats as well as preserve the natural environment (Ryngnga, 2008). The function of the recreation area is one of the most important cultural services of national parks. The environment and its sustainable development for optimal use, has been considered by many countries, politicians and thinkers in the field of natural, economic and social resources. The expansion of forest parks, centralized and extensive promenades, following this idea, has a special place (Ping, 2014). National Park and Protected Area of Karkheh is located in a narrow strip on both sides of the Karkheh River. The physical and chemical status of river water has a direct impact on the ecosystem services of the region. The ecosystem services of this region are diverse and one of the most prominent is the recreational function. Presenting the economic value of this function leads to raising awareness of its importance and revealing the benefits of conservation and sustainable use of the protected area among local stakeholders as well as for decision makers to further protect these ecosystems. The importance and role of economic valuation of the recreational function of Karkheh National Park and its protected area has unfortunately been ignored in the present studies. Given the importance of this function and explaining its economic value, the present study specifically deals with the economic evaluation of the recreational function of the National Park and the Protected Area of Karkheh.

To determine the economic value of a resort, the ecological carrying capacity and willingness to pay visitors must first be calculated. Therefore, the following is an estimate of these two factors in the study area. • Determining the capacity of the ecological carryingEcological carrying Capacity (ECC) is the maximum number of visitors to a recreational environment that, due to the limiting factors that result from the specific conditions of the place and the impact of these factors on the physical carrying capacity, are allowed to visit that place. To act. These limiting factors are obtained by considering biophysical, ecological, social and managerial conditions and variables (Lee and Han, 2002). In this study, physical board capacity (PCC) is obtained from Equation 1:PCC ₌ A * (v / a) * Rf In this regard, A is the area of tourism-prone areas. v / a is the ratio of the number of tourists allowed per unit of tourism level. V is equivalent to one visitor and a is the amount of space the visitor needs to be able to move easily and not interfere with other physical phenomena or people. The ecological carrying capacity is obtained from Equation 2):RCC₌ PCC- Cf₁- Cf₂-… Cfₓ Where Cf is a limiting factor of each region and the limiting factors depend entirely on the specific conditions and characteristics of each region. Limiting factors are expressed as a percentage. The percentage of limiting factors are obtained based on the following formula (Lee and Han, 2002):CF₌ M₁ / M * 100 In this formula, M1 is the limiting value of a variable and M is the total value of the variable. In this study, the soil of the region due to high erosion potential, the presence of Iranian yellow deer species in the region and days with very high temperatures have been considered as limiting factors. • Average willingness to pay The two-dimensional selection method has been used for the willingness of people to pay. In this study, a questionnaire consists of two parts, the first part includes socio-economic characteristics of individuals such as age, gender, education, occupation, number of family members, income and other characteristics of respondents and the second part is related to the amount. Willingness to pay people is designed. In the second part of the questionnaire, three offered prices of 3000, 5000 and 10000 Rials are presented as three interrelated questions. Estimated values must also be adjusted in relation to expected changes in price levels over time, otherwise: the results of cost-benefit analysis are not reliable. Therefore, two types of corrections are necessary (Mishkin, 2009):1) Determining the present value: takes into account the opportunity cost of money. 2) Inflation correction: adjustment of changes in price levels. estimates of cost-benefit should also be adjusted for changes in price levels over time, called inflation adjustment. To adjust the price of a dollar at the present time according to the expected inflation in the future, its value must be converted to its nominal value at the desired time. Nominal value means the set value of the value for the current time. Real value also means the adjusted amount of value with respect to the effect of inflation.

Determining the range capacity of the National Park and North Protected Area of Karkheh According to the results, the total real (ecological) range capacity of the North, South National Park and the North Protected Area of Karkheh, most of which is forest cover, is 117,007 people.Determining the range capacity of the South Karkheh Protected AreaAlso, the protected area of South Karkheh, whose prominent natural feature is the Karkheh River, has a capacity of 62,543 real (ecological) capacity. Recreational value in North and South National Park and North Protected Area of KarkhehThe results show that the average willingness to pay is 5540 Rials in 1397. Considering the inflation rate in 1398 which is equal to 34.8%, this amount in 1398 is equal to 7467.92 Rials. Considering that the ecological range capacity of North and South National Park and North Protected Area of Karkheh is equal to 117,007 people, so the recreational value of North and South National Park and North Karkheh Protected Area is 873.8 million Rials.Recreational value in the protected area of South KarkhehThe results showed that the willingness of people to pay in the protected area of South Karkheh for natural landscape and recreation is 127810 Rials, for ecological performance is 212270 Rials and for educational performance is 152560 Rials. Therefore, the figure of 127810 Rials is considered as the recreational value of each visitor for the protected area of South Karkheh. Of course, according to the average inflation rate during the years 1394 to 1398, which is equal to 18.46 percent, this amount in 1398 is equal to297797.3 rials.Therefore, considering that the amount of ecological range capacity in the protected area of South Karkheh is 62543 people per year, the recreational value of this area is 18625.14 million Rials.Therefore, in total, the real (ecological) range capacity in the whole study area is 179,550 people. Therefore, the recreational value of Karkheh National Park and Protected Area is a total of 19498.94 million Rials (873.8 + 18625.14 million Rials). Considering that the area of lands providing ecotourism ecosystem services in Karkheh National Park and Protected Area is 1310.49 hectares, so the value of each hectare is 14.88 million Rials. Therefore, according to Table 1) the real value of recreational function in the entire national park and Karkheh protected area with inflation correction in 1398 is estimated to be equal to 16276.24 million rials. The real value of recreation per hectare of the study area has been estimated with inflation correction equal to 12.42 million rials.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of converting natural lands to agricultural lands in Vavsar village of Kiasar city. For this purpose, a rangeland use, along with three other uses, including lentil, wheat, and potato cultivation, were selected as the study area. Soil sampling was performed at a depth of 30-0 cm from each soil surface. A total of 40 soil samples were collected. Then the physical and chemical factors of the soil were measured including soil texture, aggregate stability, bulk density, total organic matter, total nitrogen, potassium, absorbable phosphorus, calcium carbonate, pH and EC. The results of variance analysis showed that the conversion of rangeland to the three mentioned uses had no effect on the overall soil texture and the soil texture in all four uses was Lummi. However, in the comparison of the average of the three factors that make up the soil texture (silt, clay and sand), it was found that there is a significant difference between the percentage of sand and silt at the level of 0.05. The results also showed that other factors such as aggregate stability, total organic matter, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate were significantly reduced as a result of this conversion. So that in the use of lentils, potatoes and wheat, the stability of the soil is 50.95, 20.44 and 8.86 percent, respectively, the total organic matter is 41.94, 24.73 and 22.44 percent, respectively, the total nitrogen is 42.86, respectively. 21.43% and 7.14% and calcium carbonate levels decreased by 72%, 62% and 88%, respectively. While phosphorus increased by 55.91, 86.39 and 24.39, respectively, and potassium increased by 44.05, 71.88 and 8.45%, respectively. But this conversion did not have a significant effect on pH, EC and bulk density. The results of this study showed that land use change can have different effects on soil quality characteristics. Therefore, it is suggested that continuous monitoring and evaluation of the fertility status and quality of the cultivated lands be done.

Solar energy with unique benefits such as cheapness, no pollution, unlimited and inexhaustible and no negative impact on the environment has been increasingly considered as an alternative to fossil fuels. However, despite the favorable geographical location of Iran, less use has been made of this energy. The present study aims to analyze and prioritize the non-use of solar energy in residential areas of Ardabil with emphasis on environmental sustainability and taking into account 8 criteria. This research is applied in terms of purpose and method in terms of descriptive-analytical and survey type. In order to analyze and prioritize the non-use of solar energy in residential areas of Ardabil, the relevant indicators are weighted using entropy method and the criteria are ranked using multi-criteria decision making techniques (TOPSIS, SAV, VICOR) and finally for the group. Finding the final prioritization used the Capland integration technique. Based on the metrics used in the present study and the results of the implementation of these techniques, managerial, economic and educational components in the first place and social, legal and technical components in the last place in terms of effective components in not using energy Solar relative to other components. According to the respondents, the most important factor in the reluctance of citizens to use solar energy in Ardabil is related to managerial and economic barriers.

One of the most important subjects in hydrology is water quality. Groundwater quality is one of the most important aspects of hydrogeochemistry, which discusses the chemical description of water, the spatial distribution of various chemical structures, the suitability of water for various purposes such as drinking, agriculture and industry. Because each of them has certain quality characteristics and criteria in terms of quality. Therefore, by examining them qualitatively, the contamination of these resources can be prevented (Alley, 1993). One third of the world's population uses groundwater for drinking, so investigating and monitoring of groundwater quality can play an important role in achieving sustainable development (Mosaferi et al. 2014). The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics and factors affecting the water quality of springs from the west of Rasht (near Fooman and Soomeesara) and in this regard, classification of springs based on the major anions and cations, to determine the quality of water in the region in terms of variables Physicochemical BOD, PH, Eh, Ec, TDS, major cations and anions and some trace elements, study of possible effects of geological units on the water quality of springs in the study area, detecting of physicochemical properties and quality of spring water in terms of drinkability, the study of water contamination in the study area based on the microbial indicators of Total Coliforms and Fecal ColiForm. Study areas is located in Gorgan-Rasht zone in terms of divisions of geological and structural units of Iran (Nabavi, 1355), which is part of the Alborz zone and is situated between of 49˚ 17’ to 49˚ 30’ of Eastern longitudes and 37˚ 12’ to 37˚ 20’ of Northern latitudes in 1/100000 geological sheet of Bandar e Anzali. The studied springs are located in Rasht and Soomehsara.

After Sampling, samples were stored at 4 ° C and sent to Rasht Science and Technology Park Laboratory (Zist Danesh Azma Company) for evaluating of physicochemical properties, measuring the concentration of anions, SO42-, HCO3- (NO3, Cl- and major cations (K +, Mg2 +, Ca2 +) (Na +), total hardness, heavy metals (Al, Cu, Hg, Pb, As Fe,), total dissolved solids (TDS) (mostly containing inorganic salts such as carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, phosphates and calcium nitrates, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and small amounts of organic matter (Kotaiah and Swamy, 1994) and biochemical oxygen (BOD), acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC) (measurement of water-soluble ions such as chloride cations, sulfate , Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron (Rao and Rao, 2010) and microbial studies. Element concentrations measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method using graphite furnace. Evaluation of the concentration of anions was conducted by titration and potentiometry. Aq.QA software according to the standard (WHO 2011) was used to analyze the data and the type of water and its quality. The effect of geological formations on the water quality was evaluated and interpreted by chemical water diagrams including (Piper, Stiff, Durov, Ion balance). The quality of drinking water was also assessed using Schoeller (1995), metal index (MI), and heavy metal pollution index (HPI).After evaluating the amounts of ions and chemical compounds in the water, we need to monitor and classify these amounts. Qualitative diagrams such as Piper, Stiff, Durov, Ion balance plotted by Aq-Qa software were used. Piper diagram (Piper, 1994) is used for geochemical evaluation of groundwater flow system (classification of samples and determination of chemical type and water facies). The position of hydrogeochemical data of springs in the western region of Rasht (Gilan province) on the Piper diagram indicates the presence of three different hydrogeochemical types including (Ca-Cl) type in Abbas Ali Faraj Poor spring, (Ca-HCO3) type in Abkar springs, Agha Seyed Javad tomb and Nazar Mhaleh spring and (Ca-SO4)type in the spring of Mohammad Ali Abbast. Due to the predominant type of water in the region, which is calcium bicarbonate and the predominant element in all springs (calcium), these waters have a constant hardness and the concentration of alkaline earth cations (Ca2 +) and weak acid anions (HCO3-) in them is higher than strong acid anions (SO4-).The Stiff diagram is used to assess water quality changes in a place and over a period of time (Arvidson, 2006). According to the Stiff diagram, the groundwater of the region is in the groups of calcium bicarbonate (M2, M5, M4 springs), calcium sulfate (M3 spring) and calcium chloride (spring M1), respectively.One of the criteria for classifying water in terms of drinking is the Schoeller classification. According to Schoeller classification in Abbas Ali Faraj Pour and Mohammad Ali springs water class (except for calcium which is bad) in all cases is in the good to acceptable range, and Abkar spring is in the category of unsuitable (for calcium) but in all other cases is in the category of good and acceptable, and the springs of Agha Seyed Javad tomb and Nazar Mahaleh (except for calcium which is drinkable in emergency situations) are in the good and acceptable category in terms of drinking. According to the Gibbs diagram, West Rasht springs are mainly located in the area where the rock process is predominant. This represents the interaction between the chemistry of the rock and the chemistry of the rainwater that has penetrated into the ground. To determine the level of pollution of water resources in terms of the presence of heavy metals, the Metal Index (MI) is used to assess the ability to drink and the Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) to examine the effect of heavy elements on human health. If the values obtained for MI were less than one, the water would be drinkable; if the MI were more than one, the water would be non-drinkable and if it were equal to one, it would be at risk (Tamasi et al. 2004). According to the results, all MI springs are less than one and so drinkable. If the HPI were higher than 100, the water would be contaminated with heavy metals; if the HPI were equal to 100, the water would be at risk of heavy metal contamination; and if the HPI were less than 100, the water would not be contaminated with heavy metals. By calculating the Heavy Metal Contamination Index (HPI), none of the studied sources are contaminated with heavy metals.

1- The position of hydrogeochemical data of springs in the western region of Rasht on the piper diagram indicates the presence of three different hydrogeochemical types including type (Ca-Cl), (Ca-HCO3) and type (Ca-SO4) in the studied springs.2- According to Durov diagram, the amount of TDS in the spring of Mohammad Ali Abbast (M3) is the lowest and the spring of the tomb of Agha Seyed Javad (M4) is the highest.3- According to the Stiff diagram, the groundwater of the region is abundant in the groups of calcium bicarbonate (and calcium sulfate and calcium chloride, respectively).4- According to Schoeller diagram, all the studied springs are in good to acceptable range in terms of drinking (except for calcium).5- Except for springs M1 and M5 with BOD more than 5 ppm (water purity is doubtful), other springs with BOD less than 5 ppm comply with Schoeller and 1053 standard of Iran and WHO and are pure water.6- Except for spring M3, which is free of coliforms due to fecal coliform feces, all other four springs have fecal origin water pollution and all springs have bacteria originating from sewage and are placed in unsatisfactory water class.7- According to Iranian standards, all springs are within the permitted range, but according to WHO, Abkar spring, except for chlorine ions, comply with other cases, and other springs comply with WHO standards and are within the permitted range.

The increasing development of industries has led to tge production of wastewater the discharge of discharge of which into agriculatural water and soil has created complex environmental problems. Amond the pollutants in industrial wastewater are heavy metals that pose a threat to human health and food hygiene , even in low concentrations. Heavy metals are among the pollutants that are important due to toxicity and stability in the environment and public health concerns.These metals are very important because of the threats that can affect human health. Enviromental pollution with heavy metals due to toxicity and nondegradability is considered aserious problem and due to its accumulating and carcinogenic properties can cause numerous health and environmental problems.Various human activities such as agrilture, industry and mining along with the characteristics of mineralization, lithology, geological processes and weathering in any region can cause the release of heavy metals in water and soil resources. The soil provides an environment for geochemical deposition of pollutants .Human activities and pollution created as a result of industrialization and technological development have led to soil pollution and the gradual extinction of plants and animals in the environment.
Maiamei leather industrial town is located in the northeast of the country (Mashhad-Sarakhs road), in khorasan Razavi province. Due to the high consumption of water in tanning operations, the leather industry always releases a lot of effluent in to the surface water sources, groundwater and soil. This industry a uses a lot of damage to the environment by importing chemical such as lime, sodium, sulfide, sulfat, ammonium, sodium chloride through wastewater. The leather industry is one of the most polluted light industries in the country, which producses several hundred tons of industrial wastewater annually. It is a large volume of heavy metals that cause several damage to the soil. In iran,t he cost of supplying a treatment plant for leather production is high, so wastewater treatment systems are not enough.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of heavy metals and soil pollution in the study area. For this purpose, after library studies and geological maps and field studies, soil sampling was performed.20 soil samples were taken from a depth of 10 to 20 cm in the area around the industrial town. The samples were transferred to the environmental laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and the values of PH and EC soil parameters were measured. To determine PH, 10 gr of soil that was passed through a 2mm sieve after drying in the open air, was used. Soil samples were poured into 100 cc and 25ml of ionized water was added to it. The samples remained in place for 16 hours to achieve equilibrium. After 16 hours. the samples were read. To measure soil solutes, certain weight ration of sediment and water (1 to 5) were used, so that 10 gr of sediment, which was dried in the open air and passed 2mm of sludge, was poured into a 250cc container and 150ml of distilled water was added. It was placed on the stereo for 5 minutes and after passing through paper. the reading was done using. To separate the sand and mud, a 4mesh sieve was used and separate the silt and clay hydrometric method. The classify the soil, asoil texture triangle was used according to the American Agricultural Soil Standard, taking into account the weight percentage of clay, silt and sand.After drying, the samples were transferred to Zarazma laboratory for analysis with the device ICP-OES. The results were processed and evaluated by SPSS and Excel software.

The amount of PH in the soil of the region dose not change much. The lowest value is 7.93 and the maximum value is 8.8. with increasing PH concentration OH and the negative charge of colloids increases and causes a decreases in the activity of heavy metals and their accessibility in the soil. The change EC it is high in the region. Its minimum amount is 253 and its maximum amount is2037.The presence of calcium and magnesium in some samples has caused an increase. The soil of the region is in the sub-alkaline , range with average PH 8.36. This soil has a greater ability to absorb most heavy metals and their exite from the soil solution. The soil tecture is mudsandy and average EC soil is 810.95.To evaluate the concentration of heavy metals contamination in the soils of the region, it is usually used to compare the concentration of elements in the region with the presented standards and the enrichment coefficient, pollution coefficient and accumulation index. Heavy metal concentrations in regional soil samples were compared with global shale. The average concentrations of calcium, thorium and strontium are higher than the global shale and the average of the other elements is lower than the global shale.Among the elements, only calcium with an enrichment index coefficient of more than 5, shows moderate to severe enrichment. The rest of the elements with an index enrichment coefficient of less than 2 have low enrichment. Enrichment maps showed that the concentration of calcium in the northwest and southwest of the region was high and decreased in the center. According to the results of the contamination index, calcium contamination with and average (8.13),has average high pollution in the soils of the region. Thorium with an average (3.4) and stronsium with an average (2.62), show moderate pollution. The results of the soil accumulation index of the region showed that only the calcium with an average of (1.3) has the highest pollution. Thorium has an average of (0.02) non polluted to moderate pollution. Stronsium and arsenic with an average of less than zero are unpolluted.Magnesium in the southern and centeral parts shows a higher enrichment coefficient and in the northern parts its concentration decreases. Groundwater abstraction and the use of agricultural fertilizers can cause increased magnesium in the soil of the region. The presence of igneous rocks in the center and south of the region has increased the concentration of strontium in these parts.The use of large amounts calcium hydroxide in the liming stage of the tanning process and the transfer of this lime to the tanning effluent and the addition of lime to the effluent to neutralize the acidity of the effluent, has increased and concentrated calcium especially in the northwest and southwest. As we approach the centeral part of the region, the amount of calcium decreases and the amount of magnesium increases.

Today, understanding the importance of land-use changes and its affecting factors in urban planning is undeniable. Knowing the ratio of land uses and how it changes over time is one of the critical issues in management planning. Modeling and predicting urban land-use change can help to understand and recognize urban dynamics and it can be considered as an effective and essential tool for planners. The goal of this study at first is to investigate the extent and manner of conversion of existing agricultural and bare lands to built-up areas in the urban area of Sanandaj, and secondly to model the future pattern of these changes up to the horizon of 2032 using the CLUE-S and MOLAND models. The research method used in this study is a combined method based on historical, descriptive, correlation, and comparative methods. This article is an applied research and quantitative and comparative methods have been used to analyze the subject. First, effective factors in the land-use change in Sanandaj urban area were identified based on literature review, observations, and field studies, as well as interviews with local officials and planners, and then, logistic regression as an analytical method is used in SPSS 16.0 software environment to analyze the relationship between land-use variables and independent factors. The results indicate that land-use changes often take place in lands having the highest degree of spatial desirability for that type of land use. The results of both models show a decrease in agricultural and bare lands and an increase in constructed areas. Therefore, in this regard, the eastern and northwestern regions of the study area are facing more land-use changes, and more actions need to be taken to prevent it in the future.

Nowadays, waste management system can be considered as a part of comprehensive management system by increasing waste production in urban communities. This system includes organizational structure, planning activities, defining responsibilities, determining methods and providing the necessary resources for the preparation, implementation, revision and preservation of environmental policy. This study aimed to identify stakeholders in decision-making and policy-making in waste management. The data of this study was carried out by interviewing stakeholders by snowball method. Data encryption process was performed using N-vivo qualitative software. The number of participants was determined according to data saturation and theoretical adequacy and the questions were opened. Stakeholders into decision-making in the field of waste management were classified in two groups of policymaker; waste management services providers, waste manufacturers and primary executives of waste management. Optimal participation of all internal and external stakeholders in waste management policy systems is very important in order to achieve the goal of quality improvement.

Benzene is a aromatic colorless liquid is produced as a primary component of crude oil and gasoline as well as as a by-product of the coke and coal industry, which is used in various industries including chemical, pharmaceutical, polystyrene, synthetic rubber, nylon, detergents, Paints, polishes and solvents are used in laboratories.Complications of chronic exposure to benzene, decreased body hematopoiesis, impaired immune system as well as leukemia, anemia, respiratory disorders, delayed ossification of the human fetus, infertility, production of lymph node tumors and injury to the liver. Prolonged or repeated exposure causes damage to the lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, blood, brain and endocrine glands. Prolonged exposure to benzene has destructive effects on the tissues that make up blood cells, especially bone marrow cells. Benzene vapors in high concentrations have a irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and respiratory tract, and if they enter the lungs, they can cause severe swelling of the lungs and may cause death. Inhaling benzene vapors in the air is the main way to expouser with benzene. Benzene has been described as a useful and dangerous chemical by many reputable organizations, including NIOSH, OSHA, and ACGIH as a definitive carcinogen for humans. Therefore, due to the definite carcinogenicity of this substance in humans and widespread use in industries and destructive effects on various organs of the body, especially the hematopoietic and respiratory systems, as an innovative and practical research on the health hazard of respiratory exposure to benzene on respiratory capacity and parameters Blood in a chemical industry was evaluated by neural network method and fuzzy neural network method. This case study was conducted in 1398 on a statistical population of 50 people working in a chemical industry in four exposed groups (including personnel of loading, production, laboratory and quality control units) and a blank group (personnel of administrative unit) Took. Due to the fact that men are employed in these units, only the group of men was selected and one year of work experience in the mentioned units was selected as the minimum acceptable time to enter the research. The 12-hour staff shift and the type of ventilation system in the studied units are natural and using appropriate personal protective equipment by the staff. Pulmonary volumes and capacities are measured by a spirometer that can be analyzed to assess respiratory function. The most important main lung capacities that cause lung diseases (obstructive pattern, restrictive pattern and mixed pattern) include forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV), forced vital capacity / forced expiratory volume (FEV / FVC), the average amount of strong expiratory airflow (FEF2575) as four variables related to respiratory capacity (FEV, FVC, FEV / FVC, FEF) was considered. One type of blood cancer is myeloid or bone marrow cancer. This type of leukemia affects bone marrow cells. Complete blood count (blood test) is one of the main tests to diagnose many diseases (cancer, anemia or leukemia). Blood parameters including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), platelet (PLT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) as four variables related to blood parameters in this study in was considered. Data related to research variables including respiratory capacity (FEV, FVC, FEV / FVC, FEF), blood parameters (WBC, RBC, PLT, MCV), as well as age and work experience of the exposed group and blank group the results of medical examination records Personnel were extracted.The niosh 1501 method was used to evaluate and determine the respiratory exposure of employees to benzene. Ambient air sample was taken from the respiratory area of each group by individual sampling pump and using absorbent activated carbon. GC device and mass detector were used to analyze the samples. Results of respiratory exposure to benzene (OEL-TWA) in the exposed group and the blank group were different and in the personnel of loading units 7 ppm, production 0.523 ppm, laboratory 0.178 ppm, quality control 0.224 ppm and administrative control group were zero (occupational expouser limit-time weighted average : 0.5 ppm). The results showed that the respiratory exposure to benzene was not the same in the exposed and blank groups and in the personnel of loading and production unit more than the allowable limit and in the personnel of laboratory units quality control is less than the allowable limit and in the personnel of the blank group is zero. After determining the respiratory exposure to benzene, the effects of benzene on respiratory capacity and blood parameters as well as the effect of individual factors of age and work experience on these parameters by neural network perceptron (MLP) and adaptive network fussy inference (ANFIS) in matlab 2019 software with a 5-core processor and 8 gb of ram were modeled. To do this, after extracting the data from the personnel medical file, first the data (variables) enter the pre-processing stage and after normalizing and selecting the feature, and dividing the training and experimental data in the fuzzy algorithm, the extracted features are classified. Finally, after evaluating the performance based on the rate of correct and incorrect diagnosis, the relationship between respiratory capacity and blood parameters, age and work experience were modeled. One of the most important steps in data processing and analysis to lead to the best or weakest result is the preprocessing of the data of that research (noise and discarded data removal, data sorting, data labeling, data normalization in the interval 0 up to +1 and finally the data is divided into 70% of data for training, 30% of data for testing of neural network perceptron and adaptive network fussy inference). In fact, pre-processing determines the results and its importance is so great that it can lead to the best result or the worst result. In the neural network perceptron, the best training function with the highest correlation coefficient and efficiency, Levenberg-Marquardt function was selected in matlab library as trainlm with correlation coefficient of 0.9356. Then the best model for network architecture equal to 10 layers and 20 neurons with a performance of 0.0015 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9860 was selected. In neural network perceptron with 100% accuracy, precision and recall in training and 99.7702% accuracy, 99.9321% precision and 99.997% recall in experimental section and error convergence tolerance 0/5*10-3, results it showed that respiratory capacity and blood parameters were not the same in the exposed and blank groups and also the age and work experience factors did not affect the blood parameters and respiratory capacity in the exposed and blank groups. After determining the best neural network training function (Levenberg-Marquardt function in matlab library called trainlm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9356), we placed it in the adaptive network fussy inference (ANFIS) to present the results. The settings related to the adaptive network fussy inference model using the neuro-fuzzy designer toolbox in the apps section in matlab software. Mamdani method was used for the principles of fuzzy modeling inference. In adaptive network fussy inference model after 100 repetitions and error convergence tolerance of 0.54*10-3 with 100% accuracy, precision and recall in training and accuracy 99.8163%, 99.9526% precision and 99.9863% recall In the experimental section, the results showed that respiratory capacity and blood parameters were not the same in the exposed and blank groups and also the age and work experience factor did not affect the blood parameters and respiratory capacity in the exposed and control groups. The use of integrated ANN, GA and PSO algorithms is recommended to compare the results with the obtained results and the accuracy of the system performance.

In the most past studies, the relationship between energy consumption and gross domestic product represented economic growth has investigated. GDP not only takes in to account the environmental issues but also ignores the social variables. So. In this study, using the index of sustained economic welfare that in addition to economic aspects, includes the Intergenerational social welfare, the relationship among renewable energy, un-renewable energy and ISEW with ARDL BOUND testing model for IRAN is investigated, The results are then compared with the effect of energy types consumption on GDP. The results expressed that the un-renewable energy consumption have positive effect on GDP and ISEW In the long-run. Also, the renewable energy consumption has a negative effect on ISEW, while causing the economic growth of the country.

The main factor in the formation and development of organic agriculture is consumer demand, and developed countries have provided the ground for increasing consumer demand by creating health awareness and knowledge, environmental and health issues. Sustainable consumption of organic food is very important in international categories, because it affects individual and public health, natural resources, social and economic cohesion.The novelty of this research is that so far no research has been done on the study of effective economic, social and cultural factors and health (simultaneously) on the pattern of sustainable consumption of organic food in Zahedan and this study look for to identify the factors that cause consumption sustainable organic food in Zahedan can be estimated by Tobit Hackman method and from this perspective this research is novel.

The percentage of demand for organic food consumption in this study has been asked and to what extent economic, social and cultural variables and health affect the consumption of organic food, the Tobit Hackman method has been used. The main reason for using the Tobit model is the defect of logit and probit patterns in distinguishing between factors affecting decision making and factors affecting the amount of activity.Therefore, by estimating the parameters of the Tobit model in two steps, it is possible to distinguish the factors influencing the decision from the factors influencing the desire to consume organic food, and as a result, the role and effectiveness of each of these factors in the dual groups is better defined.The statistical population in this study is all households in Zahedan in 2020. In this study, data were collected through a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with families living in Zahedan. The information collected to investigate the factors affecting the consumption of organic food in Zahedan is described in Table 1. Table 1 is the dependent variable (percentage of organic food use) y and 28 dependent variables from x1 to x28 are the independent variables in this study. The study sample includes 384 households in Zahedan which was determined by simple random sampling and the Hekman Tobit model was estimated.

The tendency to consume organic food is determined by a set of economic and non-economic motivations (social, cultural and health). In this study, the factors affecting the tendency to consume organic food in Zahedan have been studied.The results of estimating the Tobit model for the tendency to consume organic food in Zahedan are presented in Table 2. Based on the results of Table 2, age, number of households, experience, income, going to the cinema, going to exhibitions, attending environmental meetings, going to meetings, using cyberspace, percentage of cyberspace use, food labeled consumption, exercise, high income and other food prices Inorganic has had a positive and significant effect on the tendency to consume organic food in Zahedan. In other words, 11 of the 28 independent variables have had a positive effect on the tendency to consume organic food. Also, the variables of geographical location, gender, amount of meat consumption, use of chemicals, consumption of non-organic products have a negative and significant effect on the tendency to consume organic food in Zahedan and also 6 independent variables out of 28 independent variables on the tendency to consume food Organic has a negative effect. Some cultural variables such as going to the cinema, going to exhibitions, attending music sessions have led to an increase in the consumption of organic food in Zahedan. Among the social variables, age, number of households, experience and participation in environmental meetings have had a positive effect on the consumption of organic and healthy food in Zahedan. Among the health variables, exercise and food labeling have had a positive effect on the consumption of organic food, and the consumption of meat and the use of chemicals and the comparison of organic food with non-organic products on the desire to consume organic and healthy food. It has a negative effect in Zahedan. Economic variables of household income and high income and prices of other inorganic foods have a positive effect on the tendency to consume organic food in Zahedan and it can be interpreted that households with higher income and welfare tend to consume more organic and healthy food. And health issues are more important to them and the price of other inorganic foods is high, which has a positive effect on the consumption of organic and healthy foods in Zahedan.The results of the probit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method. By performing tests and using the probability ratio test, the coefficient of determination, the percentage of accuracy of the correct prediction of the probit model in the first stage of the two-stage Hackman model was estimated. The results of the second stage of the Hackman two-step method using the ordinary least squares method are shown in Table 3. The inverse significance of Mills ratio indicates that the variables affecting the decision to consume organic food in Zahedan are not the same as the determinants of the desire to consume organic food and show that in this study the two-stage Hackman method has been used correctly. The presence of Mills inverse ratio eliminates the existence of variance inequality in the original model and provides the use of a linear regression model. Among the variables studied in this study, age, number of household members, experience and information, income, going to the cinema, use of cyberspace, percentage of cyberspace use, food labeled consuming and exercising and high income (welfare), price of other non-food Organic, geographical location, gender, going to exhibitions, attending environmental meetings, attending music sessions, meat consumption, use of chemicals, high income, price of inorganic food and consumption of inorganic products on the tendency to consume organic food in Zahedan city has had a significant effect. In other words, among 28 independent variables, the effect of 20 variables in the second stage has had a significant effect on the desire to consume organic food. The most influential factor in the second stage (at least ordinary squares) is the variable of the percentage of cyberspace use, which has been very effective on the desire of Zahedan citizens to consume. After that, the gender variable of people has had a significant impact on the consumption of organic products by the citizens of Zahedan.

The results showed that among the social factors, the percentage of cyberspace use had the greatest impact on the desire to consume organic food. Among the health variables, exercise has the greatest impact on the tendency to consume organic foods. Here are some suggestions. First, since exercise has a positive effect on the tendency to consume organic food, cultural and sports issues should be used to promote public sports in society to encourage people to consume organic food. Second, it is suggested that given that organic food fairs have a positive effect on the desire to consume organic food, people should be encouraged to participate in organic food fairs. It is also suggested that since cyberspace, which has the most positive and significant effect on household awareness of organic food consumption, people should be encouraged to use cyberspace. Thirdly, considering the economic factor influencing the price of organic food on the tendency to consume organic food, it is recommended that the government control the price of organic food to protect consumers. Finally, the importance of environmental meetings that have a significant impact on the pattern of consumption of organic food in Zahedan should be given special importance and with the increase of public awareness of the environment led to an increase in the consumption of organic food in society.

Increasing environmental problems, threats to public health indicators, limited access to recreational facilities, and ultimately to the increasing weakness of access to sustainable development. Meanwhile, due the worrying and increasing threat to health of citizens' lives, urban planners and health planners introduce a relatively new term called health planning, which seeks to link the urban environment with physical and mental health. They are urban dwellers and they strengthen their decisions some basic issues such as urban health, demographic welfare and quality of improving human life. Today, most countries the world, especially developing countries, are facing the phenomenon of widespread urban sprawl. In addition to environmental consequences and social and cultural damage, this trend has affected the health of citizens. With growth and development of urbanization in developing societies, urbanization problems such as environmental degradation, pollution, housing shortages, quality of life have created difficult conditions for urban residents and public health has decreased significantly. About quarter of century ago Increasing issues to growth of cities have led attention to issues such as sustainable development and healthy city. The healthy city approach is considered as dominant approaches in urban and rural studies and even on national scale. Considering the importance the environmental index most important indicators affecting the development of healthy city, this study was conducted with the aim of assessing the environmental situation of Ardabil with healthy city approach.

The present study a descriptive-analytical study with applied purpose. this study, the environmental situation of Ardabil city the approach of healthy city of Ardabil the form 16 criteria (environmental health status, use of safe drinking water, waste production, quality of waste collection system management And its burial, access to green space and parks, the amount of dust in the air, the beauty of urban public spaces, noise pollution, visual pollution, optimal distribution of land uses, access to suitable walking space, access to suitable cycling space, Existence of sufficient number of recreational and sports places, ratio of green space to residential, rate of use of renewable energy, quality of environmental education have been studied and the basis for selecting criteria is based on library and documentary studies. The validity of the content of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.817. To obtain the sample size of Ama Ray used Cochran's formula which was estimated to 382 with an error rate of 0.05 and a confidence interval of 95%. In order to increase the accuracy of work, 400 questionnaires (80 questionnaires for each region) were randomly distributed in Ardabil city. Shannon entropy method was used to determine the weight of research criteria and Prometheus model was used to analyze the data. The Multi-Criteria Decision Model (MCDM) is powerful tool has widely used to evaluate and rank problems involving multiple and more conflicting criteria. Among the many MCDM methods, Prometheus is remarkably suitable for ranking programs; Because this model brings integration and flexibility to user, and terms of concept and application compared other methods for analysis. In fact, Prometheus is preferred structured ranking method for enriching the evaluation based on comparison each the options with each other according to the deviations that the alternatives show based on each criterion. Due to structure this model, this method allows direct evaluation without the need to normalize the variables that decision matrix. This method was introduced in 1985 by Brans and Wink for ranking. Among the important advantages of Prometheus method are simplicity of clarity and reliability the results and possibility of sensitivity analysis in simple and fast way. Finally, the ranking is done from largest to the smallest number. The following are the steps for implementing the PROMETHEE model:1- Forming a decision matrix and determining the type criteria (in terms of profit and cost): In this step, while forming a decision matrix, we determine the positive and negative indicators. 2. Determining the weight of indicators: In the present study, Shannon entropy method has used to calculate the weight of criteria. (Table 2) 3. The weighted sum the superiority the option: is obtained by following relation. Equation (1):4. Positive and Negative Ranking Flow: If number of options (denoted by n) is more than two, the final ranking is obtained by sum the values of pairwise comparisons. The ranking stream can obtained using Equation (2) and Equation (3):Equation (2): Positive ranking flowThis stream shows how much option a has priority over other options. The largest (a) + Φ means the best option. Equation (3): Negative rating stream This flow shows how much other options take precedence. What is the smallest value of the (a - Φ option the best option? The ranking of options can be ranked with positive or negative current. The two rankings are not usually the same, but the decision maker It always wants complete ranking because it will be easier to decide. Due to fact that in order to calculate the average of the criteria, a 5-point Likert scale is used and the ranks 1 to 5 are assigned to the questions. Therefore, the number 3 is considered the theoretical middle ground of the answers. Figure 3 shows that both positive and negative environmental criteria of healthy city in Ardabil are bad situation. The average of all positive variables is less than the average (3). But in the negative criteria, except for amount of dust in the air (C6), the average the other negative criteria is higher than the average (3). The PROMETHEE model has used to rank the areas of Ardabil city. The final final output obtained from this model is according to Table (3).

Based the results obtained from Table 3, the net superiority value Φ of Region Two with score of )0.01629(, Region One with score of )0.0444(, Region Three with score of )0.01334(, Region Five with score of )0.00502( and Region Four with score of )-0.00703( to They have highest and lowest levels of environmental health the city, respectively. In general, the research findings show. The city of Ardabil is not a good position in terms of the criteria studied. Comparison the most prosperous region (region 2) with the most deprived region (region 4) in terms of environmental criteria of Salem city indicates that existence of Shurabil recreation site in region 2 has the most positive effect the criteria (access to green space and parks) c5 ), The beauty of public spaces (C7), access to suitable space for walking and cycling (C11), (C12), the existence of recreational place (c14). Also, the establishment of women's park this area distinguishes this area from other areas. In contrast, District 4 of the city, because it is one the sub-urban areas, has been evaluated as unfavorable in all the studied criteria and is critical condition.Figure (3) The status of each the environmental criteria of healthy city Separately shows the five urban areas of Ardabil.

Today, Municipal solid waste strategic management is an effective step towards achieving organizational goals in long-term plans, the aim of this study was to provide strategic planning for solid waste management in Golestan province to achieve the desired result. In this descriptive-analytical study, basic information through Library texts, observations, questionnaire completion through 30 experts were obtained in this field. Then, SWOT matrix and QSPM quantitative strategic planning matrix were used to present the strategic plan of solid waste management in Golestan province.The findings showed that the most important strategy with the highest score is necessary to achieve the goals of the organization and achieve sustainable, cooperation and government support for allocation of credits. It is the next priority to create the opportunity to attract private partnerships. The strategic priorities can be achieved in the path of sustainable development, a suitable step for achieving the goals of the environment biological solid waste management in Municipalities and Villages of Golestan Province. Municipalities and local organizations can organize and implement the necessary policies to strengthen local innovations. Families, industries and businesses, departments and service providers in the field of solid waste are also required to implement urban solid waste management system.

In this work, a new type of solid adsorbent was prepared by functionalization of carbon nanotubes and the structure and morphologies of the amine-functionalized Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Its adsorption behavior towards Pd(II) and Mo(VI) ions was investigated. For this purpose, a solid phase extraction process using the prepared adsorbent was carried out in the pH range of 1 to 9. The effect of various parameters such as initial concentration, time and interfering ions on the adsorption amount was investigated, and the optimal conditions for the maximum extraction of the two ions were obtained. The adsorption of these ions by the synthesized MWNTs in real samples was examined and good results were achieved. The negative value of the change in standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°<0) for Mo(VI) sorption by the adsorbent specify a spontaneous and realizable sorption process. The changes in free energy (ΔG °), enthalpy (ΔH °) and entropy (ΔS °) for Pd(II) ions associated with Mo(VI) ions are reversed. finally, The compatibility of the experimental data with the adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson were investigated for the adsorption of Mo(VI) and Pd (II) the modified carbon nanotubes.

There is an increasing demand and deficiency of water resources, accordingly, it is possible to solve this problem through reusing refined wastewater for various objectives. This study is conducted in order to feasibility study of reusing the wastewater of Hakimieh neighborhood treatment plant/refinery to be applied in different applications. Accordingly, we tested the parameters of temperature, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, EC, pH, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, color, salinity, and fecal and gastrointestinal coliforms and analyzed the quality data of the wastewater discharged from the treatment plant for the feasibility of consumption Irrigation, agriculture, discharge to surface and groundwater based on the environmental protection standard and CWQI water quality index We also examined and evaluated the risk analysis of using discharged wastewater for various objectives using the William Fine model The results indicated that the quality of discharged wastewater based on the CWQI water quality index is comparatively moderate and is placed in borderline and is not proper for irrigation, agricultural applications, and discharge to surface and groundwater because of the high amounts of TDS, EC, nitrate, and phosphate TDS, phosphate, and nitrate parameters in the wastewater are also required to be corrected immediately based on the results of risk analysis.