فهرست مطالب

Journal Of Applied Fluid Mechanics
Volume:14 Issue: 6, Nov-Dec 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/07/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 25
|
  • J. F. Rangel, W. B. A. Santos, L. H. Pinheiro, T. H. C. Costa K. L. Bessa, J. P. Ortiz Pages 1593-1601

    Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most widely used vascular access by patients undergoing hemodialysis, however, even though the most widely used access to AVF has a high failure rate, and can be affected by problems during its use, among the most common highlights intimal hyperplasia, thrombosis and stenosis. Studies suggest that recurrent problems in this type of access are directly linked to geometry, flow conditions and stiffness of the vascular wall by the vessels that compose it. The present work seeks to analyze the variation of pressure and flow in rigid and flexible AVF models manufactured from data from an actual patient undergoing treatment. The study was carried out from the acquisition and processing of the patient’s medical examinations (computed tomography), the creation of the geometry, treatment and modeling of said patient, the manufacturing of the AVF models by 3D printing and injection in mold, experimental analysis with pulsatile flow conditions, close to the real physiological conditions, and data analysis. The results obtained show the influence of vascular wall stiffness on flow conditions. In the rigid and flexible model, pressure peaks ranged from 170.98 mmHg to 172.44 mmHg (± 0.02) and 69.83 mmHg to 116.63 mmHg (± 0.03), respectively. The pressure drop between entry and exit in the AVF was also analyzed, presenting a greater value in the flexible model, being approximately three times that of the rigid model. The observed results show the direct relation of the deformation in the flow conditions in the system, and consequently, its direct influence on the pathologies of the vascular system, especially the AVF.

    Keywords: Arteriovenous fistula, Rigid, Deformation, Pressure variation, Flow variation
  • Y. Pan, A. H. Chen, Z. N. Wang Pages 1603-1616

    An axial piston pump can produce a serious cavitation phenomenon in the high- and low-pressure transition process. Cavitation bubbles expand, compress, rebound and collapse when they enter the high-pressure oil drainage area. This affects the outlet flow ripple as well as the pressure pulsation of the piston pump. However, the effect of the cavitation bubbles is ignored in the current outlet flow ripple model of axial piston pumps. It affects the optimization design of the axial piston pump distribution area structure parameters with the objective of reducing the pressure and flow rate. Therefore, a method of optimizing the fluid dynamic characteristics and the flow distribution area structure parameters of an axial piston pump considering the cavitation bubble evolution is proposed. A single-cavity dynamic model was established to study the bubble evolution as the piston chamber pressure changes. According to the cavitation cloud (group cavitation) characteristics of the axial piston pump, theoretical models of the outlet flow ripple and the pressure pulsation of a piston pump were established considering the cavitation bubble characteristics. The influence of cavitation characteristics on the outlet flow ripples and pressure pulsation of the axial piston pump was analyzed and compared with that without cavitation. Comparison with the experimental results, verified that the outlet flow ripple model becomes more accurate when cavitation bubble characteristics are considered. Based on the multi-agent particle swarm optimization (MAPSO) algorithm, an optimization model of the piston pump outlet flow ripple was established considering the cavitation bubble characteristics. The optimized design parameters for the flow distribution area of the axial piston pump were evaluated. The proposed method can provide theoretical guidance for the design of a low flow ripple axial piston pump.

    Keywords: Axial piston pump, Cavitation bubble, Flow ripple, MSPOS, Optimization
  • A. C. Barkett Botan, R. G. Ramirez Camacho, G. L. Tiago Filho, E. R. da Silva Pages 1617-1633

    The draft tube is one of the main components that integrate a turbine, since it has the function of recovering the residual kinetic energy after the runner by the pressure energy. The search for a draft tube design that increases the efficiency of the turbine is always an engineering challenge. The hydromechanics components geometry optimization can be accomplished through the integration of optimization methods and CFD tools. In this work, the geometric optimization of a double diffuser draft tube of a Bulb turbine applied to ultra-low heads is presented, with the objectives of maximizing the pressure recovery coefficient, Cp, and increasing the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine, ηh. These improvements would make it possible to reduce the longitudinal length of the draft tube, thereby, making an easier insertion of this kind of turbines in water transport systems, with pressures around 3 [mH2O]. The optimization methodology was performed in the meridional plane, using twelve geometric variables in the draft tube through the integration of optimization methods and computational fluid dynamics. The optimized geometry obtained showed an increase in the Cp value of 0.71516, from the original geometry, to 0.83080. The results were extended to the 3D flow analysis, where the optimized turbine showed efficiency gains of 82% to 84%, when compared to the original turbine considering that its total length was reduced and its geometry simplified, resulting in a more compact and versatile equipment. The study also concluded that the applied methodology can be extended to other similar optimization problems in the design of hydraulic machines.

    Keywords: CFD analysis, Design of experiments, Draft tube, Bulb turbine, MOSA, Optimization
  • S. Nayal, D. Sahoo Pages 1635-1642

    This paper aims to study the effect of a pylon mounted cavity-based flameholder on the combustor flow characteristics. Computational analysis of two different models of flameholder configurations is performed. The novel cavity design 110_90 has a fore-wall ramp angle of 110 degrees and an aft-wall ramp angle of 90 degrees and this design which shows a comparatively better combustor performance is adopted and mounted with a pylon. The flow features over the high performance base cavity 110_90 is compared with the flow features obtained by adding a pylon on the upstream of the base cavity. The two cases are compared qualitatively as well as quantitatively based on the temperature distribution, pressure distribution, recirculation zones and drag experienced by the model. These compared parameters helped us to identify whether the mentioned combination is favorable and augments the flameholder performance.

    Keywords: Supersonic flow, Combustor performance, Cavity flow, Flameholder
  • A. Talhaoui, B. Draoui, A. Youcefi Pages 1643-1656

    The laminar flow pattern and mixing behavior of incompressible Newtonian fluids in different modified mixer configurations were numerically investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in the range of Re=0.15-100. The governing equations were solved by ANSYS Fluent 14 using the second-order finite volume method (FVM) and the SIMPLE algorithm scheme. The computational model is assessed by comparing the predicted pressure drop results to empirical correlations in the literature. The effects of incorporated helical overlapped mixer elements and the diameter aspect ratio (C) on the mixing efficiency for different mixer geometries were examined and evaluated by characteristics measures of Intensity of Segregation (IOS), pressure drop, extensional efficiency, and G-factor. The performance of new modified mixers is evaluated via comparison with the standard industrial Kenics static mixer. The static mixers with modified internal geometry achieved fast mixing and better mixing quality than the Kenics mixer. Besides, an increase in diameter aspect ratio C benefited from a decrease in pressure drop within the static. The modified mixer: C=1.5 was found to have the highest mixing efficiency, concerning short mixing length with marginally higher pressure drop than the other mixers. In contrast, the mixer: C=2 is the most efficient based on low pressure drop and energy requirement with slightly greater mixing length.

    Keywords: Mixing, Laminar Flow, Static mixer, Overlapped mixer, Mixing performance, Mixer efficiency
  • A. A. Soares, F. A. Carvalho, A. Leite Pages 1657-1668

    The knowledge of hemodynamic behaviour in the abdominal aorta artery bifurcation is of great importance for the early diagnosis of several cardiovascular diseases common in this bifurcation. The work developed focuses on a case study of hemodynamic in the abdominal aorta artery bifurcation, based on a realistic 3D geometric model reconstructed from 2D medical images of a real patient. Hemodynamic quantities based on the wall shear stress (WSS) of the abdominal aorta bifurcation are analysed and is presented an alternative analysis of the well-established stress hemodynamic descriptors to identify specific zones of the artery with a higher probability of developing cardiovascular diseases. The individual analysis of different zones of the artery allowed to obtain information that can remain masked when whole artery is considered as a single zone. The reported results provide a correlation between the analysed stress hemodynamic descriptors and the area of the wall artery. Then, the aim of this work is the identification of regions at the luminal surface subject to atherosusceptible WSS phenotypes. For the patient studied, the analysis presented allowed the identification of the patient's propensity to develop atherosclerosis, according to the hemodynamic descriptors time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT). Thus, this work offers a new way of looking to the stress hemodynamic descriptors.

    Keywords: CFD, Hemodynamic descriptors, Cardiovascular diseases, Doppler ultrasonography, Oscillatoryshear index
  • A. Yu, Y. S. Wang, D. Q. Zhou Pages 1669-1678

    The blade vortex evaluation in Francis Turbine under deep part load conditions generates severe pressure fluctuations in the runner. The complex flow in a model turbine is numerically investigated based on a modified Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes method. The main emphasis is focused on revealing the correlation mechanism of blade vortex evolution and energy production. The results indicate that the modified PANS method shows significant advantages in hydro turbine’s simulation than the traditional RANS method. At deep part load conditions, the vorticity formed at the leading edge of the suction surface and the trailing edge of the pressure surface in the blade channels. The stretching term provides the most vorticity increments while the dilation term inhibiting part which only provides a decrement of the vorticity evolution. Based on the entropy production theory, the total entropy production distribution is consisting with the distribution of vorticity. At deep part load condition, direct dissipation and turbulent dissipation provide the most entropy, while at part load condition the proportion of these twopart decreased.

    Keywords: Francis turbine, Vortex evolution, Energy Production, Vorticity transport equation, Entropyproduction theory
  • M. K. H. M. Zorkipli, A. Abbas, N. A. Razak Pages 1679-1689

    The aeroelastic behaviour of an airfoil oscillating in large and small pitch amplitudes due to nonlinearity in aerodynamics is examined. The phenomenon of stall flutter resulted in the limit cycle oscillations of NACA 0012 at low to intermediate Reynolds number is investigated numerically through the unsteady twodimensional aeroelastic simulation. The simulations employed unsteady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes shear stress transport k-ω turbulent model with the low Reynolds number correction. The simulations of the fluidstructure interaction were performed by coupling the structural equation of motion with a fluid solver through the user-defined function utility. Numerical simulations were executed at three different elastic axis positions; the leading-edge, 18% and 36% of the airfoil chord length. The airfoil chord measures 0.156 m. The simulations were executed at the free stream velocity ranging from 5.0 m/s to 13 m/s corresponding to the Reynolds number between 51618 and 134207. Two types of oscillation amplitudes were observed at each elastic axis position. At the leading-edge and 18% case, small amplitude oscillations were observed while at 36%, the system underwent high amplitude oscillations. The analysis revealed the cause for small oscillation amplitude is due to the separation of the laminar boundary layer on the suction side of the airfoil starting at the trailing edge. High amplitude oscillations occurred due to the existence of the dynamic stall phenomenon beginning at the leading-edge. Small amplitude LCOs only occurred within a limited range of airspeed before it disappeared due to increasing airspeed.

    Keywords: Stall flutter, Limit cycle oscillation, Flow separation
  • Z. D. Chi, W. L. Chu, H. G. Zhang Pages 1691-1704

    In this paper, the influence of a shallow reversed slot-type casing treatment on the performance of a tip-critical transonic compressor has been numerically investigated. Firstly, the complex flow fields in the rotor tip region are studied in details. It shows the severe blockage induced by suction surface boundary separation triggers compressor stall at 100% design speed, while the blockage due to tip leakage vortex dominates at 80% design speed. Secondly, the mechanism of stability extension is presented at different rotating speeds. The casing treatment alleviates greatly the tip blockage by manipulating the tip leakage flow, accompanied by the redistribution of aerodynamic loading and mass flux. As a result, the casing treatment is more efficient for the blockage induced by tip leakage vortex (at 80% design speed). Further analysis of the pressure field and passage shock distribution demonstrates that the passage shock intensity and its location will affect the effectiveness of casing treatment. Finally, the instability characteristics of compressor with casing treatment are revealed. The numerical results reflect when the mass flow approaching the instability boundary, the stator passage blockage presumably is dominant for triggering the compressor stall.

    Keywords: Axial compressor, Casing treatment, Numerical simulation, Tip leakage flow, Stall margin
  • S. K. Yadav, K. M. Pandey, R. Gupta Pages 1705-1716

    The computation of ejector geometry for a given fluid is essential and plays a crucial role in creating an ejector profile and performance analysis. The current paper discusses the constant rate of momentum change (CRMC) approach using a real gas equation for ejector design. The numerical analysis is carried to validate the analytical geometry and the effect of operating parameters on the entrainment ratio. The variation in entrainment ratio for the different working fluids has also been studied on the geometry computed for water-vapour. It is observed that the entrainment ratio of the ejector significantly varies with the change in operating conditions and working fluids. The numerically predicted entrainment ratio is ~0.354 compared to the on-design entrainment ratio 0.4 for water vapor, while the predicted entrainment ratio for other working fluids is ~0.319, ~0.314, and ~0.36 for air, N2, and CO2, respectively.

    Keywords: Ejector, CRMC, Jet-pump, Entrainment Ratio, Working fluids
  • H. Gholipour, M. J. Kermani, R. Zamanian Pages 1717-1730

    A pore network model (PNM) is proposed for the simulation of water transport inside the cathode side gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) during the transient start-up period as well as the steady state. Numerous two-dimensional random networks representing GDL are generated followed by statistical averaging of the results (Monte Carlo methods) to circumvent the uncertainties imposed by random pore size distributions. The resulting liquid water saturation profiles within GDLs exhibit concave patterns which is typically encountered in capillary fingering flow regimes in porous media. The effect of GDL thickness and current collector rib width as two geometric parameters on water transport dynamics are separately investigated. It turns out that thin and thick GDLs compared to the base case can have contradicting outcomes on the account of total water saturation in the network. On the other hand, wide current collector ribs give rise to liquid water saturation and build-up within GDL which can lead to flooding. At the end, three-dimensional networks are generated demonstrating higher pore connectivity which results in higher percolation times and different invasion patterns.

    Keywords: Fuel cells, Gas diffusion layer, Two-phase flow, Pore network modeling, Capillary fingering
  • A. Qamar* Pages 1731-1740

    A theoretical model to predict the dynamics of a shelled micro-bubble driven by acoustic field in a tubular geometric confinement is proposed in the present study. The model is derived from first principle and may not be considered as a variant of Rayleigh-Plesset solution. A semi-analytical model is derived in the form of an ordinary differential equation connecting all parameters involved. Results obtained are in agreement with the available experimental data. The model is further linearized to obtain expression for the forced resonant frequency, which is shown to depend on geometric parameter of confinement as D/ L where D and L are the tube diameter and length, respectively. Further, linear viscous damping coefficient is also studied and is found that an overdamped or an underdamped state exist base on shelled micro-bubble size and parameters of geometric confinement (L and D). The state of damping clearly indicate when the shelled micro-bubble in confinement would respond linearly or non-linearly under the influence of acoustic field.

    Keywords: Shelled micro-bubbles, Acoustics, Geometric confinement, Bubble dynamics, Bubble resonantfrequency, Ultrasound contrast agents
  • B. Mahfoud* Pages 1741-1753

    The effects of an axial magnetic field on both the vortex breakdown process and fluid layers development in a cylindrical container filled with a conducting viscous fluid are numerically analyzed by using the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) with a stream function-only formulation. A temperature gradient is imposed in the axial direction on the swirling flow which is advanced by the rotation of the bottom disk under the stabilizing effect of the external magnetic field. Flows are studied for a range of parameters: the Richardson number, Ri, 0 ≤Ri ≤2.0; and three values of the Prandtl number are investigated, Pr = 0.025 (liquid Mercury), 0.032 ( PbLi 17 alloy), and 0.065 (the molten lithium). Three combinations of aspect ratios (H/R) and Reynolds numbers are compared: (case A: Re=1500, H/R=1.5); (case B: Re=1855, H/R=2.0) and (case C: Re=2400, H/R=2.5). The results reveal that the increase in the values of Hartmann number, Ha suppresses the vortex breakdown in the isothermal case and reduces the number of fluid layers in the layering case. The stability diagram (Hacr–Ri) corresponding to the transition from the multiple fluid layers zone to the one fluid layer zone for increasing Prandtl number is obtained.

    Keywords: Fluid layers, Integral transforms, Magnetic field, Swirling flow, Vortex breakdown
  • S. Chandrasekhar, V. R. K. Raju Pages 1755-1765

    Two-phase Taylor flows play a vital role in dissipating heat effectively for the proper functioning of electronic systems. In the present study, the thermal performance of liquid-liquid Taylor flow was carried out in a 3D microchannel with uniform wall heat flux boundary for five different cases: uniform heat flux on the four walls, three walls, two opposite walls, single wall, and two adjacent walls, and the aspect ratio of microchannel was varied in the range of 0.2-5. The length of the microchannel was 4 mm, height and width were 0.1 mm each for a square microchannel. For varying aspect ratios of the microchannel, the height and width of the microchannel were taken in the range of 0.06-0.3 mm to keep the hydraulic diameter constant. Dodecane and water were the working fluids in the study and assumed to be Newtonian, incompressible, immiscible, and the properties of fluids were assumed to be independent of temperature. The pressure distribution in the microchannel was investigated under five thermal boundary cases and the aspect ratio effect on pressure drop was also discussed. Results showed Nusselt number of two-phase flow with four-wall heat flux increases up to 280% compared to liquid-only flow and it has been validated with standard heat transfer correlation available in the literature. A higher heat transfer rate (Nu=10.41) was recorded in the opposite walls boundary condition and the heat transfer rate (Nu=7.81) was minimum when the adjacent walls were subjected to uniform heat flux. The effect of microchannel aspect ratio on Taylor flow heat transfer under thermal boundary conditions was also analyzed.

    Keywords: Taylor flow, Aspect ratio, Heat transfer, CFD
  • J. Li, Y. Zhang Pages 1767-1773

    Multiscale hydrodynamics in line contacts were analyzed from the newly developed multiscale flow equations by respectively considering the weak, medium and strong fluid-contact interactions. In the studied line contact, the surface separation is on the same scale with the thickness of the adsorbed layer on the contact surface, and between the coupled adsorbed layers occurs the continuum fluid flow. The present study shows that when using the developed multiscale flow equations to calculate the surface separation for the weak or medium fluidcontact interactions, the value of the parameter k , which is in the important formulation , should be taken as about 5.0, different from its value 1.0 for the strong fluid-contact interaction. The study also shows that owing to the adsorbed layer effect, for a given operating condition, stronger the fluid-contact interaction, greater the surface separation. The results show the significant effect of the fluid-contact interaction in hydrodynamic line contacts in a quite wide range of the surface separation because of the multiscale hydrodynamic effect.

    Keywords: Adsorbed layer, Contact, Fluid, Hydrodynamics, Multiscale
  • K. Wang, J. Q. Liu, Z. C. Liu, W. Chen, X. C. Li, L. Zhang Pages 1775-1786

    The branch baffle heat exchanger, being an improved shell-and-tube heat exchanger, for which the flow manner of the shell-side fluid is a mixed flow of oblique flow and local jet. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method has been implemented to investigate the fluid pattern and heat transfer performance. The accuracy of the modeling approach has been confirmed by an experimental approach using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter system. Flow field, temperature field, and pressure field are displayed to study the physics behavior of fluid flow and thermal transport. Heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and efficiency evaluation criteria are analyzed. In contrast with the shell-and-tube heat exchanger with segmental baffles and shutter baffles, the pressure loss in the proposed heat exchanger with branch baffles has been dramatically improved, accompanied by a slight decrease in heat transfer coefficient under the same volume flow rate. The efficiency evaluation criteria of the heat exchanger with branch baffles are 28%-31%,13.2%-14.1% higher than those with segmental baffles and shutter baffles, respectively. Further analysis in accordance with the field synergy principle illustrates that the velocity and pressure gradients of the heat exchanger with branch baffle have finer field coordination. The current heat exchanger structure provides a reference for the future optimization design to reach energy saving and emission reduction.

    Keywords: Heat exchanger, Branch baffle, CFD, Flow manner, Pressure drop
  • H. Karampour, Z. Wu, M. S. Mason Pages 1787-1793

    Spanwise deviations from a perfect circular cross-section, affect the aerodynamics and hydrodynamics of cylindrical structures. In this study the ability of a novel wavy cylinder, the textured cylinder, to reduce applied drag and lift forces is investigated experimentally. Three different configurations of the proposed textured geometry, as well as a bare cylinder and a cylinder with helical strakes are 3D printed and tested in an open circuit wind tunnel. Tests are conducted at Reynolds numbers from 3.5×104 to 8.0×104 . Results show that the time-averaged drag and fluctuating lift forces on the textured cylinder can be 20% and 15% lower than those of a bare cylinder, respectively. Amongst the tested cylinders, the straked cylinder exhibited the lowest fluctuating lift forces. However, the lowest time-averaged drag forces were measured on the textured cylinder, Tex30, through the range of Reynolds numbers tested. The Strouhal number of the Tex30 was found to be between those of the bare and straked cylinders.

    Keywords: Textured cylinder, Aerodynamic forces, Strouhal number, Wavy cylinder
  • A. Şumnu, İ. H. Güzelbey Pages 1795-1807

    The wing of missile can be considered as an effective factor for determination of lift to drag ratio. However, there are few studies that investigate wing effect on missile aerodynamics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to indicate wing effect on the missile aerodynamics and optimize wing geometry for enhancement of aerodynamic efficiency. The missile designed tail-fin configuration is selected from a previous study which contains experimental data. In the beginning of study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of selected missile are performed and compared with experimental data. Wing is then mounted to the selected missile and CFD solution is repeated for modified missile at 6º angle of attach (AoA) and subsonic and supersonic speeds. The modified missile shows good performance in point of aerodynamics when compared with baseline missile model. In addition, wing geometry is optimized to improve aerodynamic performance using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA). Objective functions are determined as lift and drag coefficients. Wing geometry parameters are determined as design variables for optimization. After the optimization process, the results are showed that the aerodynamic coefficients are improved when compared with baseline geometry. In addition, response surface analysis is presented to show which design parameters are more effective on drag and lift forces. The findings of study show that optimum results are more efficient in terms of performance. CFD solution method and the optimization procedure can be applied to design or optimize for different geometry.

    Keywords: Missile aerodynamics, Genetic algorithm, Multi-objective optimization
  • L. Han, Y. Wang, G. F. Zhang, X. Z. Wei Pages 1809-1816

    Pelton turbine, as its working principle, can perform in the high head condition especially in the southwest mountainous region in China. When the flow contains silt, it will induce the erosion in the bucket and needle structure which affects the efficiency and furthermore the service life. This paper performs unsteady air-liquidsolid three-phases simulation focusing on the distribution tube and needle parts. Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used for capturing the free surface flow, at the same time, silt particle is simplified as the sphere particle and simulated through the Discrete Particle Model (DPM). Furthermore, flow detail and erosion information are obtained by conjugating both the former methodologies. Finally, particle size is analyzed in order to investigate the effect of erosion characteristic to the flow passage of Pelton turbine which aims to improve the turbine efficiency.

    Keywords: Three-phase flow, VOF method, Euler-Lagrange methodology, DPM model
  • S. Syam Narayanan, R. Asad Ahmed Pages 1817-1826

    An experimental study on the effect of fluid-structure interaction on noise generation in Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) with fixed and flapping membrane Tipula sp. wing is investigated. The acoustic performance of the fixed and flapping wing which made up of certain characteristic thin materials such as Low-density Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Thin Aluminium sheets (Al), and Non-woven fabrics (NWF) is analysed. An acoustic study is conducted to estimate the acoustic characteristic parameters of the insect mimic- membrane wing for various flapping conditions with various flapping frequency. In this research, the membrane wing with15cm of the total span is tested on both fixed and flapping MAV at different flexibility conditions and velocity conditions. The study of flapping MAV enables the study of the characteristic effects of sound emitted during the flapping motion of a wing. With the analysed results, the performance of wings is identified and compared with the sound pressure level. After analysing different materials, it is found that NWF produces 20% less noise than the other two more materials. Since the stiffness to strength ratio of metal is high, the formation of vortices is less compared to other membranes. For all fixed membrane wings at low Strouhal numbers, the formation of vortices is very low, and when the Strouhal number increases, the vortices became dense and results in the reduction of Sound pressure level.

    Keywords: Fluid-structure interaction, Aerodynamics loading, Flapping, Unsteady flow, Vortex flow
  • Q. Li, X. H. Tang, S. Zhang, Y. J. Wang, W. W. Xu, Z. B. Wang Pages 1827-1837

    The transient hydrodynamic lubrication model of tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs) was established by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and the self-developed dynamic grid program. The fluid-structure interaction between the flow field and the rotor motion, the pads rotations was realized. The feasibility of the model is proved by comparing with the experimental data. The dynamic response of TPJBs under the various unbalance, the loading modes and the rotating speeds was studied. The dynamic response of TPJBs is further analyzed through a research of the relationships among the shaft whirl orbits, transient force acting on the shaft, rotation angles of the pads and transient oil film force of the pads. With the increase of unbalance, the whirl orbits expand and whirl orbits centers rise continuously. The whirl orbits and orbit center attitude angles of TPJBs are smaller than those of fixed-pad journal bearings. Compare with the load between pads, the whirl orbits are smaller and whirl orbits centers drop slightly under the load on pads. With the increase of rotating speed, the whirl orbits expand nonlinearly, whirl orbit center rises nonlinearly. The transient force acting on the shaft, the rotation angles of the pads and the transient oil film force of the pads change periodically, and the period and frequency of these changes are the same as that of the shaft rotation. The maximum force acting on the shaft appear before the maximum shaft center position (the vertexes of the whirl orbit).

    Keywords: Tilting pad journal bearings, Transient model, Fluid-structure interaction, Dynamic response, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD), Dynamic grid
  • H. C. Li, Z. M. Yang, L. Zhang, R. Li Pages 1839-1850

    The head shape of a high-speed maglev train was optimized in this study, based on the adjoint method, and the aerodynamic drag of four optimized train models were simulated and compared using different control point generation methods. The effectiveness of using the adjoint method to develop a compressible model for a maglev train was verified. The results show that the adjoint matrix optimization method can quickly and effectively capture the shape characteristics of the train head that are sensitive to aerodynamic resistance. When the design variables of the head are not defined separately, the grid control point set and surface control point set can be used to carry out the adjoint closed-loop optimization of the train head shape, and the exchange control point generation method can be used to perform closed-loop optimization. The results of a numerical simulation show that the optimized train model reduces aerodynamic resistance by approximately 4.8%.

    Keywords: Maglev, Aerodynamic drag, Adjoint method, Optimization
  • O. Benbouaziz, A. Mameri, A. Hadef, Z. Aouachria Pages 1851-1868

    Moderate or Intense Low–oxygen Diluted (MILD) combustion is a promising technology with interesting properties such as high efficiency and zero-emission. The biogas-syngas mixture is also considered a promising new renewable biofuel with low emissions. This work aims to examine the effects of several parameters on the biogas-syngas flame structure and emissions under MILD conditions in the Jet in Hot Co flow (JHC) burner. The turbulence is modeled by the modified standard k-ε model; whereas combustion-turbulence interaction is handled by the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) in conjunction with three detailed reaction mechanisms, namely: GRI-Mech 3.0, GRI-Mech 2.11, and DRM 2.11. Effects of biogas-syngas composition, temperature, and oxygen concentration in the hot co-flow and Reynolds number of the fuel jet have been elucidated. Results show that flame structure is more sensitive to the increase of hydrogen in syngas than that of methane in biogas. An increase of oxygen concentration or temperature in the co-flow stream leads to more NO formation whereas Reynolds number augmentation reduced them. Furthermore, NO species production is globally governed by the NNH route.

    Keywords: Biofuels, Chemical mechanism, MILD combustion, Turbulent non-premixed combustion
  • A. Bouras, S. Bouabdallah, B. Ghernaout, M. Arıcı, Y. Cherif, E. Sassine Pages 1869-1880

    The considerable quantities of heat transfer are dissipated during the operating electronic/electrical systems and have harmful effects on the operating time. So; to keep these systems in good working condition, the location of efficient mechanical cooling systems is essential. The heat transfer rate in an enclosure intensely depends on the combination of geometrical and physical parameters. For this purpose, a 3D Numerical simulation of turbulent mixed convection in a cubical cavity containing an internal heat source in its middle was carried out. The cavity has an inlet port at the lower left face area and an outlet port located in the upper right face area. The analyses are performed for air at ambient circumstances (Pr = 0.71) and the variation of interval for Richardson number (Ri) is chosen between 0.01 and 30 to investigate three situations: dominated forced convection, natural convection, and mixed convection for a fixed dimension of the enclosure in turbulent regimes (Gr = 109 ). The effects of the variation of Ri, the dimensionless time, and the dynamic parameters on the thermal flow and fluid flow phenomena are presented and discussed. The obtained results show an exchange between the forces of pressure and of buoyancy in the studied interval and a strong dependence between the geometrical parameters and the heat transfer rate, and then the correlations of the combination of the parameters were proposed.

    Keywords: Mixed convection, Turbulent flow, Cooling, Heat source, 3D convection, Cavity
  • H. H. Patelm, V. J. Lakhera Pages 1881-1891

    The clearance gaps in twin-screw compressors are critical for their performance and reliable operation, as the leakage flows through these clearances influence the volumetric and adiabatic efficiencies. The amount of leakage flows depends on the clearance size and shape as well as various geometric and operating parameters. Usually, the isentropic nozzle equations along with appropriate flow coefficients are used for more accurate estimation of the leakage flow rates through the clearance gaps. Hence, a proper understanding of the flow coefficients and their relationship with the dimensionless parameters (such as pressure ratio, Reynolds number, and aspect ratios) is critical for an accurate prediction of the leakage flows. In the present study, considering the interlobe clearance gap in screw compressor in terms of rectangular openings, the interlobe leakage flow rates are estimated for various opening sizes and pressure conditions using isentropic nozzle equations and an iterative method. The flow coefficients are determined by comparing the experimental values obtained using a specialized test rig and the flow rates obtained from the analytical methods. The dimensionless parameters are varied to see their individual effect on the leakage mass flow rates and on the flow coefficients. The mean deviation from the experimental results when using an analytical iterative procedure (-8.5%) is substantially lower in comparison to the mean deviation (+26.8%) using the isentropic nozzle equations. The study validates that the iterative method can be preferred (for an interlobe leakage flow rate prediction) over the isentropic nozzle equation method.

    Keywords: Interlobe clearance, Nozzle equations, Flow coefficients, Leakage flow, Compressor