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پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی - پیاپی 116 (تابستان 1400)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 116 (تابستان 1400)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1400/07/07
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • عباسعلی افضلی، مجتبی یمانی*، محمد شریفی کیا، شیرین محمدخان صفحات 157-176

    جابه‏ جایی تپه ‏های ماسه ‏ای تهدیدی دایمی برای زیرساخت ‏های حمل و نقل، اراضی کشاورزی، و سکونتگاه‏ های پیرامون پلایای دامغان است. با وجود پژوهش ‏های انجام ‏شده در این منطقه، با هدف منشایابی رسوبات بادی، تحقیق حاضر دیدگاهی متفاوت برای ارزیابی مقادیر و جهت حرکت تپه‏ های ماسه ‏ای به‏ وسیله سنجش تغییرات همدوسی راداری و طبقه ‏بندی شی‏ءگرا ارایه می ‏دهد. در این تحقیق، ضمن بررسی کتابخانه ‏ای، از روش‏های دورسنجی و پیمایشی برای دست‏یابی به اهداف استفاده شده‏ است. نخست داده‏ های راداری 2017 و 2018 برای سنجش تغییر مقادیر همدوسی و شناسایی تپه‏ های فعال و تعیین واحد‏ کاری تحلیل شد. با توجه به پراکنش نامنظم تپه ‏های ماسه‏ ای، واحد کاری به 16 بلوک دارای یک تپه شاهد تقسیم شد. سپس، پردازش تصاویر Bird's eye و Geo eye با هدف استخراج جبهه بادپناه به‏ عنوان محل استقرار تپه ‏ها در سال‏های 2003 و 2016 به‏ وسیله طبقه ‏بندی شی‏ءگرا انجام گرفت. سپس، با استفاده از لایه ‏های مستخرج، مقادیر جابه‏ جایی توسط مدل بهینه ‏شده گای استخراج و آزیموت محاسبه شد. یافته ‏ها مقادیر جابه‏ جایی 4/22 متری، با آزیموت 135 درجه را در بازه زمانی سیزده ‏ساله نشان می‏ دهد. اعتبار‏سنجی یافته‏ ها با خروجی تحلیل آماری جهت باد در همین بازه و مقایسه آن با خروجی پردازش‏ ها بیانگر انتخاب صحیح قطعه شاهد بوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: آشکارسازی تغییرات، پلایای دامغان، فرسایش بادی، مخاطره طبیعی
  • امیر طاحونی، میثم ارگانی* صفحات 177-194

    تامین انرژی پایدار در دنیای امروزی امری ضروری است. از آنجا که معیارها و فاکتورهای مختلفی بر یافتن مکان مناسب نیروگاه خورشیدی تاثیر می گذارد، مقایسه موثر این معیارها با استفاده از روش های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره (MCDM) میسر است. همچنین، روش های هوش مصنوعی نظیر شبکه عصبی مصنوعی برای یافتن دقیق ترین مکان های مناسب می تواند سازنده باشد. در این پژوهش با به کارگیری روش بهترین- بدترین به عنوان یکی از تکنیک های MCDM و واردکردن نتایج آن در شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) جهت تعلیم شبکه اقدام به یافتن مناسب ترین مکان ها برای استقرار صفحات خورشیدی در استان آذربایجان شرقی به عنوان یک استان دارای ناهمواری های طبیعی نسبتا زیاد شد. پس از تولید لایه تناسب اولیه با شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، با تولید لایه های محدودیت و اعمال آن ها روی نتایج به دست آمده از شبکه عصبی، مکان هایی که امکان اولیه را برای استقرار این صفحات نداشتند از نتایج اولیه حذف شدند. نتایج نهایی نشان داد که 1854206.25 هکتار از زمین های استان تناسب کمتر از 0.3 و 1460887.5 تناسبی بین 0.3 تا 0.5 را جهت استقرار نیروگاه خورشیدی دارند. همچنین، فقط 69762.5 هکتار از اراضی استان دارای تناسب بیش از 0.75 برای استقرار صفحات خورشیدی هستند.

    کلیدواژگان: انرژی خورشیدی، انرژی های تجدیدپذیر، تصمیم گیری های چندمعیاره (MCDM)، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN)
  • مرضیه مجدبرزکی، جواد خوشحال دستجردی*، فاطمه سفیدکن، محمد لباسچی، علی براتیان صفحات 195-211

    آویشن دنایی یک رقم از گیاه آویشن و از خانواده نعناعیان و بومی کشور ایران است. این گیاه خودرو در رویشگاه ‏هایی با شرایط محیطی مناسب آن می‏روید. در دهه ‏های اخیر، با کشف اثرهای جانبی سوء داروهای شیمیایی، تقاضا برای مصرف داروها و مواد گیاهی افزایش یافته و رو به تزاید است. بنابراین، تولیدکنندگان دارو و فرآورده‏ های صنعتی در صدد برآمده ‏اند تا با کاشت این گیاه در مزارع تولید را افزایش دهند. برای این کار باید شرایط محیطی مزرعه، مخصوصا شرایط آب ‏و‏هوایی آن، کاملا مشابه رویشگاه گیاه مورد نظر باشد تا میزان عملکرد محصول به حداکثر مطلوب برسد. بنابراین، هدف از این تحقیق کاشت آن در سه ناحیه ارتفاعی مختلف و تعیین نیازهای آب و هوایش است. برای انجام ‏دادن آن در شهرستان کاشان سه سایت احداث شد و در آن‏ها آویشن طی سال‏های 1396-1397 کشت شد و دیده‏ بانی‏های فنولوژیک و آب‏ وهوایی انجام گرفت و در پایان داده‏های تولیدی تحلیل و نتایج استخراج شد. نتایج نشان داد اگر تاریخ کشت متناسب با شرایط اقلیمی محل کاشت نباشد، گیاه در فازهای مختلف، بر مبنای کسب میزان انرژی از محیط، در محدوده مطلوب رشد می‏کند، دچار اختلال می ‏شود، و بر میزان نیازهای حرارتی گیاه برای خنثی ‏سازی آن افزوده می‏ شود و این امر می ‏تواند بر میزان عملکرد محصول اثرگذار باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: آویشن دنایی، شهرستان کاشان، فنولوژی آویشن، گیاهان دارویی
  • حمیده غلام حیدری، مژگان انتظاری*، حاجی کریمی صفحات 213-234

    سازندهای دارای لایه گچی زمینه‏ ساز تشکیل اشکال کارستی گچی است. دشت جابر، در شمال غربی استان ایلام، در واحد زاگرس چین‏ خورده واقع ‏شده است. سازند گچساران به ‏سبب شرایطی که در گذشته پشت سر گذاشته عمدتا در ناودیس‏ ها قرار دارد. وجود پدیده ‏های کارستی گچی به شکل فروچاله در این دشت، می‏ تواند تاثیر بسیار مخربی بر جاده‏ ها و تاسیساتی که در مجاورت این لایه‏ ها قرار دارند بگذارد. در این پژوهش نقشه پهنه‏ بندی تکامل کارست با استفاده از مدل فازی تهیه ‏شده که جهت تهیه این نقشه از ده عامل محیطی شامل شیب، وجه شیب، زمین ‏شناسی، فاصله از خط کنیک، نقاط تمرکز جریان دامنه‏ ای، فاصله از رودخانه، طبقات ارتفاعی، کاربری اراضی، پارامتر اقلیم با استفاده از روش دمارتن، و شاخص پوشش گیاهی استفاده‏ شده است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد 9/36 درصد منطقه موردمطالعه در محدوده ریسک بالا، 49 درصد در محدوده ریسک متوسط، و 1/14 درصد در محدوده ریسک پایین قرار دارد. بازدیدهای میدانی نشان می‏ دهد مهم‏ترین عوامل موثر در تکامل کارست این منطقه شیب و محل تلاقی خطوط آبراهه‏ ها در دامنه با لایه‏ های گچ خالص ضخیم‏ لایه است و محل تلاقی لایه‏ های گچ در مجاورت خط کنیک یکی از عوامل زمینه ‏ساز و مهم در جهت شکل‏ گیری این فروچاله ‏ها محسوب می‏‏ شود.

    کلیدواژگان: پهنه‏ بندی، دشت جابر، فروچاله، کارست گچی، مدل فازی
  • حمزه سعیدیان*، حمیدرضا مرادی، سادات فیض نیا، نادر بهرامی فر صفحات 235-248

    جهت شیب به ‏طور مستقیم یا با تاثیرگذاری بر سایر عوامل محیطی باعث تغییر فرایندهای هیدرولوژیکی خاک به ‏ویژه پتانسیل تولید رواناب و رسوب می‏ شود. در این تحقیق، به‏ منظور بررسی حساسیت به فرسایش جهت‏ های اصلی دامنه نهشته‏ های سازند گچساران و آغاجاری، بخشی از حوضه آبخیز کوه گچ و مرغا در شهرستان ایذه به ‏ترتیب با مساحت 1202 و 1609 هکتار انتخاب شد. این تحقیق به ‏منظور تعیین رواناب و رسوب تولیدی در 16 نقطه و با 3 بار تکرار در سازندهای گچساران و آغاجاری و در شدت‏ های مختلف 1 و 25/1 میلی‏متر در دقیقه در چهار جهت شمالی، جنوبی، شرقی، و غربی به کمک دستگاه باران‏ساز کامفورست انجام شد. در این تحقیق از نرم ‏افزارهای SPSS و EXCEL برای تحلیل داده‏ های حاصل از شبیه‏ ساز باران استفاده شد. بیشترین میزان رسوب در هر دو سازند گچساران و آغاجاری در شدت‏ های 1 و 25/1 میلی‏متر در دقیقه مربوط به دامنه‏ های شرقی است و بیشترین میزان رواناب در سازند آغاجاری مربوط به دامنه شمالی و در سازند گچساران مربوط به دامنه جنوبی است. میزان رسوب تولیدی نیز در سازند آغاجاری در هر دو شدت یادشده بسیار بیشتر از سازند گچساران است. اما میزان رواناب تولیدی در سازند گچساران بسیار بیشتر از سازند آغاجاری نشان داده شد.

    کلیدواژگان: باران‏ساز، تولید رسوب، جهت دامنه، سازند آغاجاری، سازند گچساران، فرسایش خاک
  • الهام مبارک حسن*، عباس رنجبر سعادت آبادی، ابراهیم فتاحی، فائزه نوری صفحات 249-268

    هدف از این تحقیق بررسی‏ پدیده گردوخاک خراسان بزرگ واقع در شمال شرق و شرق ایران است. این مطالعه در دو بخش آماری و همدیدی در دوره 2000-2017 انجام شد. داده ‏های سازمان هواشناسی کشور و داده‏ های بازتحلیل ERA_Interim و همچنین مدل HYSPLIT به‏ کار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد روند تغییرات میانگین روزهای گردوخاک در استان خراسان جنوبی نسبت به خراسان رضوی و شمالی متفاوت است. بیشترین گردوخاک در خراسان رضوی و شمالی در ژوین و در خراسان جنوبی در مه و ژوییه رخ می‏ دهد. بیشترین فراوانی طوفان شدید گردوخاک در گناباد و فراوانی تعداد روزهای گردوخاک در طبس و سرخس است. روند تغییرات دید افقی در نهبندان در فصل بهار و تابستان با 34/0+ و 27/0+ افزایشی و در طبس با 28/0- و 3/0- کاهشی است. تغییر دید افقی در بجنورد (خراسان شمالی) در هر دو فصل روند معناداری نشان نمی‏دهد. در فصل بهار گسترش پرفشار در غرب و کم‏فشار در شرق ایران به توسعه بادهای غربی با میانگین سرعت 10 متر بر ثانیه منجر شده و گردوخاک را از مناطق مرکزی به خراسان بزرگ انتقال می ‏دهد. در تابستان توسعه پرفشار افغانستان همراه با بادهای شمالی 18 متر بر ثانیه گردوخاک را از بیابان‏ های ترکمنستان و افغانستان انتقال می ‏دهد.

    کلیدواژگان: دسته ‏بندی گردوخاک، دید افقی، روند تغییرات، ساختار همدیدی، منشا گردوخاک
  • جمال پرویز، رضا برنا*، فریده اسدیان صفحات 269-286

    هدف از این مطالعه بررسی شاخص‏ های حدی دما در استان کرمانشاه است. برای این منظور، از داده ‏های روزانه دمای 19 ایستگاه سینوپتیکی از بدو تاسیس تا 2018 و نمایه ‏های حدی دما استفاده شده است. با بررسی‏ های انجام‏ شده، مشخص شد شاخص ‏های یخبندان و امواج سرمایی بالاترین همبستگی را با سایر شاخص ‏ها دارند. از این رو، شاخص ‏های یاد شده شاخص ‏های نماینده درنظر گرفته شد و بررسی روند و نیز الگوی خودهمبستگی فضایی برای این شاخص ‏ها انجام گردید. برای بررسی روند از روش من‏- ‏کندال و برای الگوی خودهمبستگی فضایی از شاخص فضایی G* بهره گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد شاخص یخبندان در نواحی مرتفع شرقی در تداوم‏ های 1 تا 6 روزه فراوانی بیشینه داشته و در نواحی کم ‏ارتفاع جنوب غربی روند افزایشی دارد. شاخص امواج سرمایی نیز در نواحی شرقی بیشترین فراوانی را در همه تداوم ‏ها داشته و در قسمت ‏هایی از استان روند افزایشی را نشان می‏ دهد. نتایج الگوی خودهمبستگی فضایی شاخص  G*نشان داد که الگوی خودهمبستگی فضایی مثبت امواج سرمایی و یخبندان نیز بیشتر در نواحی مرتفع شرقی استان مشاهده شده است. الگوی خودهمبستگی فضایی منفی بیشتر در نیمه غربی استان یعنی نواحی مرزی عراق تشکیل شده است که این امر بیانگر نقش توزیع ارتفاعات زاگرس در تشکیل الگوی خودهمبستگی فضایی یخبندان در سطح استان است.

    کلیدواژگان: الگوی فضایی، دمای حداقل، دمای حداکثر، شاخص‏ های حدی، من- کندال، RclimDex
  • سعید نگهبان* صفحات 287-304

    شبکه ‏های زهکشی به ‏شدت تحت تاثیر فعالیت‏های تکتونیکی قرار می ‏گیرد و ارزیابی پارامترهای مورفومتریک به درک بهتر وضعیت تکتونیک فعال در حوضه ‏ها منجر می‏ شود. شرایط زمین‏ شناسی و وقوع زلزله‏ های متعدد بیانگر وضعیت ناآرام تکتونیکی حوضه دینور بوده و تحلیل پارامترهای مورفومتریک شبکه زهکشی می‏ تواند به درک بهتر وضعیت تکتونیک فعال این حوضه منجر شود. هدف اصلی از اجرای این مطالعه ارزیابی و شناخت وضعیت تکتونیک فعال حوضه دینور و زیرحوضه‏ های آن است. در این پژوهش از پانزده شاخص‏ مورفومتریک برای ارزیابی وضعیت تکتونیک فعال استفاده می‏‏ شود. با استفاده از آنالیز مولفه‏ های اصلی پارامترهای مورفومتریک با بیشترین همبستگی انتخاب شد و بر اساس آن‏ها Relative Active Tectonic Index برای حوضه دینور و زیرحوضه‏ های آن محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان می‏ دهد زیرحوضه‏ هایی با فعالیت تکتونیکی خیلی زیاد و زیاد 91درصد مساحت حوضه دینور را دربر گرفته ‏اند. پراکنش فضایی زیرحوضه‏ ها از نظر میزان فعالیت تکتونیکی نظم خاصی را در دو زون زمین ‏شناسی سنندج- سیرجان و زاگرس نشان نداده و این امر بیانگر فعالیت تکتونیکی در کل محدوده حوضه دینور بر اثر کوتاه‏ شدگی فلات ایران و زون زاگرس تحت فشارش صفحه عربی است. شواهد ژیومورفولوژیکی و وقوع زلزله‏ های دستگاهی از دیگر شاهدهای فعال‏ بودن تکتونیک منطقه در عصر حاضر است.

    کلیدواژگان: پارامترهای مورفومتریک، تکتونیک‏ فعال، حوضه دینور، شاخص RATI، شبکه زهکشی
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  • Abbas Ali Afzali, Mojtaba Yamani *, Mohammad Sharifikia, Shirin Mohammadkhan Pages 157-176

    Damage caused by the sand dunes movement is one of the most important environmental and socio-economic issues in desert region. erosion and wind processes study began with the work of Bagnold (1954). After significant advances in laboratory and physical approaches to the elements and forces involved in wind erosion and at the contemporary with the development of remote sensing tools and data and changes in methods and algorithms for interpreting aerial photographs and satellite images, the rapid emergence of planetary geomorphology and the search for analogies and similarities on other planets. Rapid developments in the geomorphology of wind processes took place. Using Landsat, ASTER and Quick bird images and LIDAR data, many studies have been done to classify sand dunes. After the launch of two ERS remote sensing radar satellites in 1991 and 1995, the value of CCD Was considered. But in Iran, most of the studies conducted in the desert region, such as the Damghan playa, have studied the changes in long-term periods, which are mainly of sediment origin and classified sand dunes using multispectral satellite data. The aim of this study was to use Sentinel-1 IW SAR time series data in arid regions to detect surface changes in the short term due to wind morph dynamic activity and on the other hand to evaluate the effectiveness of using both radar and optical data and Object-oriented classification model in the events and morphological changes detection of sand surfaces and forms. the results obtained from the processing of remote sensing data and classification and achieving the dimensions of sand dune mobility with the results of wind data analysis will be evaluated and verified.Materials and methodsDamghan plain located in Damghan plain with longitude 54 10 to 54 40 east and latitude 36 36 to 36 10 north has a hot and dry desert climate and an average rainfall of 100 mm per year, which due to the desert nature, is prone to wind morph dynamic performance. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the mobility of sand dunes as part of the natural hazards active in the region. The research method is library, remote sensing and surveying. Data analysis is based on two main concepts; segmentation and classification. Initially, based on geological and topography maps and field survey, geomorphology maps were created. Then based on the prepared and adapted maps and field surveillance, sandy forms were limited. Then, in order to determine the working units, using the CCD technique with Sentinel-1 radar images, the active and inactive parts of the sand forms were detected. Two radar interfrograme (Master and slave) related to the two dates of 14/05/2017 and 22/03/2018 were used to extract the CCD (based on phase difference).Finally, with the identification of work units, automatic detection and extraction of sand dunes was targeted, and for this purpose, the bottom-up hierarchical object-oriented method and top-down classification using the growing region technique was used. Also, by extracting sand dunes using object-oriented classification, the values and direction of moving the dune were extracted using Guy, 1995 optimized model and the corresponding sand rose were drawn. Wind rose analysis and drawing related to wind statistics of Damghan synoptic station (the closest meteorological station to the study area) in the statistical period of 1384-96 was also performed with the aim of verifying the findings of the previous step.Result and discussionA: Extract sandy formsImage enhancement is the first step in preparing an image for the extraction of image elements (including sand dunes). Due to the importance of the dune slip face, in the process of identifying the displacement and sand dunes movement, and its lower compaction coefficient than other parts of a sand dune, in order to detection This enhance method, by using the most abundant discontinuity search, distinguishes brighter borders that forming sand dune steep slope from other parts of dune and around environments. The output of this filter is an image in which the sand dunes slip face, with different radiometric intense, is marked from the surrounding sand surfaces.B: Detecting and extracting sand dunesIn order to evaluate the displacement amount and direction, the object-oriented classification paradigm was used to automatically detect the edges as dune front. Instead of just evaluating pixels, the spatial pattern of objects and forms is also considered. Therefore, the initial segmentation was performed using a scale factor "100" that determined the maximum heterogeneity in the diagnosis of the forms. in addition to using radiometric values, classes can be formed based on geometry and related elements. The rules used are Brightness and Compactness. First, by analyzing the values of average brightness with a threshold of 165, the overall sand dune pattern as the first layer was created. Then, using the Compactness rule, the pixels that were recognized as the dune slip face by the spectral feature in the previous step were eliminated from the classes.C: calculation the sand dunes amount and direction displacement.Sand dunes displacement calculated by considering the end edge, as the progressive edge at successive times and measuring the distance between two consecutive lines in two consecutive years. To evaluate the dunes movement direction, the axis of symmetry of each hill was selected as the main axis and the initial and final point of this line on the downwind front of sand dunes in both the first and last years were considered. The azimuth line or the direction of movement relative to the north was drawn and this angle was calculated and its sand rose with an angle of 135 degrees was drawnConclusion This study, suggested a new approach to detect sand dynamics using radar InSAR techniques and object-oriented classification using high resolution optical images. The results of InSAR processing, and CCD technique, was able to recognize active and inactive sand dunes dynamic, and display them in continuous numerical values (fully active to fully stabilized hills).The application of OBIA on Bird’s eye and Geo eye images (2003-2016) results, indicates that the 22.4 m movement of hills is mainly in the southwest direction in a period of 13 years and 1.7 m for each year. The result of comparing wind rose (wind data analysis) and sand rose (sand movement data analysis) shows a significant relationship between 80% of northwest-southeast wind frequency in relation to 135 ° azimuth for 75% of sand dunes movement and 15% of north-south wind frequency in relation to 180° azimuths of 25% of sand dunes movement.

    Keywords: Damghan Playa, Wind Erosion, Change detection, Semi-Automatic Classification, natural hazard
  • Amir Tahooni, Meysam Argany * Pages 177-194
    Introduction

    Energy is one of the primary human needs to pursue its goals. Traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels are exhausted and cannot be accessed everywhere. They also pollute the environment and cause irreparable damage. Decision-makers and planners should replace traditional energy sources with non-harmful environmental sources. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and Biomass can be a potential alternative to traditional energy sources. Solar energy is converted into electricity using solar panels. but one of the most important things to be considered in this case is finding an optimal location for the deployment of solar panels. Geographical information system (GIS) enables researchers to perform various spatial analyses in a graphical environment and allow appropriate visualization of the results. There are various important factors and criteria that affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar panels so it is necessary to compare these factors together. Multi-criteria decision-making methods are one of the ways that allow researchers to make a preferential comparison at the same time on different criteria affecting a decision. The best-worst approach is one of the multi-criteria decision-making techniques. B-W is a new and efficient method and can effectively determine the priority of criteria on each other. Also Artificial Neural Network (ANN) capabilities can be used to solve site selection problems because it has been proven that ANN is capable of solving many decision-making problems.

    Materials and methods

    East Azarbaijan province in northwest of Iran which is a mountainous region with no oil and gas reserves was selected as the study. The fuel needed for domestic and industrial uses of the province is supplied by pipelines of oil and gas extending from southern Iran. In this study eight climatic, orographic and economic criteria including GHI, distance from cities, distance from main roads, altitude, slope, slope direction, mean annual precipitation and mean annual sunshine hours were used. The GHI Criterion Layer for East Azerbaijan Province was extracted from the Iran Layer. Height, slope and aspect layers were also produced using the DEM product of ASTER sensor. The layers of sunshine hours and mean precipitation were also interpolated using the values of synoptic stations for the entire province using IDW algorithm. The values for the distance from the cities and the distance from main roads raster layers were also obtained using the Euclidean distance function. Since the defined criteria had different units and nature the criteria values were normalized between 0 and 1 using different functions. The best-worst method was used for weighting the criteria and determining the relative priority of the criteria. After calculating the weight of each criterion, the initial suitability values were obtained by multiplying the criteria by the weight obtained. Then, 751 samples were taken from the whole study area for ANN training. The values of each sample in the criterion layer as “input” and the values obtained by multiplying the layers in their weight as “Target” entered the ANN. Also, according to the laws and regulations, some lands such as rivers and their margins, cities and their suburbs, protected areas and fault lines are places where solar power plants cannot be installed. Hence, in this study, these places were identified as restricted sites.

    Results and discussion

    The BW results showed that the “GHI” criteria and the “distance from city” have the highest weight and the “average precipitation” criterion has the lowest weight. Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used to train the network. 75% of the samples were allocated to network training and 15% to testing and 15% to validation. The number of hidden layers was set to 15. After 344 iterations mean squared error value for the network training data reached its optimum. Also, the regression value between the network inputs and the Targets was 1, indicating that the network training was performed best. After the network training was completed, the output values were obtained for the entire study area using the “net(y)” function. The results of ANN showed that 2,622,975 hectares of the province have a suitability of less than 0.5 for solar power plant deployment while only 92075 hectares of land in the province have a suitability rate of over 0.75. To make the results more accurate, the binary constraint layer was applied to the results obtained from the neural network. The results showed that this time the proportion of lands that have suitability of less than 0.5 reached 3,315,093.75 hectares and the proportion of land suitability rate of over 0.75 included only 69762 hectares of land area. This indicates that some of the initially high suitability locations for solar panels were located in areas where it is not reasonably possible to deploy solar power. So relying on the values obtained for "land suitability" without regard to the constraints in the areas may be misleading.

    Conclusion

    In this study, suitable locations for installation of solar panels were identified using a combination of multi-criteria decision making methods and artificial neural network. The best-worst method that is a novel and efficient MCDM technique was used for weighting the criteria. The results showed that the areas that are located in the proper distance with the cities and the main roads, provided they have a high GHI value, are more suitable for other solar plant deployments. In order to improve the results, constraints including rivers, cities, protected area and fault lines were defined and applied to the land suitability layer. In general, the western regions of the province were more suitable than the eastern regions, due to the proximity of the cities to each other, the high density of the main roads, the suitability of elevation and slope and aspect, as well as the high amount of GHI and sunshine hours and low amount of mean precipitation. Due to the high accuracy of the results, we can say The procedure used in this study can also be used in other mountainous regions of Iran to produce reliable results.KeywordsArtificial Neural Network (ANN), Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), solar energy, Renewable Energy (RE), Geographical information system (GIS)

    Keywords: artificial neural network (ANN), Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Solar energy, Renewable Energy (RE), Geographical Information System (GIS)
  • Marziyeh Majd, Javad Khoshhal Dastjerdi *, Fatemeh Sefidkon, Mohammad Lebasschi, Ali Baratian Pages 195-211
    Introduction

    Belonging to the Lamiaceae family, Daenensis thymus is a wild plant and native to Iran which grows in habitats with suitable environmental conditions. In the recent decades, by discovering the side effects of chemical drugs, the demand for herbal medicines and substances has been increased; therefore, manufacturers of medicines and industrial products have sought to increase the production of this plant. To do this, the environmental conditions of the farm, especially its weather conditions, should be quite similar to the habitat of the plant to maximize the yield of the crop. The aim of this study was to investigate and determine the calculation of plant thermal needs and also to investigate the dry and wet yields in three elevation zones (950, 1650, 2220) in Kashan, Nabar and Berezk located in northwest of Isfahan in Kashan city so that its favorable cultivation areas in these areas are identified for further production and introduced to scientific centers and pharmaceutical industries of the country..

    Materials and Methods

    To conduct the study, thymus Daenensis seeds were planted in the greenhouse on March 2017. Then, three experimental farms were constructed under three elevation zones of plain, foothills, and mountains in the northwest of Isfahan province located in Kashan city, which is one of the centers for planting and producing medicinal plants in the country. They were located in one area that plain, foothills, mountains have relatively small distances from each other and despite being located in a relatively hot and dry area, due to the difference in height, they have a climate diversity in the local area. When the seedlings were ready to grow in the field in May 2017, they were transported to the constructed sites; farm (1): Dares Salaam area located in Kashan with geographical coordinates were E,(29°51N,̍57°33) at an altitude of 950 meters above the sea level, farm(2): Berzak located in the northwest of Isfahan province and southwest of Kashan E,) ̍14°51N,̍45°33) at an altitude of 2220 meters above the sea level, and Farm (3): Nabar village 17 km in the north of The Berzak district at the position of E (12°51N ,̍51°33) at an altitude of 1650 meters above the sea level. They were planted through a completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications. In this study, the data used in the constructed farms were collected. These data included phenological information and climatic parameters. To record climate data in each region, automatic meteorological devices were installed by meteorologists and the necessary climatic parameters were collected by them. Due to the proximity of the Kashan farm to Kashan synoptic station, the data related to this region were taken from this station. Finally, the collected data were analysed and the findings were extracted.At harvest time, morphological traits were measured on 10 booths each year and dry and wet yields were determined. All data were analyzed by IBMSPSS20 software and Duncan's multi-range test was used to compare the mean of traits.Two common methods of effective degree-day and active degree-day were used to calculate the required temperature in phenological growth stages of the plant. In the effective degree-day method, the biological base temperature of the plant is used and in the active degree-day method, usually the zero degree temperature is used as base temperature.The effective degree-day is determined through the equation 1, where Tb is the base temperature and Tᵢ is the average daily temperature and n is the time space between the two growth stages based on day. Equation (1) the base temperature is considered 4c in order to calculate the effective temperature(Ashorabady et al 2016).

    Results and Discussions 

    The results showed that thymus Daenensis plant needs 4160.3, 1946.1, 1947.8 degrees per day in terms of effective degree-day and 4820.3, 2298.1, 2391.8 degrees active degree-day, respectively, to complete its biological activities from transplanting to the end of flowering period in the first year. In addition, in the second year, the plant, totally, requires 1091.8, 874.5, 911.7 according to the effective degree-day and 1363.8, 1146.5, 1271.7temperature unit based on active degree-day to complete its biological activities from vegetation to the end of flowering period in Kashan, Nabar, Barzak farms. In the first year, it took 162, 89 and 109 days, respectively from the time of planting thyme until the end of flowering in Kashan, Nabar and Barzak regions (July20 & 21th). Therefore, from the beginning of the flowering phase to the end of flowering in Kashan, Nabar and Barzak areas, it took 109, 32 and 35 days, respectively. The results indicated that although Kashan enters the flowering stage earlier than other regions, the duration of flowering period in this region is much longer than other ones, which can be pertinent to the increasing of air temperature during the flowering period. Hence, temperature increase has stopped the growth period of the plant in the above-mentioned area and caused the flowering period to be longer.

    Conclusions

    The specific findings of the present study demonstrated that if the date of cultivation is not proportional to the climatic conditions of the planting site and according to the trend of increasing Julius days on which the ambient heat increases, based on the amount of energy from the environment and in the desired range of each phase and from low to high in the growth process, the plant will be disrupted in its different growth phases and will suffer from heat and cold stress. To get rid of it, we have to consume more energy and as a result, if it survives resilience against unfavorable conditions, the duration of growth will be increased and may not be able to produce seeds due to delays in the resucogenic stage and sterilization process. However, when it harvests in determined date, although the duration of each phase and the amount of energy gained in each region are different, the total amount of energy acquired in all regions will be approximately equal. Comparing the findings of the second year of cultivation showed that although the amount of energy gained in each phenological phase and the length of that phase in all three regions in the second year was different, the total degree-days of growth in all three regions were approximately equal. This finding showed that the use of this law as a model of prediction and decision making is absolutely correct and very careful if all stages of growth are done in an environment and under normal (not stressful) conditions. The best weather conditions for obtaining the best yield of wet and dry crops are 24138.2 and 6568.2 kg/ha, respectively. The weather conditions are similar to the foothills (Nabar) area located at an altitude of 1654 meters above sea level. After that, the best weather conditions for this plant are conditions that in mountainous regions during growth period, the average minimum and maximum temperatures are 9 and 23 and in foothills, equal to 12 and 24 degrees Celsius, respectively.Keywords: daenensis thymus, thymus phenology, medicinal plants, Kashan city

    Keywords: daenensis thymus, thymus phenology, medicinal plants, Kashan city
  • Hamideh Gholamhaydari, Mozhgan Entezari *, Haji Karimi Pages 213-234

    The existence of formations that encompass gypsum layers provides the basis for the generation of gypsum karst forms. The thickness and quality of gypsum layers affect the generation of these forms. Jaber plain is located in the northwest of Ilam, Ilam Province within the Zagros folded belt. Given the existence of Gachsaran formation in this plain, gypsum karstic phenomena may have a highly destructive impact on roads, facilities, agricultural lands, villages and residential units in the plain, among which karstic sinkholes are the most important ones. Despite the issues described above, the phenomenon is unfortunately less addressed and investigated. In this study, it is attempted to prepare a karst development zoning map using a fuzzy model. Ten environmental factors are employed as independent variables to prepare the map, namely dip, dip face, geology, distance from the conic line, concentration points of hillslope streams, distance from river, elevation, land use, climate map and vegetation (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)). The results of this research suggest that 36.9% of the study area is located in high-risk zone, 49% of the study area is located in medium-risk zone and 14.1% of the study area is located in low-risk zone. According to the field surveys and investigations into the zoning map, the dip and location of intersection of stream lines and gypsum layers on the hillslope are introduced as the main factors affecting the karst development in the area.IntroductionThe word ''karst'' refers to a set of geological processes and phenomena resulting from the dissolution of soluble rocks. The decomposition and destruction of the structure in these rocks form a unique hydrological regime which results in the formation of specific landforms (Ministry of Energy, TAMAB, 1994). The effective and necessary factors for the creation and development of karst are divided into three groups: physical, chemical and hydrogeological factors. The water penetrates into the fissures of soluble rocks, such as calcium carbonate, causes the development of fissures, and creates karstic forms (Mull et al., 1988). Despite the widespread occurrence (Klimchouk et al., 1996) and relevant importance in terms of function (risks, effects, and sources), gypsum karst has attracted less interest. The features of gypsum karsts can be the source of many problems such as the subsidence and sudden formation of sinkholes. Therefore, it is very important to identify and study the gypsum karsts for the construction and retention of various structures, especially the hydraulic ones, and also for the sustainable water management.MethodThis is an applied-development research based on the field and library methods. For this purpose, the dip, dip direction, vegetation, land use, geology, climate, distance from river, flow concentration points of hillslope streams, and distance from the conic line were used to prepare the layers. Also, the field studies were carried out to prepare and identify the dispersion map of sinkholes.In this study, the fuzzy model was used to provide the zoning map for the evolution of karst. Fuzzy logic replaces and largely completes the conventional methods for the design and modeling of a system which requires advanced and relatively complex mathematics using the verbal values and conditions or, in other words, the expert knowledge, aiming to streamline the system design (Salami, 2010: 20). The degree of membership accepts the values between zero and one or these two limits (Van Alphen and Stoorvogel, 2000: 1710). In the rough set theory, if we consider a set, each member of the reference set is either in the set or not, and the following function can be defined for a given set A (Equation 1) (Momeni, 2010: 197).█(μ_A (x)={█(1 ,If x∈A@0 ,If x∉A)┤#(1) )This function assigns 1 to each member of set A and 0 to each member outside set A.After delineating the plain boundary using the 1:50000 topographic map and determining the geological formations using the 1:100000 geological map and also preparing a vegetation map using the Landsat8 images, the maps of dip, dip face and elevation are also extracted from the DEM of area by the ARCMAP software. Finally, a score was assigned to each of the layers by examining a number of sinkholes in the area which were identified after the field studies using Google Earth software. From this map, 9 effective factors in the form of raster were multiplied by these scores, and finally, after collecting 9 maps by Raster Calculator tool, the final map was obtained.Results and discussionGypsum sinkholes have attracted a little interest from researchers, although they can have a huge impact on facilities and roads. In this research, it was tried to identify the factors greatly contributing to the formation of gypsum sinkholes so that they could be effective in planning and managing the structures and in the effects this phenomenon can have on them. The placement of the Gachsaran formation in the synclines, due to its plastic nature, makes it practically possible to place gypsum karstic forms at lower elevations. The proximity and placement of river bed on Gachsaran formation causes the gypsum layers of this formation to be placed adjacent to the river flow, which facilitates the formation of sinkholes. Another important factor in the formation of sinkholes in this study area is the placement of gypsum layers adjacent to the conic line, which causes the hillslope water flow from the rainfall in the range of the conic line to easily perform the dissolution process. Also, the field visits carried out in the region indicate the formation of these forms in the stream lines in the hillslopes of the Gachsaran formation, which is the intersection point of the concentrated hillslope flow with the formation gypsum layer in the formation point of these sinkholes. It should be noted that the horizontal dip of the gypsum layer can cause the gypsum to be isolated by the marl, making the formation of the sinkholes in the hillslope impossible.ConclusionThe factors such as low dip, geology of area, low elevation and intersection of streams with gypsum layers of the Gachsaran formation in the hillslopes have had the greatest effect on the formation of these phenomena. The results from the zoning map for the evolution of gypsum karst show that out of total 1114.1 square kilometers of Jaber plain, 36.9% is located in a high-risk zone, containing 85% of the sinkholes, and 49% in the low-risk zone, containing 15% of the sinkholes, and 14.1% of the study area is in the medium-risk zone.

    Keywords: zoning, Jaber plain, sinkhole, Gypsum Karst, fuzzy model
  • Hamzah Saeediyan *, Hamid Reza Moradi, Sadat Feiznia, Nader Bahramifar Pages 235-248
    Introduction

    The erodibility of watershed area is a function of several factor, one of these factors is topography. Including main topography features is slope aspect of which directly or with the effect on other environmental factors is caused changes in soil hydrological processes particularly the potential for runoff and sediment production. Soil erosion is the most important environmental factor in the world that adversely affects all-natural ecosystems as well as those under human management. Although soil erosion has existed throughout history, it has been intensified in recent years due to improper land use. Environmental factors, such as climate situation, topography, soil, and land use affect sediment formation in watershed areas. Aghajari formation is among the most erodible in Iran. Aghajari formation, covered with Bakhtiari conglomerate, is located on Mishan marl formation. This marl formation was formed between Pliocene and Miocene. Aghajari formation consists of gray and brown calcareous sandstone, gypsum red marl, and siltstone. Its main section spreads from Omidiyeh to the Aghajari oil field and it has a thickness of 2965 meters. The presence of gypsum marls has made Aghajari formation apt to erosions of different kinds, especially surface erosion, rill erosion, badland, and mass movement. One of the most eridibility of Iran is the Gahsaran formation. Gahsaran formation has oil industries that yearly thousands of tons of sulfur and carbon dioxide interpolate into the air. And it can be caused by acidic rainfall. Thus investigating the role of acidic rainfall on soil erosion and sediment production in these areas is necessary. Gahsaran formation has a thickness of about 1600 meters. A viewpoint of lithology is consisting of salt, anhydrite, colorful lime, and some shale. Gahsaran formation age is lower Miocene.

    Materials and methods

    In this investigation in order to investigate sensitivity to the erosion and sediment yield the main aspect of slope of Aghajari and Gachsaran formation deposits, part of margha and kuhe gach watershed areas in Izeh Township respectively with the area of 1202 and 1609 hectares was elected. In this investigation in order to determine productivity runoff and sediment in 8 points and with 3 replicates in Gachsaran formation and in 8 points and with 3 replicates in Aghajari replicates in rainfall intensities 1 and 1/25 mm in min in 4 slope aspect; northern, southern, eastern and western with using of kamphorst rain simulator was done. In order to analyze statistical from SPSS and EXCELL was used. The study utilized the Kamphorst rainfall simulator. This fully standardized, easily portable rainfall simulator was designed to cover a plot area of 625 cm2. The rainfall simulator is used to determine the characteristics of soil, erosion, water infiltration, and is also suitable for soil research. It is a standard method to use it to determine the erodibility of surface deposits. The experimental plot area of 625 cm2 with a smooth gradient was selected, which was the representative of the main slope aspects. Meanwhile, the Kamphorst rainfall simulator was installed at the height of 200 cm to reach to raindrop boundary velocity.

    Results and discussion

    The highest of sediment rate in both Gachsaran and aghajari formations in rainfall intensities 1, 1/25 mm in min is belonged to eastern slope aspects. The highest of runoff rate in aghajari formation is belonged to northern slope aspect and in Gachsaran formation is belonged to southern slope aspect. There was a significant difference in the south-east, south-west slopes in comparison of the amount of sediment produced in different aspects of the slope in the Aghajari Formation at the intensity of 1 mm/min. But, there was a significant difference in the amount of runoff produced and permeability of north-west slopes. And at 1.25 mm/min intensity, sediment production in south-east and south-west slopes showed a significant difference. But runoff was significantly different in north-south, north-east and north-west slopes. In terms of sediment production in Gachsaran and Aghajari formations, the total rate was highest at two intensities of 1 and 1.25 mm/min in the eastern slope. But, in terms of runoff in Aghajari Formation, the northern slopes have the highest runoff and in Gachsaran Formation, the southern slopes have the highest runoff. And, in terms of permeability in Aghajari Formation, the southern slopes and in the Gachsaran Formation, the western slopes have the highest penetration rate in the two intensities.

    Conclusion

    The rate of productivity sediment also in Aghajari formation in both mentioned intensities is more than Gachsaran formation. But the rate of productivity runoff in mentioned intensities in Gachsaran formation is more than Aghajari formation. The rate of changes in productivity sediment and runoff in various slope aspects in both formations also significance difference showed.Key words: Soil erosion, Sediment production, Aghajari formation, Rain simulator, Gachsaran formation

    Keywords: Slope aspect, Soil erosion, sediment production, Aghajari formation, Rain simulator, Gachsaran formation
  • Elham Mobarak Hassan *, Abbas Ranjbar Saadat Abadi, Ebrahim Fatahi, Faezeh Noori Pages 249-268
    Introduction 

    Dust and sand storms are meteorological phenomena that have harmful effects on the environment, society, public health and natural resources. Climate systems and land’s structure are the main factors in creating dust storms. In general, variations of physical and dynamical specification of atmospheric systems have very significant role on the production and transport of dust in these areas. Dust storms are most commonly caused by strong pressure gradients, which increase the wind velocity over a wide area. Since most of Iran (including the northeastern and eastern regions) has an arid and semi-arid climate, it is conducive to the occurrence of dust events. In recent years, the intensity and frequency of dust storms in the east and northeast of Iran has increased. Due to the importance of this issue, synoptic analyzes and temporal and spatial distributions of dust events in the northeastern and eastern region of Iran have been performed in separate studies such as Karkon Systani,2012; Omidvar et al.,2016; Boroghni et la., 2016; Doostan., 2017; Poorhashemi et al., 2019. Despite the several studies conducted by various researchers for this region, but a comprehensive study of atmospheric pressure patterns affecting on dust production and transportation, temporal and spatial distributions of dust, the trend of horizontal visibility changes, backward tracking and determining dust sources and determining the prevailing wind in spring and summer for a long period has not been done. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to investigation these issues for the study area.

    Materials and methods

    The study area ( Great Khorasan) is located in the east and northeast of Iran. This region includes the provinces of Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and South Khorasan, which have 17, 7 and 11 synoptic stations, respectively.In this study, horizontal visibility, 10-meter wind speed and weather codes related to dust (codes 06, 07 and 30 to 35) were investigated between 2000 to 2017 in 35 meteorological stations of Great Khorasan. This data set were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization. Due to lack of data, only 5 stations including Sarakhas, Gonabad, Tabas, Birjan and Nehbandan were selected for more investigation.In addition, the grid point data (Sea level Pressure and 500mb) were extracted from the Era-Interim reanalysis products. The grid data with 0.75°×0.75° resolution selected for the area between 40-70°E and 20-45°N. Throughout this study, it is attempted to investigation of temporal and spatial distributions and trend of dust in Khorasan, and to determine characteristics of effective pressure patterns and main dust emission's sources by using backward trajectory technique. Accordingly, the study method consists of three main parts:The first part of this study is statistical investigations and determination of temporal and spatial distributions of dust events using observation data in meteorological stations. The second part is the study and identification of circulations and pressure patterns affecting on production and transport of dust using grid data for selected cases. The third part is to determine the active dust sources for the studied cases using the backward trajectory technique by HYSPLIT model.

    Results and discussion

    The number of dusty days in Razavi and South Khorasans in 2003, 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2017 was almost the same. This implies the predominance of large-scale circulations and pressure patterns rather than small-scale local factors.Monthly distributions showed that the highest number of dusty days in South Khorasan was in May, July, and June respectively and in Khorasan Razavi were in June and May. North Khorasan also had the highest number of dusty days in June. Since the South Khorasan stations are located on the western slopes of the north-south Mountains, they had more dust events than Khorasan Razavi province. Gonabad had fewer days of dust events than Sarakhs, Tabas, and Birjand, but the intensity of dust is higher in Gonabad station. The highest number of dust events occurred in 2008 and 2014, indicating that dust was widespread, but the least visibility recorded in 2012, that detected as the severe dusty year.

    Conclusion

    Most of the dusty days in the study area occurred in June. Strong north and northeast winds in summer have played an important role in the production and transfer of dust in the provinces of Razavi and South Khorasans, and therefore the dustiest days have occurred in this season. While in North Khorasan, the wind pattern was variable and most of the dusty days occurred in spring.The results of long-term statistical study of changes in horizontal visibility in Razavi and South Khorasans indicated that the trend change patterns were different in these provinces. So that this trend increased from 2005 to 2016 in Khorasan Razavi, while in South Khorasan it decreased. The trend of horizontal visibility changes, in addition to being different seasonally, has not been the same in different stations. For example, the line trend slope of horizontal visibility at Nehbadan station in spring and summer were +0.34 and +0.27 but in Tabas -0.28 and -0.3. Most of the dusty days in the study area occurred in June. Strong north and northeast winds in summer have played an important role in the production and transfer of dust in the provinces of Razavi and South Khorasans, and therefore the dustiest days have occurred in this season. While in North Khorasan, the wind pattern was variable and most of the dusty days occurred in spring.The results of synoptic analysis of the atmospheric pressure patterns which leading to the occurrence of intense and extensive dust events in spring and summer showed that depending on the pressure gradient created between the two pressure (low pressure and high pressure) systems, threshold wind speed, sources and transport path varied in the study area. In the spring of the development of low-pressure system on the eastern border and the high-pressure system on the western border of Iran leads to the creation of pressure gradients in the west-east direction in the central regions of Iran and as a result, the creation of westerly winds in the study area. The strong westerly winds on dusty sources create the favorable conditions for dust production. In summer, the development of heat low-pressure system and two high-pressure systems, one in northern Afghanistan and the other on the Caspian Sea, leads to north-south pressure gradients and creates northeasterly and northly winds with an average speed of 18 ms-1.The dusty paths simulated by the HYSPLIT model are corresponded with the prevailing wind direction so that dust sources and transport can be determined. The results showed that in spring the central deserts of Iran were considered as dust sources of the study area and in summer the deserts of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan were considered as dust sources of Great Khorasan.

    Keywords: Dust group, Visibility, trend, Synoptic structure, Dust source
  • Jamal Parviz, Reza Borna *, Farideh Asadian Pages 269-286

    The purpose of this study is to investigate the temperature limit indices in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, daily temperature data of 19 synoptic stations from its establishment until 2018 and extreme temperature indices have been used. Studies have shown that glacial indices (IC) and cold waves (CW) have the highest correlation with other indices. Therefore, the mentioned indicators were considered as representative indicators and the trend and also the pattern of spatial autocorrelation were studied for these indicators. The I - Kendall method was used to examine the trend and the spatial index G * was used for the spatial autocorrelation model. The results showed that the glacial index in the eastern highlands has a maximum frequency for 1 to 6 days and has an increasing trend in the lowlands of the southwest. The cold wave index is also the most frequent in the eastern regions in all continuities and shows an increasing trend in parts of the province. The results of spatial autocorrelation pattern of G * index showed that the positive spatial autocorrelation pattern of cold and ice waves has been observed more in the eastern highlands of the province. The pattern of negative spatial autocorrelation is mostly formed in the western half of the province, i.e., the border areas of Iraq, which indicates the role of the Zagros elevation distribution in the formation of the glacial autocorrelation pattern in the province.

    Keywords: Limit Indices, Minimum Temperature, maximum temperature, RclimDex, spatial pattern, Mann-Kendall Index
  • Saeed Negahban * Pages 287-304

    Active tectonics evaluation from morphometric indices for the Dinevar Basin in northern Zagros, western IranIntroductionActive tectonic assessment has significant applications in environmental planning, natural hazard assessment, and landuse management (Pedrera et al., 2009). Active tectonic zones are constantly at risk of devastating earthquakes that seriously threaten human life and properties. Quantitative evaluation of tectonic activities can provide more accurate information about the state of tectonic activity. In this regard, the analysis of morphometric parameters of drainage networks—as the quantitative description of drainage networks (Strahler, 1964)—has shown particular usefulness in identifying tectonic activities (Gao et al., 2016). The morphometric analysis involves the calculation of linear, shape, relief, and slope parameters of the drainage networks (Nag and Chakraborty, 2003). Quantitative assessments of drainage networks identify tectonic and/or erosional transformations responsible for the evolution of landscapes (Segura et al., 2007). In tectonically active regions, drainage networks exhibit the relationship between surface processes and structural deformations (Burbank and Anderson, 2001), and thus their morphometric parameters assist in identifying active tectonic zones (Chen et al., 2003). Study area The Dinevar basin with an area of 2214 km2 is extended from 47 03 E to 47 50 E and 34 25 N to 34 50 N in the west of Kermanshah Province, western Iran (Fig. 1). The basin is a seven-order basin with a dendritic pattern and involves 13 sub-basins with areas ranging from 17 to 571 km2. Geomorphologically, the Dinevar basin constitutes of three units, fluvial plains, hills, and highlands. The highlands of Dalakhani, Bisotun, and Hajar are mainly composed of carbonate formations and characterized by steep slopes and high relief. Materials and methodsGeomorphological characteristics of the Dinevar basin were investigated during a field study in 2020. The boundaries of the Dinevar basin and its sub-basins were extracted from the DEM in GIS environment. Stream ordering was determined using the Strahler ordering system (Strahler, 1964), and then geometric features of the basin (area, environment and length of the basin), characteristics of the drainage network (number and length of streams) and topographic features (minimum, medium and maximum elevations) of the Dinevar basin and its sub-basins were calculated. Subsequently, values of the morphometric parameters including six linear, six areal, and three relief parameters were calculated (Table 2). The main parameters were determined using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. Based on the values of these parameters and the Relative Active Tectonic Index (RATI) method, the active tectonics of the Dinevar basin and its sub-basins were calculated and classified. Finally, by taking the geological, lithological and geomorphological conditions of the basin into account, the active tectonic and its spatial differences in the Denver basin and its sub-basins were determined.Results and discussionThe circularity ratio (Rc) is expressed as the ratio of the area of the basin to the area of a circle having the same perimeter as that of the basin (Strahler, 1964). Rc is mainly controlled by geology and structure, relief, slope, climate, stream frequency and length within the basin area (Rai et al., 2018). High Rc values, approaching 1, indicate that the basin shape is circular. The Rc values of (0.4> Rc), (0.4 Rc) represent high, medium and low tectonic activity, respectively (Shukla et al., 2014). The Rc value for the Dinevar basin is 0.17 and fluctuates between 0.06 and 0.33 for the sub-basins. Based on the Rc values, the Dinevar basin and all its sub-basins indicate high tectonic activity. This is mainly due to the tectonic uplift of the Dinevar basin which reinforces the erosion processes and thereby prevents the formation of circular basins.The relief ratio (Rr) determines the overall slope and the degree of erosion of the basin (Sanaullah et al., 2018) and reflects the lithological conditions. Based on the Rr values, drainage basins are divided into three classes with high tectonic activity (Rh <0.1), medium tectonic activity (Rh> 0.1 <0.05) and low tectonic activity (Rh <0.05) (Shukla et al., 2014). The Rh value in the Dinevar basin and sub-basins 1, 2, 5, 6 and 8 is less than 0.05 and indicates low technical activity. The Rh value for sub-zones 7, 9 and 12 are more than 0.1 indicating high tectonic activity in these basins. The elongated shape of the basins is one of the important factors responsible for the low values of Rh parameter in the Dinevar basin and most sub-basins. The Ruggedness number (Rn) for the Dinevar basin 4.48 and varies between 2.97 and 5.32 for its sub-basins (Table 3). The ordering of the sub-basins follows a reverse trend, where sub-basins with the lower values for each parameter have an order of 5. The RATI value for the Dinevar basin is 2.35 and varies between 2.05 and 4.35 for its sub-basins (Table 6). Based on the RATI values, the sub-categories are classified into 5 categories: class 1 with very high tectonic activity (2.05 - 2.51), class 2 with high tectonic activity (2.51 – 2.97), class 3 with medium tectonic activity (2.97 - 3.43), class 4 with low tectonic activity (3.43 – 3.89) and class 5 with very low tectonic activity (3.89-4.35). Accordingly, sub-basins 2, 5, 7 and 8 fall into class one with highest tectonic activity, while sub-basin 3 and 4 place in class five with lowest tectonic activity. ConclusionIn this study, we used linear, areal, and relief morphometric parameters to evaluate the active tectonics of the Dinevar basin and its 13 sub-basins located in the NW Zagros Mountains. Based on the results of the RATI method, the Dinevar basin places in a class with very high tectonic activity. The tectonic activity of the sub-basins located close to Sahneh and Mianrahan faults, as well as the sub-basins developed in the Bisotun massif, is higher than the other sub-basins. Sub-basins with very high, high and moderate tectonic activity cover about 96% of the area of the Dinevar basin, indicating an increase in tectonic activity in the entire basin. In general, the active tectonic of the Dinevar basin can be inspected in two aspects. First, the active tectonic and tectonic uplift of the Dinevar basin result from the shortening of the high Zagros zone due to the pressure from the Arabian plate. Evidence such as sub-basins being at the young stage of the erosion cycle, young drainage networks, high relief of the sub-basins, high drainage density, narrow and deep stream beds and the lack of hierarchical order in the drainage network all are associated with the tectonic activity and tectonic uplift of the entire Dinevar basin due to shortening of the high Zagros zone. Second, the existing faults in the basin are active and cause changes in the flow path of the streams, displacement and disconnection of the streams, and drainage network anomalies. Therefore, as revealed by our results, the NW Zagros is tectonically very active and the occurrence of devastating earthquakes in this region is very likely, it is thus necessary to pay more attention to this issue in the urban and regional planning.Keywords: Active tectonic, drainage network, morphometric indices, RATI, Zagros.

    Keywords: active tectonic, drainage network, morphometric indices, RATI, Zagros