نشریه ادبیات پایداری
پیاپی 24 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Epics have a prehistoric basis, and the era of their creation is over. But, epic writing and epic aspect in connection with historical and social events, especially wars, continues. Iran's wars against Russia and Iraq in the last two centuries have been among the country's most decisive events. War poetry is an important branch of war literature that shows its most obvious and useful manifestations in connection with the literary type of epic and in the application of the epic aspect. Understanding and examining how to relate to the literary type of epic and the use of the epic aspect in the poetry of the two wars is the concern of this research.A comparative study of the use of the epic aspect in the poetry of both wars and the epics of their poets will lead to a better understanding of this event, and consequently, to a better and more important understanding of an important part of the tumultuous history of the last two centuries. For this reason, this study is deemed necessary and is considered as a kind of historical study of poetry.This article has an analytical and descriptive method and has used documentary and library tools. The researchers have adapted the poetry of the two wars in order to reveal the differences in the attitudes and choices and the similarities and differences in thought, language and literature of the poets of both wars in the way they use the epic aspect. in the studies, all the written literary inventory of the poetry of the Iran-Russia wars and many of the prominent poems of the poets of the Iran-Iraq war have been considered.Poets of both wars benefited from strong patriotic and religious motives. They have followed the epic texts of the past, especially Shahnameh. But, the poets of the Iran-Russia war have often repeated and imitated the past, and sometimes considered the king and princes superior to the poets of the past and national heroes. People have no place in their poetry and only failures are attributed to people. Epic flattery and exaggeration about the king and the court have replaced the praise of the soldiers' sacrifices. In contrast, the poets of the Iran-Iraq war are light-hearted and have a deep and transnational perspective. In their poetry, they have paid attention to the diversity of literary genres in the service of the epic aspect. They are idealistic and think of national unity and even unity with other oppressed nations. Women have a strong presence in their poetry and are praised and honored like warriors.

The use of historical and mythical characters in poetry that have an ancient background helps poets to convey their feelings and thoughts more easily to the reader. On the other hand, the reader can better understand the meaning by understanding the similarities between the historical characters used in the poem and the meaning desired by the poet. In this article, we intend to examine the new themes in the works of Alireza Ghazveh using the technique of calling characters.In this article, first, the heritage characters in Qazveh’s book are examined, then, the type of heritage, the poet's purpose, and the function of those heritage characters will be examined.Heritage characters have a significant presence in the poems of Alireza Qazveh. Ghazwa sometimes conveyed meaning by them, sometimes addressed them, and sometimes interfered with their characteristics. In general, there are 17 heritage characters in Eshqhe Alaihes-Salam by Qazveh. These characters can be divided into three categories: religious, historical and mythical. Meanwhile, the frequency of mythical characters was lower than that of religious and historical figures. The poet also communicates with these characters in two ways; first, the expression of heritage; i.e., using them without interfering with their personality dimensions or characteristics. Second, the recreation of them. These characters have some functions in Qazveh's poems. Describing, depicting, expanding the meaning along with brevity, depicting the condition of martyrs and veterans, criticizing the current situation of Muslims and the Islamic world and recalling the past glory of Muslims are among the functions of heritage characters in Alireza Qazveh's poetry.The results of this research could be effective in the new reading of Qazveh's works. It can also give a deeper understanding of his work.

Ritual poetry is one of the most common types of poetry in the period of Sacred Defense. Committed poets of this period have described the religious events and praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in various forms. By examining the stylistic features of these poems in three levels of language (musical, lexical), literary and intellectual, it can be seen that which of the epic, emotional, and mystical readings did the poets of the period choose in describing religious events?This study was conducted using library tools and content analysis. First, the prominent ritual poets of Sacred Defense were identified. Then, the stylistic characteristics of their poetry was extracted. Finally, these characteristics were analyzed.Examining the linguistic features of the ritual poems of this period, it can be said that many of these poems were composed in special meters. Poets have also used the repetition of harsh, abrasive and obstructive phonemes to increase the strength of the tone. The use of ancient and war-related words has also added to the epic connotation of the word. In the field of literature, poets have also made use of figures of speech, such as compound simile, metaphorical addition and recognition, which has caused the dynamism of poetry and eloquence. In the intellectual field, we also see a proud and epic look at the concept of Ashura and waiting. Thus, it can be seen that many ritual poems in the period of sacred defense have an epic tone and style. This issue shows the influence of Sacred Defense on the thoughts and words of the poets of this period.This research leads to more attention to religious poems in contemporary poetry, and emphasizes the two-way relationship between the conditions of society and the literary atmosphere of the country.

The curriculum in Iran is on discipline-based, the prominent property of which is organizing scientific fields based on their elements. This approach may lead students to better understand the content of lessons and science from textbooks. Our purpose in this article is analyzing specific domain of high school textbooks, i.e., narratives related with resistance literature, to evaluate how much education curriculum in Iran has achieved its purpose.In this respect, we have used narratology as the main tool for conducting this study and due to the multiplicity of approaches in this area, we decided to choose Todorov’s approach as the main basis of research conduction. As he, in one of his studies, has focused on the investigation and pathology of French high school literature textbooks, his experience is helpful for this study.We will see that however authors in the two periods of Iranian high school literature textbook had no special attention to resistance narratives in the first period and only in the second period did they consider it as important, the selected narratives from both periods have many points for criticism from the structural aspect, and it seems that the authors’ purpose of including these narratives in the textbooks  was ideological, not upgrading the reading level, critic, text description, and acquaintance with narrative text concepts. Also, the absence of regulation, lack of correspondence with narratology criteria, and fragmentation in expressing the content, has led to repugnance between narrative texts in textbooks and discipline purposes in education of resistance literature.

‘Protest Poetry’ as a literary type tries to present the dark spots of society in order to reform it, and for this purpose, it attacks many weaknesses, injustices, disorders, inattention and so on. This article tries to examine the themes of protest poems of the contemporary period of Iranian history, which include the constitutional era, the Pahlavi era and the period of the Islamic Revolution.This article has been conducted as a case study and library study, and the themes of protest poems of the contemporary period of Iranian history, which include the constitutional era, the Pahlavi era and the Islamic Revolution, have been collected and analyzed descriptively.In general, the themes of these poems can be divided into two categories, i.e., common and specific themes. Common themes are the issues that exist in all three mentioned periods, such as protest against class conflict, poverty, hypocrisy of traitors, foreign interference and self-blame, etc. Based on the political and social situation of each period, some protests have been given special attention in each period, including protesting against the ignorance of the people, protesting against suffocation and not being free, protesting against forgetting the memory of the martyrs, etc. In all these themes, poets with a language mixed with humor try to guide to the right path those who have deviated from it.Finally, by examining these themes, it was concluded that the purpose of protest poetry is to preserve values, reform society and fight against various types of injustice, and it is a kind of enjoining the good and forbidding the wrong.Protest poetry, Constitutional period, Literature, Side of the Islamic Revolution, Injustice.

The investigation of resistance components and inspecting them in literary works is one of the most common ways of research in resistance literature. What makes this similarity in researches and highly frequent articles different is the differences in viewpoints in titling the components, that is often rooted in the author’s interest and taste. Therefore, it seems that we can achieve an appropriate covergence and harmony in terms of form and appearance in researches of resistance literature by coming up with a systematic method.systematicity is of paramount importance in the scientific and academic community. The fact that scientific-literary community has shown a noteworthy attitude towards researches that are systematic and based on scientific-literary theories is caused by previously said importance. This article is aimed at proving a harmonic, identical and unified method by a suggestion for categorizing groups and components of resistance literature based on thematic foundation of the components and their frequency in different researches, basically because of the variation in titling of components.60 titles were gathered in 9 group-components. Considering these statistics, we can be convinced that every single thing that is titled a component in resistance literature researcher’s view is collected. In addition, it is emphasized that the claim about the frequency of the components in various subjects of resistance literature is not based on guesses and doubts, but the investigation of 20 issues of Kerman’s Journal of Resistance Literature has led us to this result, since there are 64 articles titled ‘investigation of Resistance components’ out of 276 published articles (more than 23%).This study with the purpose of structural unitizing of research in components has achieved:I.    Reducing the variation and discrepancy in the general title for the topicII.    Correcting variation and difference in the title of some componentsIII.    Discouraging researchers from gathering multiple components in one title General list of components as the findings of this study are as follows:  1)    Components that are based on explanation of identity 2)    Components that are based on detestation of injustice and rejection of foreigners 3)    Components that are based on chivalry and warriorship4)    Components that are based on patience and defensive readiness5)    Components that are based on benevolence 6)    Components that are based on insight and intuition7)    Components that are based on informativeness8)    Components that are based on unity and donation9)    Components that are based on generosity traditionProviding and using a systematic method in one of the most frequent subjects of resistance literature, as the main purpose of this study, is achieved to bring convergence in similar researches. This study has suggested 60 different titles in 9 group-components that we can categorize, investigate and even evaluate nearly a quarter of researches of resistance literature systematically and theoretically. This investigation on nearly 600 articles, has finally resulted in prioritizing group-components and sub-titles. In other words, the order of listing the components and the sub-titles was based on their frequency and recurrence. For example, group one (components that are based on explanation of identity), has had the most examples and approaches in resistance literature researches, and group nine (components that are based on generosity tradition) has drawn the least attention to itself in research.