فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 53 (تابستان 1400)

One of the most controversial issues, especially in developing societies, is culture and its development. Development as a multidimensional process, is an effort to improve the material and spiritual life of human beings, and culture, is considered as the foundation of the intellectual and epistemological life of the society. The interrelationships of the two enable the growth of human abilities. Cultural development is considered as the foundation of sustainable development. Therefore, urban development will be dynamic when it is closely related to cultural development and in fact an integral part of it. The purpose of this article is to investigate how the four regions of Urmia enjoy cultural terms in order to achieve regional inequalities. According to the studied components, the approach of this research is "descriptive-quantitative and analytical". The statistical population of the study includes the four regions of Urmia, which were used to analyze the research data using ANOVA, Independent- samples T test, Tukey HSD and Gama fuzzy operator in the ArcGIS software. The results show that the districts 3 and 4 in Urmia with means of 38/24 and 8.24 as well as options are better developed than other districts. Also zone 1 and 2 are known as backward regions in terms of cultural development with means of 21/46 and 22/47. Of course, this applies to the operator for more details on Gama 0/7, which all indicate the existence of regional inequalities in Urmia.

Cosmopolis as political-spatial phenomena affects the relations and political power of each other within the geopolitical framework of globalization at national, regional and international levels. This competitive environment is realized through the creation of a free market economy, the flow of capital and commodities, urban diplomacy, international relations, the sphere of influence of cosmopolis in the context of globalization, and thus creates a network of hierarchies of cosmopolis. In the course of these developments, two opposing poles with a different geopolitical atmosphere from the superior cities such as London, New York and Tokyo, and the black hole cosmopolis, i.e., Tehran, remain in isolation, despite its prevailing geopolitical position, and a major contributor to geopolitical processes which are not globalized. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship and the extent of Tehran's influence on globalization and its economic developments (eliminating deprivation and increasing social welfare) in the course of competitiveness, political and diplomatic relations with other cosmopolises. Theoretically the methodology of the research is historical and has a descriptive-analytical nature which is based on the analytical model of SWOT (three major geopolitical criteria of globalization, economic competitiveness and urban diplomacy factors), which after impact scoring as a positive factor for the development of more strengths of the weaknesses is its negative factor. The results show that globalization of the Middle East of some countries such as Istanbul, Abu Dhabi, Cairo, Dubai, and Riyadh, with the understanding of the geopolitical situation of globalization with other powerful cosmopolises (alpha, beta and gamma), are somehow better positioned in the hierarchy of cosmopolis than Tehran itself. In the end, proposals some suggestions have been stated to foster the political-economic relations of Tehran with the countries of the Middle East and Western countries thereby taking advantage of the geopolitics of globalization.

The city's spatial justice is mainly based on the distributive aspect of justice due to regional disparities, maintaining the balance of human relations and the environment, equal access of citizens to opportunities and reduction of harmful effects due to unfair distribution and opportunities. It emphasizes the possibilities in the national territory with the focus on the category of spatial diversity. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the utilities of urban services in district two of Ardebil. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The necessary data were collected through documentary information and library in which ten urban service indicators were used to achieve the goal. In this research, Shannon's Entropy Model was used for weighing and determining the importance of the indicators. Also the models of the Vikor and Topsis were used for ranking and the leveling the utilization of neighborhoods. The results of these two models, i.e., VIKOR and TOPSIS, differed in some cases, therefore in order to achieve a unified result concerning ranking and the degree of possession of neighborhoods, the combined technique was used the results of which indicate the distribution of unbalanced urban services in the eleven districts so that the neighborhoods of eight, four and nine are in first, second and third rank respectively, neighborhoods of one and eleven in fourth and fifth rankings with a relatively high level, neighborhoods of five and three are ranked sixth in semi-possessed areas, and neighborhoods seven and two in the seventh and eighths of the semi-possessed, and finally, the neighborhoods of six and ten in the last resort are at the disadvantage level. Also, the obtained results based on the rank-size model showed that there are no space balances in terms of population and services between urban neighborhoods of the region. Accordingly, neighborhoods one and three are in good condition and districts four and ten are in poor condition.

Many environmental damages results from undesirable behaviors and attitudes. Social marketing is a process that exploits the principles of commercial marketing in order to influence the beliefs and behaviors of target audience. Many of the problems of urban management, especially in the field of the environment have their roots in citizens’ misconceptions. Therefore, it is expected that the organizations related to urban management to eradicate undesirable beliefs and behaviors by implementing mixed social marketing and thereby to prevent the occurrence of many environmental problems. This research, by presenting a conceptual model explains the effect of the implementation of mixed marketing on environmental beliefs from the viewpoint of Hamadan municipality. The results showed that by implementing a mixed social marketing by influencing the emotional and operational values people's environmental beliefs can be affected. In fact, the implementation of the mixed social marketing can lead to preventive measures. With the introduction of emotional and operational value as an effective consequence of the integrated implementation of the mixed social marketing, these factors have been shown to affect the prediction of individuals’ environmental beliefs.

Governance as an approach which has been formed conflicting with the concept of government in which it is tried to prepare principles like corporation, transparency, justice, responsibility, responsiveness, laws, consensus, and efficiency in order to develop the urban management performance. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the status of good governance approach in urban management of Babol. The descriptive-analytical method was used in which the necessary data were gathered using the questionnaire designed for the citizens and civil experts to benefit from their views. The analysis was done using descriptive tests like the mean, variance, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics including one-sample T-test and Friedman. The obtained results showed the governance indicators in urban management of Babol are not satisfactory and there is no good urban management performance in the city. Based on the obtained results from the SWOT model to improve the urban management performance based on a good governance approach in Babol, a competitive strategy should be prioritized in order to develop the local institutions and to boost the performance of urban management.

A good urban governance theory is a new theory that can realize the desirable governance of the community by improving the quality of the eight indicators of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of good urban governance on the stability of Kahnouj neighborhoods. The research method is descriptive-analytic in terms of collecting data. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on governance indicators and sustainable development of Kohnoj. The validity of the questions was evaluated based on Cranach’s alpha coefficient which was 0.931 indicating its high coefficient. The statistical population includes 42400 citizens over 20 years old in the neighborhoods of Kahnouj, with 380 samples who were selected as the participants of the study. The survey of five good urban governance indicators reflects the average of this indicator in Kahnouj. The study of the effect of good urban governance on the stability of neighborhoods indicates that among the seven variables in the regression equation, the law variable covariates best with the changes of dependent variable i.e., sustainable urban development. The second-order consensus has a standard impact coefficient of 0.18%. The participation variable with a standard impact factor of 0.16% in the third place has an impact on the sustainable urban development. Also, the variables of effectiveness, responsibility and accountability with the coefficients of 0.13% and 12.2% are in the fourth and fifth places of impact on the sustainable urban development. Finally, some suggestions regarding stabilizing sustainable neighborhoods are presented in line with the governance indicators and the good urban governance indicators, including participation, effectiveness and effectiveness, transparency, legality, accountability, consensus, and vision have been presented.

Urban spatial inequality in informal settlements is more apparent especially in the developing countries, with various roots and reasons and its modification is arduous. Since last decades Rio de Janeiro has been exposed to informal settlements. Almost these settlements have dispersed all over the city leading to the formation of spatial inequality. Therefore many plans with financial support have developed to remove the existing spatial inequality in last three decades. This research tried to analyze the variation of urban inequality gap between 1985 and 2015 and to answer this question that whether extensive plans can reduce urban spatial inequality or whether spatial gap among other regions have raised due to services costs. First, we revised plans of financial supports and then analyzed urban condition from several aspects. The research method is analytical – descriptive since Rio experience can be a model for urban planning in Iran as this type of research is an applied one. In this study, analysis of different aspects is based on numerical methods as the correlation coefficient, variation coefficient, Gini coefficient, and for showing the spatial inequality, GIS was used. It was concluded that financial supports have good influence on Favela’s infrastructure and may improve their levels. Favela’s population have increased but the variation of house price Gini coefficient reveal raise of inequality gap among Rio regions. As a result, not only financial support plans could modify urban inequality but it may have the reverse outcome and the inequality gap would be intensified.

Understanding the identity, the quality of urban areas and sense of belonging to an environment, are all achieved through walking in the environment. Therefore, identity admission creates the urban identity and improves the identity of inhabitants through making a common point among different groups and generations. Historical context in cities is one of the elements related to identity which requires intervention and adjustment based on the environmental and human conditions. As a result, pedestrian orientation can be considered as an intervention procedure in citied to improve place identity. Therefore, the present study includes field studies and descriptive method based on the existing patterns and evidences and investigates the effect of urban identity on historical pathways, with a pedestrian-oriented approach in Atabakan alley, Shiraz, Iran. A questionnaire was prepared and then was completed by 147 citizens. Cronbach’s alpha for the reliability test was estimated to be 92.9% and the SPSS software was used to statistically analyze the data. In the analytical part, Pearson correlation coefficient test, simple linear regression, Variance analysis and factor analysis were used. According to the obtained data, Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.776 and the P-value was below 0.05, i.e. there was a significant relationship between the criteria of urban identity and pedestrian orientation expansion. Based on the analysis of variance, with P-value of 0.000, it was found that three variables of pedestrian orientation, urban identity and historical context have significant relationship with each other and according to simple linear regression test, the pedestrian orientation criteria, has the largest effect (38.7%), and then comes the other criteria of convenience, flexibility, and relation, respectively having 8.2%, 3.1%, and 2.6% influence on urban identity variable in historical context. It can be inferred that in the factor analysis test with a P-value of 0.000 there was a significant mutual effect between the three variables of urban identity, pedestrian orientation and the passengers’ willingness. According to variance analysis, the passengers’ willingness was more effective than pedestrian orientation.

Unstructured and uncontrolled constructions in urban areas and around them, regardless of environmental conditions such as slope, type of soil and its thickness, groundwater level, the appropriate distance from the center of probable earthquakes, etc., leads to unsustainable location of cities. This research presents an appropriate model for finding optimum space in earthquake situations in Sepidan. In the first step, the influential factors were identified and discussed. Then, the information layers of the influencing factors in the GIS environment were provided using fuzzy logic and the final map was obtained from the collation of the information layers. The obtained results indicated that with regard to the facilities Sepidan is best suited to create optimal space in the city having three levels of management and six different bases to be considered in order to provide timely and appropriate help to all parts during the earthquake. These three levels are the "first priority of Khani Vazek, the second priority Deh Laleh suburbs, the third priority Khferi, two levels of which are located in the west of the city and one level in the south covering the surrounding rural areas.

In recent decades, the emergence of various problems due to the vast  Physical-Spatial growth of cities such as reduced quality of life and indicators of human development, lack of citizens' full access to services and housing, existence of abandoned urban spaces and worn-out textures in urban areas have all led to the approach of infill  development which should be considered by reviving the existing capacities within cities in order to prevent the destruction of the environment and natural resources, spatial and physical organization of the city and the optimal use of urban lands. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the infill development approach in organizing the plain city of Behshahr. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the research included managers and experts of executive bodies and citizens. Based on the criteria of infill development, the effectiveness of this approach in organizing and guiding the principles of urban development programs and the performance of urban management institutions in spatial-functional improvement and urban planning, 29 indicators have been considered as an analytical framework for the research. The results showed that in exploiting the capacities and areas of internal development of Behshahr, only environmental criteria with an average of 2.91 and a T-score of -1.21 have been considered in urban development programs. The urban management institutions with one-dimensional view have paid attention to improving infrastructure indicators with an average of 3.09 and a T-score of 2.54 among the five dimensions.Also in the field of spatial-functional improvement and urban organization of Behshahr, urban management institutions have a relatively good performance only in the development of net urban density, optimal use of existing infrastructure and facilities, development of road network and identification and utilization of existing capacities for internal development. The situation of per capita in urban areas and the reduction of development pressure in green spaces have not received much attention.Finally, based on the opinions of urban experts, attention to functional zoning, costs and financial needs, congestion in urban areas, problems from the perspective of residents and citizens and improving infrastructure have been identified as the most important factors affecting the infill development of Behshahr.