فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 29، تابستان 1400)

The study of the effects of social welfare on brain drain as a social phenomenon in the process of development and growth of countries has a decisive role and various aspects and areas in developing countries have always been affected by this category. One of the goals of societies in today's world is to increase the level of social welfare of individuals. The quality and quantity of life and the level of social welfare in countries is one of the most important criteria for development. Accordingly, one of the most important goals of economic planners is to increase social welfare as an important factor in order to attract elites in developed societies. On the other hand, countries with poor social welfare levels are witnessing brain drain and the migration of their educated people. In this study, we intend to investigate the effects of social welfare on brain drain during the years 2002-2018 and based on data from official economic statistics centers such as World Bank data and immigration data in developing countries. The econometric method used is the Generalized Moment of Method (GMM). The results show that the first brain drain and freedom of expression have a positive effect on brain drain from developing countries (countries of origin) to the United States of America (destination country) and social welfare, political stability, health and public health have a negative effect on brain drain. And has had elite migration.

The embargo on Iran's oil exports in recent years is one of the most important problems that, with the economy under special conditions, has led to economic vulnerability and inefficiency of the economic sectors directly and indirectly. In this study, with employing a composite index based on three components according to the input-output approach, the vulnerability of Iran's economic sectors in 2011 has been measured. The first component is built based on Inoperability Input-Output model and the second one is made according to the Net Multipliers of  Diatzenbacher (2005). The results show that among the 26 evaluated sections, "Coke and oil refining products", "Electricity" and "Manufacture of glass and glass products" have the lowest vulnerability and highest priority, respectively. From a 70% reduction in exports of crude oil and natural gas for investment, as well as sectors "wholesale and retail, repair of vehicles and goods", "transportation" and "extraction of crude oil and natural gas" have encountered the highest level of vulnerability and consequently the lowest priority

Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, the United States, the European Union, and the United Nations Security Council have imposed a wide range of sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran. These sanctions, for political and economic purposes, have affected various areas. One of the main areas affected by these sanctions is the external balance of payments. The purpose of this article is to study the effects and consequences of economic sanctions on the balance of foreign payments in Iran. In order to make a comprehensive study about this goal, the foreign trade model of the Islamic Republic of Iran was simulated using the dynamic systems approach. In addition, in order to quantify the economic effects of sanctions, the opinions of 15 economics experts on sanctions were collected in the form of fuzzy questionnaires and using the fuzzy logic method, the sanctions index variable was obtained. The period of this research is 1979-2017. By imposing economic sanctions on the foreign trade model in the form of 4 scenarios, different dimensions of economic sanctions were examined. The results show that the sanctions imposed on the Islamic Republic of Iran through the export channel have posed the greatest risks to the foreign balance of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Accordingly, serious attention to the development of exports in Iran is an important principle to reduce the risks of economic sanctions. In addition, the economic consequences of sanctions can be reduced by using trade agreements and selecting strategic partners among the countries in the region.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the asymmetric short-run and long- run effects of exchange rates on insurance premiums produced by insurance companies using the NARDL-PMG approach. For this purpose, statistical information of selected commercial insurance companies for the period of 1380-1398 was used. Since in the estimation model, the existence of an independent variable lag between the estimators causes serious problems in the regression model, in order to eliminate these limitations, the estimator of the PMG is used. Also, the use of nonlinear models will lead to more realistic results than the variable reaction of production premiums to exchange rate shocks. The results showed that the positive and negative shocks of the exchange rate had asymmetric and different effects on the production premiums of insurance companies. The results showed that positive exchange rate shocks and an increase in it led to an increase in the production premiums of insurance companies and negative shocks and a decrease in the exchange rate led to a decrease in the production premiums of insurance companies. This reflects the different impact of exchange rates on corporate production premiums, which have had a stronger impact in the long run than in the short term

Reducing or eliminating tariff rates on imported and exported goods is one of the most important issues that can act as a stimulus between the production, employment and export sectors. Preferential trade agreement between Iran and Turkey will facilitate trade relations between the two countries in order to encourage domestic producers and increase their motivation Compared to other competitors to improve the quality of goods and increase production in various sectors to attract domestic and foreign markets. The present study intends to investigate the trade effects of the economic agreement between Iran and Turkey on the production, export and import of the agricultural and industrial sectors using a dynamic GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project) model for the period 2011-2025. As an application of the model, a preferential trade scenario for Iran is simulated in accordance with the agreement. The results of the agreement show that although the individual components of the agreement will reduce production in a few cases, in general, almost all sectors will increase production in 2025

Although the service sector is viewed differently in the development process, it now forms the dominant sector of the global economy. Considering the importance of this sector as one of the major economic sectors and its impact on the development process of the country, this study aims to identify and prioritize the key cores of the service sector of East Azerbaijan province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical study method. In the first step, this research using the analytical model of MSA, identify and prioritize the key nuclei of the service sector of East Azerbaijan province. The results show that among the sub-sectors, the tourism sub-sector as the key core of the service sector. Then the SWOT method examined the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. of the key core extracted from the MSA analysis and at the end, the strategies presented using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method are discussed Are prioritized. The research findings indicate that tourism in East Azerbaijan province has not been properly positioned. To progress in this sector, defensive strategies (WT) at the provincial level should be prioritized, aiming to mitigate weaknesses and avoid threats. In this respect, forming an investment development task force in the province is recommended. This, in turn, helps develop tourism hubs, promote health tourism by governmental officials and entrepreneurs, invite domestic and foreign investors and provide investment facilities in the tourism sub-sector in the region

In the conventional view of economics, the money supply is determined exogenously by the central bank. So that by creating a monetary base, the central bank has increased bank loans and deposits, and as a result, money creation is widespread. This view has been challenged by the Post Keynesian. According to Post Keynesian theory, the starting point for money creation is lending by commercial banks, which creates new bank deposits, which in turn increases the volume of reserves, leading to a massive money supply, so the money supply It is endogenous. The present study examines post Keynesian theory in the Iranian economy. To conduct this research, 1978-2017 data have been used. Analyzes were performed using Granger causality test and Wald test. The results showed that both bank loans and bank deposits are the cause of the monetary base and were not approved for causation from the monetary base to bank loans and deposits. Therefore, the hypothesis of post-Keynesian monetary base endogeneity in the Iranian economy was confirmed. The results also show that bank loans and bank deposits are the common cause of large money supply. As a result, the hypothesis of widespread endogenous post-Keynesian money in the Iranian economy is confirmed. According to the results, in order to manage the money supply and liquidity in the Iranian economy, a review of monetary policy in terms of endogenous money supply is proposed

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting income distribution in urban areas of 30 provinces of Iran during the period 2006-2020. To determine the income distribution index, we use three indices of the Gini coefficient, generalized Gini coefficient with emphasis on the role of the poor, and generalized Gini coefficient with emphasis on the role of the rich. Also, two models have been considered to investigate the factors affecting income distribution. In the first model, the effect of tax rates, government expenditures, GDP per capita, its square and financial development index on income distribution are examined. In the second model, along with other variables, the effect of the ratio of direct and indirect taxes to tax revenues and the ratio of current and development payment to GDP on income distribution are s examined. The distinctive feature of this work, along with a comprehensive study of the factors affecting income distribution, is the use of different indicators of the income distribution. This issue is helped policymakers set of income distribution policies to their goals and priorities for the rich and the poor. The results of this study show that increasing the tax to GDP ratio by emphasizing indirect taxes in urban areas of the provinces has improved income distribution and increasing the ratio of current government expenditures to GDP has worsened income distribution in urban areas. Iranians, especially among the rich. In addition, the separation of the effects of government current and development expenditures shows that despite the adverse effect of current expenditures on income distribution in urban areas, construction expenditures help to improve income distribution in most income distribution deciles. Finally, the results of the present study, while not confirming the Kuznets hypothesis in urban areas of Iran, indicate the positive effect of increasing per capita income on proper income distribution and improving the desired distribution with financial development if there is a relative situation of income distribution.

Women's employment is one of the most important issues for government officials because unemployment of this group of people is one of the most important socio-economic challenges that can have devastating effects on economic growth. Business cycles are one of the factors that cause changes in the employment status of women and affect the share of women's employment in times of recession and boom. Therefore, the present study, using the NARDL method, has investigated the asymmetric effects of business cycles on women's employment share of Iran during the period 1966-2018. The results indicate that a positive or negative shock in business cycles has asymmetric effects on women's employment share. The results also showed that in the short term, positive business shock, negative and significant effect; and the negative shock of business cycles has a positive and significant effect on the share of women's employment and in the long run, this effect will last. other results show that in the short and long term, the fertility rate variable has a negative and significant effect on the share of women's employment. however, the significant effect of variables government spending on education and inflation rates on the share of women's employment in the short and long term is rejected. also, the minimum wage variable has a positive and significant effect on the share of women's employment in the short and long term.

The relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation is one of the most important issues in macroeconomic issues. Knowing this relationship and knowing the direction of this relationship will have many benefits for all economic and monetary policymakers. In this study, by expanding the theory of quantity of money, we examine the relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation rates and test this relationship using the gentle transition regression approach during 1352-96. The results show that as interest rates rise (especially when the interest rate exceeds its threshold), its impact on inflation increases. Also, the effect of interest rates on the general level of prices does not have a severe effect and changes in parameters are slow. Therefore, it can be concluded that interest rate instruments cannot be used to control high inflation and the use of policies that reduce the speed of money circulation can be more effective in controlling the general level of prices. This result shows in general terms that in the long run, interest rate income that enters the economy from payment to the factors of production is practically compensated and eliminated by reducing the purchasing power of money due to the increase in the general level of prices in society. Perhaps this can be considered as one of the wisdoms that God Almighty has said in the Holy Qur'an about the sanctity of usury: "God forbid usury" means that God eliminates usury; cited.